Editing Newcastle upon Tyne (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Newcastle upon Tyne}}

===Roman era===
The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was [[Pons Aelius]] ("Aelian bridge"), a Roman fort and bridge across the [[River Tyne]]. It was given the family name of the [[Roman Emperor|Roman emperor]] [[Hadrian]], who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons Aelius then is estimated at 2,000. Fragments of [[Hadrian's Wall]] are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road. The course of the "Roman Wall" can be traced eastwards to [[Segedunum]], a [[Castra|Roman fort]] in [[Wallsend]] – the "wall's end" – and to the separate supply fort of [[Arbeia]] in [[South Shields]], across the river from Hadrian's Wall.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arbeiaromanfort.org.uk/ |title=Arbeia Roman Fort |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>

The extent of Hadrian's Wall was {{convert|73|mi|km}}, spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the [[Vallum (Hadrian's Wall)|Vallum]], a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds,<ref>{{cite web |author=The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18177 |title=C.Michael Hogan (2007) ''Hadrian's Wall'', ed. A. Burnham, The Megalithic Portal |publisher=Megalithic.co.uk |access-date=4 August 2010}}</ref> and was built primarily for defence and to prevent the incursion of [[Pict]]ish tribes from the north, and probably not as a fighting line for a major invasion. However, it seems that the Vallum stopped just west of Newcastle, where its role as a secondary line of defence was performed by the [[River Tyne]].<ref>Stephen Johnson (2004) ''Hadrian's Wall'', Sterling Publishing Company, Inc, 128 pages, {{ISBN|0-7134-8840-9}}</ref>
[[File:Newcastle schloss.jpg|thumb|upright|[[The Castle, Newcastle|Newcastle Castle]] [[Keep]] is the oldest structure in the city, dating back to at least the 11th century.]]

===Anglo-Saxon and Norman eras===
After the [[End of Roman rule in Britain|Roman departure from Britain]], completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful [[Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon]] kingdom of [[Northumbria]], and was known throughout this period as ''Munucceaster'' (sometimes modernised as ''Monkchester'').<ref name=Monkchester>{{cite web | last = Mackenzie | first = Eneas | title = ''Historical Account of Newcastle-upon-Tyne'' | website = british-history.ac.uk | year = 1827 | url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43318 | access-date = 24 November 2008}}</ref>

Conflicts with the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]] in 876 left the settlements along the River Tyne in ruins.<ref name="ncl.ac.uk"/> After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the [[Rebellion of 1088|1088 rebellion]] against the Normans, Monkchester was all but destroyed by [[Odo of Bayeux]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.morpethherald.co.uk/news/the-war-and-bloodshed-of-our-historic-baronial-families-1-5680039|title=The war and bloodshed of our historic Baronial families|date=19 May 2013|publisher=Morpeth Herald|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232125/https://www.morpethherald.co.uk/news/the-war-and-bloodshed-of-our-historic-baronial-families-1-5680039|archive-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>

Because of its strategic position, [[Robert Curthose]], son of [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]], erected a wooden [[The Castle, Newcastle|castle]] there in the year 1080.<ref name="ncl.ac.uk"/> The town was henceforth known as ''Novum Castellum'' or ''New Castle''.<ref name="ncl.ac.uk"/> The wooden structure was replaced by a stone castle in 1087.<ref name="ncl.ac.uk">{{cite web|last=Dodds |first=Graham |title=Origins of (the) New Castle upon Tyne |publisher=Newcastle University |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/castle.php |access-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141841/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/castle.php |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> The castle was rebuilt again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city today dates from this period.<ref name="ncl.ac.uk"/>

