Editing North College Hill, Ohio (section)

==History==
One of the first easterners to survey the area was [[John Cleves Symmes]], a judge and former Congressman from [[New Jersey]], after whom [[Symmes Township, Hamilton County, Ohio|Symmes Township]] is named. Symmes visited the area in 1787 and received tentative permission from the new Federal government to purchase a section of land between the [[Little Miami River|Little Miami]] and [[Great Miami River]]s. This tract became known as the “Symmes Purchase” or “Miami Purchase” and extended south to the [[Ohio River]].<ref>"[http://www.symmestownship.org/cp_symmes_history.php The History of Symmes Township] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704075009/http://www.symmestownship.org/cp_symmes_history.php |date=2008-07-04 }}," ''Symmes Township, Ohio'', . Retrieved on 3/16/2008.</ref>

Several of the pioneers who migrated across the midwest to claim a part of Symmes' tract are buried in North College Hill's oldest landmark, the LaBoiteaux-Cary cemetery. Established in approximately 1806, the cemetery includes the graves of two Revolutionary War veterans and several members of the Cary family. The last burial in the cemetery was in 1860.<ref name=paradise>Smiddy, Betty Ann, editor, “A Little Piece of Paradise...College Hill, Ohio, Second Edition,” ''College Hill Historical Society'', 2008, pp. 37-38.</ref>

===Cary family===
In 1813–14, William Cary, having migrated from [[New Hampshire]] to Cincinnati in 1802,<ref>[http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lynnbran/PS02/PS02_481.htm William Cary - Person Sheet], ''Ancestry.com''. Retrieved on 6/29/2008.</ref> purchased {{convert|491|acre|km2}} north of Cincinnati along what is now Hamilton Avenue ([[U.S. Route 127]]). Cary built a log cabin and moved his family to this “wilderness,” then known as [[Mill Creek Township, Hamilton County, Ohio|Mill Creek Township]].<ref>[http://www.heritagepursuit.com/Hamilton/HamiltonChapXXXIII.htm Mill Creek Township], ''History of Cincinnati and Hamilton County, Ohio''. Retrieved on 3/16/2008.</ref>

Soon after, William Cary purchased an additional {{convert|75|acre|m2}} north of North Bend Road adjacent to his original tract, and sold part of it to his nephew Robert Cary. Robert called the land Clovernook Farm and initially erected a small frame house for his family. In 1832, he built the white, brick house now known as Cary Cottage (see photo) which stands on the campus of the ''[http://www.clovernook.org/ Clovernook Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired]'' and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>Venable, W. H., ''Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley'', Robert Clarke & Co., 1891.</ref>  Within a year of his settlement, Robert also laid out the first community in the area, called [[Clovernook]], on the east side of Hamilton Avenue.

Robert Cary and his wife Elizabeth raised nine children, two of whom, [[Alice Cary|Alice]] and [[Phoebe Cary|Phoebe]], became well-known poets and writers. Both girls began having their poems published as teenagers, and they eventually counted among their admirers [[Massachusetts]] poet and [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] [[John Greenleaf Whittier]], ''[[New York Tribune]]'' newspaper editor [[Horace Greeley]], and author [[Edgar Allan Poe]], who pronounced Alice Cary's ''[https://poets.org/poem/pictures-memory Pictures of Memory]'', "one of the most musically perfect lyrics in the English language".<ref>"[http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/carysisters.html The Cary Sisters] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213134817/http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/carysisters.html |date=2007-12-13 }},” ''Unitarian Universalist Historical Society''. Retrieved on 3/23/2008.</ref>

Cary Cottage became the first home for blind women in Ohio through the work of the Trader sisters, [[Florence Bishop Trader|Florence]] and [[Georgia Duckworth Trader|Georgia]] (who was blind). In 1903 the Cary house and the land surrounding it were purchased by [[William Cooper Procter|William Procter]], grandson of the [[Procter & Gamble]] co-founder, in order to give them in trust to the Traders. The sisters used the land to establish the Clovernook home and provide employment to visually impaired women as a source of dignity and direction. Today, the ''Clovernook Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired'' offers instruction, employment, community living and low vision services for men and women, and runs three manufacturing departments, including one of the world's largest volume producers of [[Braille]] publications.<ref>"[http://www.clovernook.org/about_history.php Clovernook's History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182649/http://www.clovernook.org/about_history.php |date=2011-07-25 }},” ''Clovernook Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired''. Retrieved on 6/29/2008.</ref>

===Religious and legal reform===
====Isaac Mayer Wise====
In the latter part of the nineteenth century, North College Hill was the home of Dr. [[Isaac Mayer Wise]], who has been called “the most prominent Jew of his time in the United States”<ref>Adler, Cyrus and Philipson, David, "[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=214&letter=W Isaac Mayer Wise],” ''Jewish Encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved on 3/30/2008.</ref> for his influence as one of the early leaders of [[Reform Judaism]] in America.

