Editing Newmarket, Ontario (section)

== History ==
Newmarket's location on the [[Holland River]] enabled travel between [[Lake Ontario]] and [[Lake Simcoe]]. A [[portage]] route, the [[Toronto Carrying-Place Trail]], ran one of its two routes up the Holland River through the Newmarket area, and over the [[Oak Ridges Moraine]] to the [[Rouge River (Ontario)|Rouge River]] and into Lake Ontario. A more widely used route ran up the western branch of the Holland River, over the moraine, and down the [[Humber River (Ontario)|Humber River]]. In 1793, [[John Graves Simcoe]] travelled the trail northward along the main route to the west, and south to [[York, Upper Canada|York]] (now [[Toronto]]) along the lesser used eastern route through Newmarket. Selecting the eastern route as the better of the two, Simcoe started construction of [[Yonge Street]] along the former trail in late 1795, starting in York in [[Toronto Harbour|Toronto Bay]], and ending at the newly named St. Albans ([[Holland Landing]]), north of Newmarket.

[[File:John Bogart House three quarter BW view.JPG|thumbnail|left|The John Bogart House on Leslie Street is the oldest residential structure in Newmarket and the oldest two-storey residential building north of Toronto. It was built in 1811 and still serves as a house.]]

===Early settlement===
[[Quakers]] from the [[Thirteen Colonies]] moved to the area to avoid violence they were expected to take part in during the [[American Revolution]]. In June 1800, Timothy Rogers, a Quaker from [[Vermont]], explored the area around the Holland River to find a suitable location for a new Quaker settlement. He, Samuel Lundy and their group of Religious Society of Friends received the grant of {{convert|8000|acres|ha}} around the Holland River. In 1801, Rogers returned along with several Quaker families who had left their homes in Vermont and [[Pennsylvania]], and settled here between 1801 and 1803.<ref name="ontarioplaques.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_York14.html|title=Founding of Newmarket Historical Plaque |website=www.ontarioplaques.com| access-date=May 1, 2018}}</ref>

Joseph Hill constructed a mill on the river,<ref name="ontarioplaques.com"/> damming it to produce a [[mill pond]] today known as Fairy Lake.<ref name="newmarket.ca">{{cite web |url=http://www.newmarket.ca/ThingsToDo/Documents/History%20-%20Terry%20Carter%20Compilation.pdf |title=A Brief History of the Town of Newmarket |access-date=February 9, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428155938/http://www.newmarket.ca/ThingsToDo/Documents/History%20-%20Terry%20Carter%20Compilation.pdf |archive-date=April 28, 2016 }}</ref> The settlement of "Upper Yonge Street" developed around the mill and the Holland River. Hill also built a [[Tanning (leather)|tannery]] north of the mill, the first general store and house, and additional mills.

In 1802, [[Elisha Beman]], who owned land in the area,<ref name="ontarioplaques.com"/> established a mill, and then a distillery. Mordecai Millar also built mills, and Joseph Hill opened a tannery. During the [[War of 1812]] a resident, William Roe, hid the settlement's gold treasury from invading American troops. The war helped the settlement prosper, as the British army purchased goods and food and hired locals to build structures.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carter |first1=Robert Terence |title=Stories of Newmarket: An Old Ontario Town |date=April 15, 2011 |publisher=Dundurn |page=76 |isbn=9781554888818 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKwo5Fb7_YUC&q=war+of+1812 |access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>

By 1814, the settlement had two frame and several log buildings used as residences.<ref name="electriccanadian.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.electriccanadian.com/history/ontario/york/part03chap11.htm |title=History of Toronto and County of York in Ontario Part III: Town of Newmarket |access-date=April 28, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819060727/http://www.electriccanadian.com/history/ontario/york/part03chap11.htm |archive-date=August 19, 2017 }}</ref> The settlement continued to grow through the early 19th century, along with the formation of [[Aurora, Ontario|Aurora]] and [[Holland Landing, Ontario|Holland Landing]].  A post office opened in 1826, and until 1890 the name was spelled "New Market".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=William|title=The Macmillan Book of Canadian Place Names|publisher=Macmillan|year=1978|isbn=0-7715-9754-1|location=Toronto|pages=161}}</ref>

Newmarket is noted for its role in the [[Rebellions of 1837–1838]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cfha.info/journal77p57.pdf |title=The War of 1812-14 and the Rebellion of 1837 from "The Story of Sharon" |access-date=April 28, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501154110/http://cfha.info/journal77p57.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada : a collection of documents |year=1985 |publisher=Champlain Society in cooperation with the Ontario Heritage Foundation |isbn=0-88629-026-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rebellionof1837i0000unse/page/182 182]–186 |edition=Second Printing |url=https://archive.org/details/rebellionof1837i0000unse |url-access=registration |quote=Newmarket . |access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref> and was a centre of discontent against the manipulations of the governing [[Family Compact]]. Rebel leader [[William Lyon Mackenzie]] organized a series of meetings leading to the Rebellion; the first of which, on August 3, 1837, was delivered from the veranda of the North American Hotel in Newmarket. This speech contributed to the rebellion, as it was heard by about 600 farmers and others sympathetic to Mackenzie's cause, who later that year armed themselves and marched down Yonge Street to take the capital. A number of leaders from this area were [[Attainder|attainted]] for [[high treason]], convicted and [[Hanging|hanged]].<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario |year=1885 |publisher=C. Blackett Robinson |page=[https://archive.org/details/historytorontoa00goog/page/n422 182] |edition=1885 |url=https://archive.org/details/historytorontoa00goog |quote=Newmarket, ontario war of 1812. |access-date=13 November 2018 |chapter=The Town of Newmarket}}</ref>