===Middle Ages===
Throughout the [[Middle Ages]], Newcastle was England's northern fortress. In 1400 Newcastle was separated from Northumberland for administrative purposes<ref name="self57567"/><ref name="sepNewc"/><ref name=archivesMuseumSeparatedFromNorthumberland/><ref name=countyOfItself_Separated_1400/> and made a [[county of itself]] by [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]].<ref name="self57567">{{Cite book | last = Lewis | first = Samuel | chapter = Newbottle - Newcastle-upon-Tyne |title= A Topographical Dictionary of England | quote = separated from Northumberland, and made a county of itself, by Henry IV  |publisher = British History Online | year = 1848 | chapter-url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp379-389a | access-date = 13 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="sepNewc">{{cite web | url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/newcastle-historical-account/pp601-611#p14 | title = The Corporation: Grants and charters |work=Historical Account of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Including the Borough of Gateshead | last = Mackenzie | first = Eneas | date = 1827 | via = British History Online | publisher = Mackenzie and Dent |location= Newcastle-upon-Tyne  | access-date = 1 May 2017
| quote = in 1400, by a charter, granted that Newcastle upon Tyne,... then belonging to the county of Northumberland, should be separated from thence, and be a county of itself}}</ref><ref name=archivesMuseumSeparatedFromNorthumberland>{{cite web |url=http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/DServe2/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=(((text)=%27city%20council%27)AND(RefNo=%27md.nc%27)) |title=Newcastle City Council |publisher=Tyne & Wear Archives & Museum |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805205028/http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/DServe2/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=(((text)=%27city%20council%27)AND(RefNo=%27md.nc%27)) }}</ref><ref name=countyOfItself_Separated_1400/> Newcastle was given the title of the county of the town of Newcastle upon Tyne.<ref name="sepNewc2">{{cite web | url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/newcastle-historical-account/pp601-611#p14 | title = The Corporation: Grants and charters |work=Historical Account of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Including the Borough of Gateshead | last = Mackenzie | first = Eneas | date = 1827 | via = British History Online | publisher = Mackenzie and Dent |location= Newcastle-upon-Tyne  | access-date = 1 May 2017
| quote = title of the county of the town of Newcastle upon Tyne }}</ref> The town had a new charter granted by [[Elizabeth I]] in 1589.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51171 Newbottle – Newcastle-upon-Tyne] British History Online – Retrieved 18 August 2009.</ref> A {{convert|25|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} stone [[Newcastle town wall|wall]] was built around the town in the 13th century,<ref name=newc13thcent>{{cite web | last = Mackenzie | first = Eneas | title = Historical Account of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne | website = british-history.ac.uk | publisher = Mackenzie and Dent, Newcastle-upon-Tyne | year = 1827 | url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/newcastle-historical-account/pp105-117 | access-date = 20 April 2015}}</ref> to defend it from invaders during the [[Border country|Border]] war against Scotland. The Scots king [[William the Lion]] was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] brought the [[Stone of Scone]] and [[William Wallace]] south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.<ref name="self57567"/><ref name=countyOfItself_Separated_1400>{{cite web|url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/wwwfileroot/legacy/libraries/HistoryofNewcastlemainbody.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727114838/https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/wwwfileroot/legacy/libraries/HistoryofNewcastlemainbody.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2018
| title=History of Newcastle upon Tyne|access-date=7 June 2014|year=2009|work=Local Studies Factsheet No. 6|publisher=Newcastle City Council|page=2}}</ref>

