Editing Newton's law of cooling (section)

== Historical background ==
[[Isaac Newton]] published his work on cooling anonymously in 1701 as "Scala graduum Caloris. Calorum Descriptiones & signa." in ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|Philosophical Transactions]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March–April 1701|title=Scala graduum Caloris. Calorum Descriptiones & signa |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |language=en |volume=22 |issue=270 |pages=824–829 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1700.0082|url=https://archive.org/details/philtrans07084697/mode/2up|jstor=102813|doi-access=free}}</ref> It was the first heat transfer formulation and serves as the formal basis of [[Convection (heat transfer)|convective heat transfer]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=K. C. |last2=Fujii |first2=T. |date=1998 |title=Isaac Newton and Heat Transfer |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01457639808939932 |journal=Heat Transfer Engineering |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=9–21 |doi=10.1080/01457639808939932 |issn=0145-7632}}</ref>

Newton did not originally state his law in the above form in 1701. Rather, using today's terms, Newton noted after some mathematical manipulation that ''the rate of temperature change'' of a body is proportional to the difference in temperatures between the body and its surroundings. This final simplest version of the law, given by Newton himself, was partly due to confusion in Newton's time between the concepts of heat and temperature, which would not be fully disentangled until much later.<ref>[http://paginas.fisica.uson.mx/laura.yeomans/tc/Sci-Edu-Springer-2010.pdf History of Newton's cooling law] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614122639/http://paginas.fisica.uson.mx/laura.yeomans/tc/Sci-Edu-Springer-2010.pdf |date=2015-06-14 }}</ref>

In 2020, Maruyama and Moriya repeated Newton's experiments with modern apparatus, and they applied modern data reduction techniques.<ref name="Maruyama and Moriya 2020">{{cite journal
| last1      = Maruyama 
| first1     = Shigenao
| last2      = Moriya
| first2     = Shuichi
| date       = 2021
| title      = Newton's Law of Cooling: Follow up and exploration
| journal    = International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
| volume     = 164
| page       = 120544
| doi        = 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120544
| bibcode = 2021IJHMT.16420544M
}}
</ref> In particular, these investigators took account of thermal radiation at high temperatures (as for the molten metals Newton used), and they accounted for buoyancy effects on the air flow. By comparison to Newton's original data, they concluded that his measurements (from 1692 to 1693) had been "quite accurate".<ref name="Maruyama and Moriya 2020"/>