By 1846, the population was about 600. Much of the settlement was built on the south side of the town, with farms surrounding it. There were six churches or chapels, a post office, five stores, three taverns, and tradesmen of various types. Industry included two grist-mills, two breweries, a distillery, one tannery, a foundry, a carding machine, and a cloth factory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Wm. H. |date=1846 |title=Smith's Canadian Gazetteer - Statistical and General Information Respecting All Parts of The Upper Province, or Canada West|url=https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit |location=Toronto |publisher=H. & W. ROWSELL |page=[https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit/page/124 124]}}</ref>

In June 1853, the first train pulled into Newmarket on the [[Toronto, Simcoe & Lake Huron Union Railroad]],<ref name="ontarioplaques.com"/> the first railway in [[Upper Canada]]. It was later called the [[Northern Railway of Canada]], and carried passengers, agricultural products and manufactured goods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tuscanlodge.ca/?page_id=129&doing_wp_cron=1493389979.4500379562377929687500|title=A Brief History of Newmarket - Tuscan Lodge|website=tuscanlodge.ca|access-date=May 1, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819060435/http://tuscanlodge.ca/?page_id=129&doing_wp_cron=1493389979.4500379562377929687500|archive-date=August 19, 2017}}</ref> The line eventually linked Toronto to [[Collingwood, Ontario|Collingwood]] on [[Georgian Bay]], a major shipbuilding centre.<ref>[http://www.newmarket.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_2737_1.html Historic Newmarket, The first railroad in Upper Canada] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007063707/http://www.newmarket.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_2737_1.html |date=October 7, 2006 }}</ref> Today, this line is the "Newmarket Subdivision" of the [[Canadian National Railway]] system, running north out of Newmarket towards [[Bradford, Ontario|Bradford]], and south towards Toronto.

===From village to town===
[[File:Main Street, Newmarket in 1856.jpg|thumb|right|Main Street in 1856]]
Newmarket was incorporated as a village in 1857 with a population of 700, with Donald Sutherland as the first reeve.<ref name="ontarioplaques.com"/> In 1858, [[Robert Simpson (merchant)|Robert Simpson]] co-opened "Simpson & Trent Groceries, Boots, Shoes and Dry Goods" in downtown Newmarket, the first store in what would become the [[Simpsons (department store)|Simpsons]] department store chain. In 1880, Newmarket became a town with a population of 2,000. William Cane was elected as the first mayor. Some years later, his sash and door factory would become the first Canadian manufacturer of lead pencils, the Dixon Pencil Company.<ref name="ontarioplaques.com"/>

In 1869, the population was 1,500 and a gazetteer described Newmarket as one of the most flourishing villages on the Northern Railway line. In addition to the train, stagecoaches were available to nearby communities.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Province of Ontario Gazetteer and Directory |year=1869 |publisher=Robertson & Cook |location=Toronto |page=[https://archive.org/details/provinceontario00mcevgoog/page/n278 334] |isbn=9780665094125 |edition=1869 |url=https://archive.org/details/provinceontario00mcevgoog|quote=newmarket. |access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref> By the time of the 1871 census, the population was 1,760 and by 1881, it had increased to 2,006; an elementary school and a high school were already in operation by then.<ref name="electriccanadian.com"/>

The [[Toronto and York Radial Railway]] arrived in Newmarket in 1899.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_York17.html|title=Newmarket Radial Railway Arch Historical Plaque|website=www.ontarioplaques.com|access-date=May 1, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012115555/http://ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_York17.html|archive-date=October 12, 2016}}</ref> This service operated along Yonge Street south of Newmarket, but turned east to run through the downtown area along Main Street; it would later be extended north to [[Sutton, Ontario|Sutton]]. At the time, it brought significant numbers of [[day-tripper]]s to Newmarket to shop at the market. Automobile traffic on Yonge Street, and the already existing mainline railway, had a significant effect on ridership, and the Radial was discontinued in the early 1930s.<ref>[http://www.newmarket.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_2738_1.html Historic Newmarket, Streetcar to Toronto] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222026/http://www.newmarket.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_2738_1.html |date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