===16th to 19th centuries===
[[File:Newcastle-upon-Tyne from New Chatham engraving by William Miller after T Allom.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|An engraving by [[William Miller (engraver)|William Miller]] of Newcastle in 1832, as seen from [[Gateshead]]]]
From 1530, a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from [[Tyneside]] to [[Newcastle Quayside]], giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the [[The Hostmen of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|Hostmen]]. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase ''[[Coals to Newcastle|taking coals to Newcastle]]'' was first recorded contextually in 1538.<ref name=coalsNewcastle>{{cite book |last = Morely |first = Paul |title = The North (And Almost Everything In It) |publisher = Bloomsbury |date = 6 June 2013 |page = [https://archive.org/details/northandalmostev0000morl/page/542 542] |isbn = 9780747578161 |url = https://archive.org/details/northandalmostev0000morl/page/542}}</ref> The phrase itself means a pointless pursuit.<ref name=coalsToNewcastle>{{cite book |last = Ayto |first = John |title = Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms |publisher = Oxford University Press|edition = 3rd |date = 8 July 2010 |page = 68 |isbn = 978-0199543786}}</ref> In the 18th century, the American entrepreneur [[Timothy Dexter]], regarded as an eccentric, defied this idiom. He was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him; however, his shipment arrived on the Tyne during a strike that had crippled local production, allowing him to turn a considerable profit.<ref name="knapp">{{cite book |last = Knapp |first = Samuel L. |title = Life of Lord Timothy Dexter: Embracing sketches of the eccentric characters that composed his associates, including "Dexter's Pickle for the knowing ones" |publisher = J. E. Tilton and Company |date = 1858 |location = Boston |url = http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/book204715555.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071202095808/http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/book204715555.html |archive-date = 2 December 2007 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="nash">{{cite book |last = Nash |first = Jay Robert |title = Zanies, The World's Greatest Eccentrics |url = https://archive.org/details/zaniesworldsgrea00nash |url-access = registration |publisher = New Century |date = 1982 |isbn=0-8329-0123-7}}</ref>

[[File:Victoria Tunnel (Newcastle) near Ouse Street 2010-02-19.jpg|thumb|right| [[Victoria Tunnel (Newcastle)|Victoria Tunnel]], built to transport coal<ref name=VTunnel201401>{{cite web |last = Hudson |first = Jules |title = Victoria Tunnel |quote = By 1935, every city in the UK had been given a document by the government, declaring that in the event of war, every city should have air raid protection&nbsp;... |publisher = BBC |date = 22 March 2013 |url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01n3kv4 |access-date = 21 January 2014}}</ref>]]
In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city, and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of [[keelmen]] and their families.<ref name=keelmen>{{cite web |last=Davison |first=Yvonne |title=Sandgate and the Keelmen |publisher=Newcastle University |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/sandgate.php |access-date=17 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141346/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/sandgate.php |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting [[Collier (ship)|colliers]], for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s, about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of [[Black Death in England|plague]], more than one-third of the population.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Plague |volume=21 |page=695}}</ref> Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the [[Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne|Society of Antiquaries]] that 47% of the then population of Newcastle died from the epidemic; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British city in this period.<ref name=Plag1636>{{cite web |last = Bower |first = Ian |title = Ebola and Plague in Newcastle in 1636 |publisher = Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums |date = 22 October 2014 |url = http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/engage/blog/ebola-and-plague-in-newcastle-in-1636/|access-date = 24 November 2014}}</ref>

[[File:The Quayside, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1961 (15657916212).jpg|alt=|thumb|Newcastle was once a major industrial centre, particularly for coal and shipping.]]
During the [[English Civil War]], the North declared for the King.<ref name=northCWar>{{cite web |last = <!--History.com Staff -->|title = English civil wars |work = History.com |publisher = A+E Networks |year = 2009 |url = http://www.history.com/topics/british-history/english-civil-wars |access-date = 20 June 2015}}</ref> In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]'s allies, the Scots, captured the town of [[Newburn]]. In 1644, the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in [[South Shields]] following a siege and the city was [[Siege of Newcastle|besieged for many months]]. It was eventually stormed ("with roaring drummes") and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the [[motto]] {{lang|la|Fortiter Defendit Triumphans}} ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–47.<ref name=civilWar>{{cite web |title = Civil War |work = The Northern Echo |date = 10 March 2009 |url = http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/history/war/border/4189653.Civil_War/ |access-date = 17 April 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Newcastle City Centre 17.9.1917.jpg|thumb|left|Newcastle city centre, 1917, with [[St James' Park]] football ground above and left of centre]]
Newcastle opened its first [[lunatic asylum]] in 1767.<ref name=lunaticAsylum1767>{{cite book | last = Southwick | first =Michael | title =Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Fragments of the Past |volume=1 | location = Newcastle | publisher = Great North Children's Hospital | year = 2021 |quote=the Lunatic Asylum for the counties of Newcastle, Northumberland and Durham. It was erected by public subscription in 1767}}</ref> The asylum catered for people from the counties of Newcastle, Durham and Northumberland.<ref name=lunaticAsylum1767/>

