Editing Nikkei 225 (section)

==History==
The Nikkei 225 began to be calculated on 7 September 1950, retroactively calculated back to 16 May 1949, when the average price of its component stocks was 176.21 yen.<ref name=Nikkei-faq>{{cite web |url=https://indexes.nikkei.co.jp/nkave/archives/faq/faq_nikkei_stock_average_en.pdf |title=FAQ (Nikkei Stock Average) |date=4 April 2022 |publisher=Nikkei Inc. |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref><ref name=Fool-2013>{{cite web |url=https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/09/07/the-worlds-wildest-market-and-2-television-milesto.aspx |title=The World's Wildest Market and 2 Television Milestones |date=7 September 2013 |publisher=The Motley Fool |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref> Since July 2017, the index is updated every 5&nbsp;seconds during trading sessions.<ref name=Nikkei-faq/>

The '''Nikkei 225 Futures''', introduced at [[Singapore Exchange]] (SGX) in 1986, the [[Osaka Securities Exchange]] (OSE) in 1988, [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange]] (CME) in 1990, is now an internationally recognized [[Stock market index future|futures index]].<ref>[http://www.nni.nikkei.co.jp/FR/SERV/nikkei_indexes/nifaq225.html#gen4 Nikkei Net interactive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222020349/http://www.nni.nikkei.co.jp/FR/SERV/nikkei_indexes/nifaq225.html |date=22 December 2008 }}</ref>

The Nikkei average has deviated sharply from the textbook model of stock averages, which grow at a steady exponential rate. During the [[Japanese asset price bubble]], the average hit its bubble-era record high on 29 December 1989, when it reached an intraday high of 38,957.44, before closing at 38,915.87, having grown sixfold during the decade. Subsequently, it lost nearly all these gains, reaching a post-bubble intraday low of 6,994.90 on 28 October 2008 — 82% below its peak nearly 19 years earlier.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nikkeifutures.org/about/ |title=Nikkei Futures &#124; About |date=7 January 2014}}</ref> The 1989 record high held for 34 years, until it was surpassed in 2024 (see below).

On 15 March 2011, the second working day after the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|massive earthquake in the northeast part of Japan]], the index dropped over 10% to finish at 8,605.15, a loss of 1,015 points. The index continued to drop throughout 2011, bottoming out at 8,160.01 on 25 November, putting it at its lowest close since 31 March 2009.  The Nikkei fell over 17% in 2011, finishing the year at 8,455.35, its lowest year-end closing value in nearly thirty years, when the index finished at 8,016.70 in 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.FinFacts.com/Private/curency/nikkei225performance.htm|title=Finfacts: Irish business, finance news on economics|website=FinFacts.com|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028235316/http://www.finfacts.com/Private/curency/nikkei225performance.htm}}{{failed verification|date=October 2017}}{{unreliable source?|date=October 2017}}</ref><!--how can a site that has not been updated since 2005 be used in a citation attempting to verify 2011 data?-->

The Nikkei started 2013 near 10,600, hitting a peak of 15,942 in May. However, shortly afterward, it plunged by almost 10% before rebounding, making it the most volatile [[stock market index]] among the [[developed market]]s. By 2015, it had reached over 20,000 mark, marking a gain of over 10,000 in two years, making it one of the fastest growing stock market indices in the world. However, by 2018, the index growth was more moderate at around the 22,000 mark.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

There was concern that the rise since 2013 was artificial and due to purchases by the Bank of Japan ("BOJ").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-18/boj-s-etf-buying-is-said-to-raise-concern-among-some-officials|title=Japan Central Bank's ETF Shopping Spree Is Becoming a Worry| publisher=Bloomberg | date=18 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-19/japan-bourse-head-turns-surprise-critic-of-kuroda-etf-purchases| title=Japan's Central Bank Is Distorting the Market, Bourse Chief Says| publisher=Bloomberg | date=19 July 2017}}</ref> From a start in 2013, by end 2017, the BOJ owned circa 75%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-10/the-tokyo-whale-s-150-billion-etf-binge-seen-slowing-next-year| title=Bank of Japan's $150 Billion ETF Binge Looks Likely to Slow Next Year | publisher=Bloomberg | date=10 December 2017}}</ref> of all Japanese Exchange Traded Funds ("ETFs"), and were a top 10 shareholder of 90% of the Nikkei 225 constituents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/boj-now-a-top-10-shareholder-in-90-of-nikkei-225-1461544054|title=BoJ Now A Top 10 Shareholder In 90% Of Nikkei 225|publisher=Barrons| date=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jareddillian/2016/04/27/what-happens-when-the-boj-owns-everything/#1a4bfa0e6f84|title=What Happens When The Bank Of Japan Owns Everything?|magazine=Forbes|date=27 April 2016}}</ref>

On 15 February 2021, the Nikkei average breached the 30,000 benchmark, its highest level in 30 years, due to the levels of monetary stimulus and asset purchase programs executed by the Bank of Japan to mitigate the financial effects of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nikkei index hits 30,000 for first time in three decades |website=[[The Nikkei]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Nikkei-index-hits-30-000-for-first-time-in-three-decades |date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215143613/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Nikkei-index-hits-30-000-for-first-time-in-three-decades |archive-date=February 15, 2021}}</ref>

On 22 February 2024, the Nikkei reached an intraday high of 39,156.97 and closed at 39,098.68, finally surpassing its 1989 record high, an important milestone since the [[Japanese asset price bubble]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Japan's Nikkei breaks bubble-era record |url=https://news.yahoo.com/japans-nikkei-breaks-bubble-era-043253867.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=Yahoo News |publisher=AFP |last=Hasegawa |first=Kyoko}}</ref> On 4 March 2024, the index surpassed 40,000 (intraday and closing) for the first time in history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan's Nikkei Stock Average tops 40,000 for first time |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Japan-s-Nikkei-Stock-Average-tops-40-000-for-first-time |website=Nikkei Asia |access-date=4 March 2024}}</ref>

On 5 August 2024, amid a global stock market decline, the Nikkei dropped by more than 4,200 points, surpassing [[Black Monday (1987)|1987's Black Monday]] as its biggest single-day drop in history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=日本放送協会 |date=2024-08-05 |title=【速報中】株価 下落幅過去最大 1987年ブラックマンデー翌日超 {{!}} NHK |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20240805/k10014537281000.html |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=NHKニュース}}</ref> The following day, it bounced back by more than 3,200 points, the largest single-day gain in history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=日本放送協会 |date=2024-08-06 |title=日経平均株価 終値3217円04銭値上がり 過去最大の上昇幅 {{!}} NHK |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20240806/k10014538811000.html |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=NHKニュース}}</ref>