North of Davis Drive in Newmarket, the East Holland River was straightened to prepare it for use as a commercial waterway to bypass the railway, whose prices were skyrocketing around the turn of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastgwillimbury.ca/Things_To_Do/Parks__Trails___Sport_Fields/Trail_Maps/Holland_River_Trail.htm?PageMode=Print|title=Holland River Trail|website=www.eastgwillimbury.ca|access-date=May 1, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501154110/http://www.eastgwillimbury.ca/Things_To_Do/Parks__Trails___Sport_Fields/Trail_Maps/Holland_River_Trail.htm?PageMode=Print|archive-date=May 1, 2018}}</ref> Sir [[William Mulock]], the local [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]], proposed a canal system running down the Holland River through Holland Landing and into Lake Simcoe. This would allow boats to connect from there to the [[Trent-Severn Waterway]] for eventual shipment south. The [[Newmarket Canal]] was almost complete by the summer of 1912, when it was cancelled by the incoming government of [[Robert Borden]]. Today, the locks are still visible and are known as the "Ghost Canal". The turning basin in downtown Newmarket was filled in and now forms the parking lot of The Old Davis Tannery Mall, on the site of the former Hill tannery.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carter|first=Terry|title=The Ghost Canal|url=http://www.newmarket.ca/en/lifestyle/theghostcanal.asp|work=newmarket.ca|publisher=Town of Newmarket|access-date=August 22, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317011859/http://www.newmarket.ca/en/lifestyle/theghostcanal.asp|archive-date=March 17, 2013}}</ref>

===Recent developments===
For much of the 20th century, Newmarket developed along the east-west Davis Drive axis, limited to the area between Yonge Street on the west and between Bayview and Leslie Street in the east, and running from just north of Davis on the north to the Fairy Lake area on the south. By the 1950s, Newmarket was experiencing a suburban building boom due to its proximity to Toronto. The population increased from 5,000 to 11,000 between 1950 and 1970.

The [[Regional Municipality of York]] was formed in 1971, increasing the size of Newmarket with land from the Township of East Gwillimbury, from the Township of King and from the Township of Whitchurch. 
<ref name="newmarket.ca"/> The construction of [[Upper Canada Mall]] at the corner of Yonge Street and Davis Drive in 1974 started pulling the focal point of the town westward from the historic Downtown area along Main Street.

By the early 1980s, the historic Downtown area suffered as most businesses had built up in the area around Upper Canada Mall, with additional [[strip mall]]s developing directly across the Yonge Street/Davis Drive intersection to the south and southeast. A concerted effort to revitalize the historic Downtown area during the late 1980s was successful. More recently, a $2.3-million investment was made by the town in 2004 in streetscaping and infrastructure improvements to roads and sidewalks in the historic Downtown. The historic area of Downtown's Main Street is once again a major focal point of the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thespec.com/news-story/6953845-newmarket-main-street-wins-great-places-in-canada-award/|title=Newmarket Main Street wins Great Places in Canada award|first=Chris|last=Simon|date=November 8, 2016|access-date=May 1, 2018|via=www.thespec.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501154111/https://www.thespec.com/news-story/6953845-newmarket-main-street-wins-great-places-in-canada-award/|archive-date=May 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/2015/09/21/story-pod-the-latest-addition-to-newmarkets-revitalized-downtown.html|title=Story Pod the latest addition to Newmarket's revitalized downtown - The Star|newspaper=The Toronto Star|date=September 21, 2015|access-date=May 1, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124205046/http://www.thestar.com/life/2015/09/21/story-pod-the-latest-addition-to-newmarkets-revitalized-downtown.html|archive-date=January 24, 2016|last1=Micallef|first1=Shawn}}</ref>

The arrival of [[Ontario Highway 404|Highway 404]] reversed the westward movement, pulling development eastward again, and surrounding the formerly separate hamlet of [[Bogarttown, Ontario|Bogarttown]] at the intersection of Mulock Drive and Leslie Street.<ref name="Carter">{{cite book|title=Stories of Newmarket: An Old Ontario Town|last=Carter|first=Robert Terence|publisher=[[Dundurn Press]]|year=2011|isbn=9781554888801
}}</ref><!-- page 50 --> Since then, Newmarket has grown considerably, filling out in all directions. The town limits now run from [[Bathurst Street (Toronto)|Bathurst Street]] in the west to Highway 404 in the east, and from just south of Green Lane to just north of St. John's Sideroad, taking over the former hamlet of Armitage at Yonge Street south of Mulock Drive. The southern boundary of the town is contiguous with [[Aurora, Ontario|Aurora]] to the south.

Armitage was the first settlement of [[King, Ontario|King]] township, named in honour of its first settler Amos Armitage.<ref name="Carter" /><!-- page 50 --> He had been recruited by Timothy Rogers, a [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] from [[Vermont]], who in 1801 had travelled along Yonge Street and found the area appealing, and so applied for and received a grant for land totalling 40 farms, each of {{convert|200|acre|km2|1}}.

Other defunct communities once located within the modern boundaries of Newmarket include Garbut's Hill, Paddytown, Petchville, Pleasantville, and White Rose.<ref name="Carter" /><!-- page 51-52 -->