[[The Newcastle Eccentrics of the 19th century]] were a group of unrelated people who lived in and around the centre of Newcastle and its Quayside between the end of the 18th and early/mid 19th century. They are depicted in a painting by [[Henry Perlee Parker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shop.artuk.org/eccentric-characters-of-newcastle-36381.html|title=Eccentric Characters of Newcastle|publisher=Art UK|access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref>

Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, [[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]],<ref name=pPressNewc>{{cite web| last = Maples| first = Ben| title = Things to Do in Newcastle| website = universitycompare.com| date = 12 July 2024| url = https://universitycompare.com/guides/city/newcastle
| access-date = 29 March 2025}}</ref><ref name=printPNewc1710>{{cite web| last = Johnson| first = Ben| title = Newcastle-upon-Tyne| quote = By the eighteenth century the printing industry was the fourth biggest in UK (after London, Oxford and Cambridge) and the Newcastle Gazette and the Newcastle Courant were the first newspapers in circulation in northern England when they were introduced in 1710 and 1711. | website = historic-uk.com| date = 29 March 2025| url = https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/NewcastleuponTyne/| access-date = 29 March 2025}}</ref> and the [[Literary and Philosophical Society]] of 1793,<ref name="printing2010-07-26">{{cite web |title = We take a closer look at the vibrant city of Newcastle |quote = By the 18th century Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge. Newcastle's Literary and Philosophical Society, founded in 1793 and now known as simply the Lit and Phil, predated the London Library by half a century. |url = http://domain2160104.sites.fasthosts.com/documents/LivingNorth.pdf |access-date = 26 July 2010 }}{{dead link |date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages, predated the [[London Library]] by half a century.<ref name="printing2010-07-26"/> Some founder members of the [[Literary and Philosophical Society]] were abolitionists.<ref name=litPhil>{{cite web | url = http://collectionsprojects.org.uk/slavery/_files/research-zone/South_Shields_and_the_Slave_Trade.pdf | title = Remembering Slavery | last = Lilley | first = Tasmin | date = June 2008 | website = collectionsprojects.org.uk | access-date = 26 July 2021|archive-date = 24 October 2018 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20181024193102/http://collectionsprojects.org.uk/slavery/_files/research-zone/South_Shields_and_the_Slave_Trade.pdf| quote = }}</ref>{{sps|date=March 2025}} Newcastle also became a glass producer with a reputation for brilliant [[flint glass]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldandsold.com/articles02/glass-n.shtml |title=Glass (N) – Encyclopedia of Antiques |publisher=Oldandsold.com |date=2 December 1994 |access-date=4 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2025}}</ref>

A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of [[Fenham Barracks]] in 1806.<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=http://cameron.uk.tripod.com/leazes/history.html |first=Anthony |last=Jackson |date=7 March 2003 |title=The Building of Newcastle Barracks (later known as Fenham Barracks) |access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref>{{sps|certain=y|date=March 2025}}

The [[great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead]] was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in the two North East of England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quaysidelives.ncl.ac.uk/2012/11/last-surviving-building-from-great-fire/ |title=Last surviving building from Great Fire |publisher=Quayside Lives |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630234941/http://quaysidelives.ncl.ac.uk/2012/11/last-surviving-building-from-great-fire/ |archive-date=30 June 2017 }}</ref>