In 1861, Wise and his wife Therese bought a house and {{convert|42|acre|m2|adj=on}} farm near the current intersection of Goodman and Hamilton Avenues, where they raised a family of ten children.<ref>Fine, John S. and Krome. Frederic J., ''Images of America: Jews of Cincinnati'', Arcadia Publishing, 2007.</ref> Wise added to the original farmhouse until it included 13 rooms on various levels. The farm, meanwhile, allowed him to carry out agricultural experiments and to enjoy the opportunity to own his own land.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=g9vJrsMSnEQC&dq=%22isaac+mayer+wise%22+%22north+college+hill%22&pg=PA500 ''Cincinnati: A Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors''], The Wisen-Hart Press, 1943, pp. 500-501.</ref>

A park near the site of his former farm was dedicated to Wise. In 2022, the park was renovated and re-dedicated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northcollegehill.org/336/2022-Wise-Park-Renovation|title=2022 Wise Park Renovation|work=North College Hill website|access-date=September 4, 2022}}</ref>

====Tumey v. Ohio====
{{main|Tumey v. Ohio}}

In 1925, North College Hill [[Mayor]] A. R. Pugh was involved in a [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] case.<ref>"[http://supreme.justia.com/us/273/510/case.html Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U. S. 510],” ''US Supreme Court Center''. Retrieved on 3/9/2008.</ref><ref>Menez, Joseph Francis and Vile, John R., “Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U.S. 510; 47 S. Ct. 437; 71 L. Ed. 749 (1927),” ''Summaries of Leading Cases on the Constitution'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, p. 387.</ref> Ohio law allowed small towns like North College Hill to operate "liquor courts". These courts had authority over their entire county. Further, the Crabbe Act allowed local towns, mayors, and police departments to keep at least some of the fines imposed by these courts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Okrent |first1=Daniel |title=Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition  |url=https://archive.org/details/lastcal_okr_2010_00_9047 |url-access=registration |date=11 May 2010 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0743277020  |at=loc 4842 (Kindle) |author-link=Daniel Okrent }}</ref> In ''Tumey v. Ohio'' (1927), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled the Crabbe Act was unconstitutional as financial conflicts of interest impaired the right to a fair trial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tumey v. Ohio |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Tumey_v._Ohio?rec=563 |website=Ohio History central |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> The court's decision in this case continues to provide precedent today in cases involving judicial impartiality.<ref>Blount, Jim, "[http://www.lanepl.org/Blount/JBCOLS/documents/5665992053CD8DE5256873837D2697C0BAE3169E.html U. S. Supreme Court decision stopped crusading village mayors] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026092830/http://www.lanepl.org/blount/jbcols/documents/5665992053CD8DE5256873837D2697C0BAE3169E.html |date=2007-10-26 }},” ''Journal-News'', February 12, 2003. Retrieved on 3/30/2008.</ref><ref>Layman, James, “[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/geojlege19&div=36&id=&page= Judicial Campaign Speech Regulation: Integrity or Incentives?],” ''Georgetown University Law Center'', Summer 2006.</ref>

===Development of a community===
Through the nineteenth century, as College Hill to the south and [[Mount Healthy, Ohio|Mount Healthy]] to the north matured into towns, the area that was to become North College Hill remained largely farmland. Beginning in 1905, saw mill owner John Meyer used his surplus lumber to build a subdivision of small homes north of Galbraith Road and west of Hamilton Avenue and called it Meyerville. Within the next ten years, two other groups of homes – Clovernook, east of Hamilton Avenue, and Sunshine, south of Galbraith and west of Hamilton – were started. The three subdivisions, with a total of about 500 residents, were incorporated as the [[Village]] of North College Hill in 1916.<ref name=paradise />

As the automobile stretched [[commuting]] distances, the village's affordable housing attracted a growing population, and it increased from about 1,100 to 4,100 residents during the 1920s. In 1941, the village incorporated as a [[City]] and continued to grow until the population stabilized at its peak of around 12,000 by 1960.<ref>“[http://www.northcollegehill.org/DocumentCenter/View/70 A Brief History of North College Hill],” ''City of North College Hill''. Retrieved on 1/23/2017.</ref> A few homes were removed for the completion of [[Ronald Reagan Cross County Highway]] ([[Ohio State Route 126]]) in 1997. Population has declined more or less steadily over the past four decades, according to the U.S. Census: 1970 12,363; 1980 10,990; 1990 11,002; 2000 10,082; 2010 9,397.<ref>“[http://www.sos.state.oh.us/sos/upload/publications/election/fedroster2009/HistoricalAppendix.pdf Historical Appendices: Population in Cities in Ohio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712062648/http://www.sos.state.oh.us/sos/upload/publications/election/fedroster2009/HistoricalAppendix.pdf |date=2013-07-12 }},” ''Secretary of State, Ohio''. Retrieved on 12/1/2011.</ref><ref>“[http://www.development.ohio.gov/research/files/s0/Hamilton.pdf Ohio County Profiles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119153024/http://development.ohio.gov/research/files/s0/Hamilton.pdf |date=2011-11-19 }},” ''Department of Development, Ohio''. Retrieved on 12/1/2011.</ref>

In 2007, [[Money (magazine)|''Money'']] magazine listed the city sixth among places "where homes are affordable".<ref>“[https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0707/gallery.BPTL_most_affordable.moneymag/6.html Where homes are affordable],” ''Money Magazine'', July 7, 2007. Retrieved on 4/27/2008.</ref> On November 6, 2007 a ballot initiative to make North College Hill a [[charter city]] was passed by the voters.<ref>[http://www.smartvoter.org/2007/11/06/oh/hm/issue/37/ Issue 37: Proposed Charter - Hamilton County, OH]. Retrieved on July 12, 2008.</ref> In 2011 North College Hill was rated the "best place to raise kids in Ohio" by [[Businessweek|''Bloomberg Businessweek'']], based on such factors as school performance, the number of schools, crime statistics, cost of living, job growth, air quality, ethnic diversity, and access to recreational facilities.<ref>“[http://images.businessweek.com/slideshows/20101214/the-best-places-to-raise-your-kids-2011/slides/36 The Best Places to Raise Your Kids 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125204429/http://images.businessweek.com/slideshows/20101214/the-best-places-to-raise-your-kids-2011/slides/36 |date=2011-11-25 }},” ''Bloomberg Businessweek''. Retrieved on 12/1/2011.</ref>