Editing North American English (section)

==Dialects==
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|caption=The American English major regional dialects (in [[all caps]]), plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by [[William Labov]] et al.'s ''[[The Atlas of North American English]]'',<ref name="auto1">{{Harvcoltxt|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=148}}</ref> as well as the related Telsur Project's [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/home.html#regional regional maps]. Many regions also contain speakers of a "[[General American]]" accent that resists the marked features of their region. This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects.
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|content={{Map of Canadian English}}
|caption=The Canadian English's major regional dialects (in [[all caps]]), plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by [[William Labov]] et al.'s ''[[The Atlas of North American English]]'',<ref name="auto1"/> as well as the related Telsur Project's [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/home.html#regional regional maps]. Many regions also contain speakers of a "[[General American]]" accent that resists the marked features of their region. This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects.
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===American English===
{{main|American English}}
*[[General American]]

====Ethnic American English====
*[[African-American English]]
**[[African-American Vernacular English]]
*[[American Indian English]]
*[[Cajun English]]
*[[Chicano English]]
*[[Miami accent|Miami Latino English]]
*[[New York Latino English]]
*[[Pennsylvania Dutch English]]
*[[Yeshivish|Yeshiva English]]

====Regional American English====
*[[Midland American English]]
*[[New York City English]]
*[[Northern American English]]
**[[Inland North|Inland Northern American ("Great Lakes") English]]
**[[New England English]]
***[[Eastern New England English]]
****[[Boston English]]
****[[Maine accent|Maine English]]
***[[Western New England English]]
**[[Upper Midwest American English|North-Central American ("Upper Midwest") English]]
*[[Philadelphia English]]
**[[Baltimore English]]
*[[Southern American English]]
**[[Appalachian English]]
**[[Hoi Toider|High Tider English]]
**[[New Orleans English]]
**[[Older Southern American English]]
**[[Texan English]]
*[[Western American English]]
**[[California English]]
**[[Pacific Northwest English]]
*[[Pittsburghese|Western Pennsylvania ("Pittsburgh") English]]

===Canadian English===
{{main|Canadian English}}
*[[Aboriginal English in Canada|Aboriginal Canadian English]]
*[[Atlantic Canadian English]]
**[[Lunenburg English]]
**[[Newfoundland English]]
*[[Ottawa Valley English]]
*[[Pacific Northwest English]]
*[[Quebec English]]
*[[Standard Canadian English]]

===Table of accents===
Below, several major North American English accents are defined by particular characteristics:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Accent name !! |Most populous city !! Strong {{IPA|/aʊ/}} fronting !! Strong {{IPA|/oʊ/}} fronting !! Strong {{IPA|/u/}} fronting !! Strong<br>{{IPA|/ɑr/}} fronting !! [[Cot–caught merger|''Cot–caught'' merger]] !! [[Pin–pen merger|''Pin–pen'' merger]] !! [[/æ/ tensing|/æ/ raising system]] !! Other defining criteria<ref name="auto">{{Harvcoltxt|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=146}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[African-American Vernacular English|African-American]]''' || || {{partial|Mixed}} || {{no}} || {{no}}|| {{no}} || {{partial|Mixed}} || {{yes}} || pre-nasal || {{small|African-American Vowel Shift / Variable [[Rhoticity in English|non-rhoticity]] / [[L-vocalization]] / [[Th-fronting]]}}
|-
| '''[[Atlantic Canadian English|Atlantic Canadian]]''' ||Halifax|| {{partial|Mixed}} || {{no}}|| {{yes}}|| {{yes}}|| {{yes}}|| {{no}} || various || {{small|[[Canadian raising]]}}
|-
| '''[[General American]]''' || || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Partial|Mixed}} || {{No}} || pre-nasal ||
|-
| '''[[Inland North|Inland Northern U.S.]]''' || Chicago || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || general || {{small|[[Northern Cities Vowel Shift]]}}
|-
| '''[[Midland American English|Midland U.S.]]''' || Indianapolis || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Partial|Mixed}} || {{Partial|Mixed}} || pre-nasal ||
|-
| '''[[New Orleans English|New Orleans]]''' || New Orleans || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || split ||{{small|Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Non-rhoticity / [[Th-stopping]] / Southern Vowel Shift / Variable [[horse-hoarse merger|horse-hoarse distinction]] / Canadian Raising / L-vocalization}}
|-
| '''[[New York accent|New York City]]''' || New York City || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || split ||{{small|Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Variable non-rhoticity / L-vocalization / [[Th-stopping]] / Variable Father-bother distinction / Northeastern /-ɒr-/}}
|-
| '''[[North-Central American English|North-Central (Upper Midwestern) U.S.]]''' || Minneapolis || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || pre-nasal & pre-velar ||
|-
| '''[[Eastern New England English#Northeastern New England English|{{nowrap|Northeastern New England}}]]''' || Boston || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || pre-nasal ||{{small| Variable non-rhoticity / Canadian raising / Father-bother distinction / Northeastern /-ɒr-/}}
|-
| '''[[Philadelphia English|Philadelphia]]''' || Philadelphia || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || split || {{small|Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / L-vocalization / Northeastern /-ɒr-/ / Merry–Murray merger}}
|-
| '''[[Eastern New England English#Rhode Island English|{{nowrap|Rhode Island}}]]''' || Providence || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || pre-nasal || {{small|Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Variable non-rhoticity / Canadian raising / Northeastern /-ɒr-/}}
|-
| '''[[Southern American English|Southern U.S.]]''' || San Antonio<!-- Houston is the largest city in Texas, but it barely falls under the Southern dialect, according to ANAE p. 131 -->|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Partial|Mixed}} || {{Yes}} || pre-nasal || {{small|[[Southern drawl]] / Southern Vowel Shift / Variable [[wine-whine merger|wine-whine distinction]]}}
|-
| '''[[Standard Canadian English|Standard Canadian]]''' || Toronto || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||  pre-nasal & pre-velar || {{small|Canadian raising / [[Low Back Merger Shift]]}}
|-
| '''[[Western American English|Western U.S.]]''' || Los Angeles || {{No}} || {{partial|Mixed}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || pre-nasal || {{small|[[Low Back Merger Shift]]}}
|- 
| '''[[Western Pennsylvania English|Western Pennsylvania]]''' || Pittsburgh || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Partial|Mixed}} || pre-nasal || {{small|{{IPA|/aʊ/}} glide weakening / L-vocalization}}
|-
! Accent name !! |Most populous city !! Strong {{IPA|/aʊ/}} fronting !! Strong {{IPA|/oʊ/}} fronting !! Strong {{IPA|/u/}} fronting !! Strong<br>{{IPA|/ɑr/}} fronting !! ''Cot–caught'' merger !! ''Pin–pen'' merger !! /æ/ raising system !! Other defining criteria<ref name="auto"/>
|}