The status of city was granted to Newcastle on 3 June 1882.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/recalling-fascinating-history-city-newcastle-14868748 |title=Recalling the fascinating history of the city of Newcastle – from A to Z |date=6 July 2018 |publisher=Chronicle Live |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> In the 19th century, [[shipbuilding]] and [[History of Newcastle upon Tyne#Locomotive manufacture|heavy engineering]] were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name=IndRev201401>{{cite web |title = The History of Newcastle upon Tyne |quote = Shipbuilding and heavy engineering developed fast and Newcastle became the powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution in Britain |publisher = information-britain.co.uk |url = http://www.information-britain.co.uk/history/town/Newcastle%20upon%20Tyne84/ |access-date = 23 January 2014}}{{dead link|date=March 2025}}</ref> This revolution resulted in the urbanisation of the city.<ref name=Urb2014-01>{{cite web |title=A history of urbanisation in Britain |publisher=BBC Learning Zone |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/a-history-of-urbanisation-in-britain/7811.html |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106000437/http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/a-history-of-urbanisation-in-britain/7811.html |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city.<ref name=pottery>{{cite web |title=Mailing pottery |publisher=Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums |url=http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/laing/northernspirit/maling-pottery/ |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411151215/http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/laing/northernspirit/maling-pottery/ |archive-date=11 April 2015}}</ref> The Victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the {{convert|2+1/2|mi|km|0|adj=on}} [[Victoria Tunnel (Newcastle)|Victoria Tunnel]], built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the [[Jetty|staithes]].<ref name=VTunnel2014012>{{cite web |title=Tunnel History |publisher=Ouseburn Trust |url=http://ouseburntrust.org.uk/index.php?page=tunnel-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828034802/http://ouseburntrust.org.uk/index.php?page=tunnel-history |archive-date=28 August 2012 |access-date=21 January 2014 }}</ref> On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street in the city, was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the [[Street light|incandescent lightbulb]].<ref name=jswan2014061>{{cite web |url=http://home.frognet.net/~ejcov/jwswan.html |first=Edward J. |last=Covington |title=Sir Joseph Wilson Swan |publisher=home.frognet.net |access-date=16 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005841/http://home.frognet.net/~ejcov/jwswan.html |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref>{{sps|certain=y|date=March 2025}}<ref name=jswan2014062>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsc.org/Chemsoc/Activities/ChemicalLandmarks/UK/JosephSwan.asp |title=Sir Joseph Swan, The Literary & Philosophical Society of Newcastle |date=3 February 2009 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=16 October 2010}}</ref> Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting.<ref name=Mosely>{{cite web |title=Electric lighting |publisher=Newcastle University |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/very_truly_yours/science/swan/electric_light/ |access-date=3 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212620/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/very_truly_yours/science/swan/electric_light/ |archive-date=6 June 2014 }}</ref> Innovations in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of [[Davy lamp|safety lamps]], [[Stephenson's Rocket]], [[William George Armstrong|Lord Armstrong]]'s artillery, [[Be-Ro]] flour,<ref name=bero2011>{{cite web |title=The Birth of Be-Ro |publisher=Be-Ro |date=1 August 2011 |url=http://www.be-ro.co.uk/f_about.htm |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512032733/http://www.be-ro.co.uk/f_about.htm |archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> [[Lucozade]],<ref>{{cite news|title=We did it first|url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/business/news/10317055.We_did_it_first/|work=The Northern Echo|date=27 March 2013}}</ref> [[Joseph Swan]]'s [[electric light]] bulbs, and [[Charles Algernon Parsons|Charles Parsons]]' invention of the [[steam turbine]], which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of [[Electrical generator|cheap electricity]]. In 1882, Newcastle became the seat of an [[Diocese of Newcastle|Anglican diocese]], with [[Newcastle Cathedral|St. Nicholas' Church]] becoming its cathedral.<ref name=Cathedral1882>{{cite web |title = The Cathedral Church of St Nicholas |publisher = Newcastle Diocese |url = http://www.newcastle.anglican.org/people-and-places/our-cathedral.aspx |access-date = 17 April 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150621225337/http://www.newcastle.anglican.org/people-and-places/our-cathedral.aspx |archive-date = 21 June 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

===20th and 21st centuries===
Newcastle's public transport system was modernised in 1901 when [[Newcastle Corporation Tramways]] electric trams were introduced to the city's streets, though these were replaced gradually by trolley buses from 1935, with the tram service finally coming to an end in 1950.<ref name=transport1901-1950>{{cite web | title = Newcastle City Council: Transport | publisher = Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums | year = 2006 | url = http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/DServe2/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo==%22MD.NC/TR%22%29 | access-date = 20 September 2015 | archive-date = 2 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160102111705/http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/DServe2/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo%3D%3D%22MD.NC%2FTR%22%29 }}</ref>

The city acquired its first art gallery, the [[Laing Art Gallery]] in 1904, so named after its founder Alexander Laing, a Scottish wine and spirit merchant<ref name=alexanderLaing13Oct1904>{{cite web| first = Julie| last = Milne| title = More about Laing Art Gallery| publisher = [[Art UK]]| url = https://artuk.org/search/search/search/keyword:laing-art-gallery| access-date = 20 September 2015| df = dmy-all}}</ref> who wanted to give something back to the city in which he had made his fortune. Another art gallery, the [[Hatton Gallery]] (now part of [[Newcastle University]]), opened in 1925.<ref name=hattonGallery1925_1>{{cite web|title=About us |publisher=hattongallery.org.uk |url=https://hattongallery.org.uk/about/about-us |access-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016120204/https://hattongallery.org.uk/about/about-us |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

With the advent of the motor car, Newcastle's road network was improved in the early part of the 20th century, beginning with the opening of the Redheugh road bridge in 1901<ref name=redheughBridge1901>{{cite web|title=Redheugh Bridge (1901–1984) |publisher=Newcastle University |date=26 March 2004 |url=http://www.sine.ncl.ac.uk/view_structure_information.asp?struct_id=1468 |access-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174825/http://www.sine.ncl.ac.uk/view_structure_information.asp?struct_id=1468 |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> and the [[Tyne Bridge]] in 1928.<ref name=tyneBridge1928>{{cite web | title = The Tyne Bridge |publisher = BBC 2 | date = 24 September 2014 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/nationonfilm/topics/misc-work/tyne-bridge-construction-building.shtml | access-date = 20 September 2015}}</ref>

Efforts to preserve the city's historic past were evident as long ago as 1934, when the Museum of Science and Industry opened,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/historic-buildings/art491342-Happy-birthday-Discovery-Museum-home-history|title=Happy birthday Discovery Museum: Pictures from Newcastle's home of history past &#124; Culture24|website=Culture24.org.uk|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121550/https://www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/historic-buildings/art491342-Happy-birthday-Discovery-Museum-home-history}}</ref> as did the [[Holy Jesus Hospital#The first museum: The John George Joicey Museum (1950–1993)|John G Joicey Museum]] in the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F189854|title=John G Joicey Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne|publisher=National Archives|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>

[[Council housing]] began to replace inner-city slums in the 1920s, and the process continued into the 1970s, along with substantial private house building and acquisitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/stories-shocked-tyneside-high-rise-7236347|date=9 June 2014|publisher=The Chronicle|title=Stories that shocked Tyneside: The high rise and fall of a leader who got greedy|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>

Unemployment hit record heights in Newcastle during the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s.
The city's last coal pit closed in 1956,<ref name= openCastSciCity2011>{{Citation | last = Wilkinson | first = Tom | title = Newcastle may see return to coal mining | newspaper = Independent | date = 4 October 2011 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/newcastle-may-see-return-to-coal-mining-2365475.html | access-date = 4 July 2017}}</ref> though a temporary open cast mine was opened in 2013.<ref name= openCastSciCity2013>{{Citation | last = Evening Chronicle staff | title = Newcastle opencast mine quietly shifting 40,000 tonnes of coal | newspaper = chroniclelive.co.uk | date = 19 January 2013 | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/local-news/newcastle-opencast-mine-quietly-shifting-1351399 | access-date = 4 July 2017}}</ref> The temporary open cast mine shifted 40,000 tonnes of coal, using modern techniques to reduce noise, on a part of the City undergoing redevelopment.<ref name= openCastSciCity2013/> The slow demise of the shipyards on the banks of the [[River Tyne]] happened in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts/rise-fall-tynes-shipyards-4707080|title=The rise and fall of Tyne's shipyards|date=3 January 2008|publisher=The Journal|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232135/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts/rise-fall-tynes-shipyards-4707080}}</ref>
[[File:Newcastle Central from Manors geograph-2389652-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|right|View northwards from the Castle Keep, towards Berwick-on-Tweed in 1954]]
[[File:Newcastle castle keep across the River Tyne to Gateshead geograph-2613573-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|right|Panorama from Newcastle castle keep across the River Tyne to Gateshead in 1954]]

During the Second World War, the city and surrounding area were a target for air raids as heavy industry was involved in the production of ships and armaments. The raids caused 141 deaths and 587 injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/military-history/world-war-two/tra27968|title=A Shipbuilding Target - Newcastle And Tyneside in World War Two &#124; Culture24|website=Culture24.org.uk|access-date=5 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122649/https://www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/military-history/world-war-two/tra27968}}</ref> A former French consul in Newcastle called Jacques Serre assisted the German war effort by describing important targets in the region to [[Erich Raeder|Admiral Raeder]] who was the head of the German Navy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/wwii-betrayal-french-consul-newcastle-1407132|title=WWII betrayal of French Consul in Newcastle|first=Ray |last=Marshall|date=16 November 2011|work=nechronicle}}</ref>

The public sector in Newcastle began to expand in the 1960s. The federal structure of the [[University of Durham]] was dissolved. That university's college in Newcastle, which had been known as King's College, became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (now known as [[Newcastle University]]), which was founded in 1963,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/about/history/|title=History of the University|access-date=22 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002232323/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/about/history/|archive-date=2 October 2007}}</ref> followed by Newcastle Polytechnic in 1969; the latter received university status in 1992 and became the University of Northumbria at Newcastle (now known as [[Northumbria University]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/northumbria-university |title=Northumbria University World University Rankings &#124; THE |publisher=Timeshighereducation.com |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>

Further efforts to preserve the city's historic past continued in the later 20th century, with the opening of Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum in 1983 and [[North Tyneside Steam Railway|Stephenson Railway Museum]] in 1986. The Military Vehicle museum closed in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/newcastles-military-vehicle-museum-sale-1406577|title=Newcastle's Military Vehicle Museum for sale|date=3 November 2011|work=nechronicle}}</ref> New developments at the turn of the 21st century included the [[Centre for Life|Life Science Centre]] in 2000 and [[Gateshead Millennium Bridge|Millennium Bridge]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/newcastle.html |title=A History of Newcastle |publisher=Localhistories.org |access-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626084348/http://localhistories.org/newcastle.html |archive-date=26 June 2014 }}</ref>

Based at [[St James' Park]] since 1886, [[Newcastle United F.C.]] became [[Football League]] members in 1893.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nufc.co.uk/page/Club/History/ClubHistory/0,,10278~2108987,00.html |title=The Early Years of Newcastle United: 1881 – 1939 |publisher=Newcastle United F.C. |access-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708235433/http://www.nufc.co.uk/page/Club/History/ClubHistory/0%2C%2C10278~2108987%2C00.html |archive-date=8 July 2016 }}</ref> They have won four top division titles (the first in 1905 and the most recent in 1927), six [[FA Cup]]s (the first in 1910 and the most recent in 1955), the [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]] in 1969 and most recently the [[EFL Cup|League Cup]] in 2025, their first domestic trophy since 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nufc.co.uk/page/Club/History/Records |title=Newcastle United: Club Records |publisher=Newcastle United F.C. |access-date=4 March 2012}}</ref> They broke the world transfer record in 1996 by paying £15&nbsp;million for [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] and [[England national football team|England]] striker [[Alan Shearer]], one of the most prolific goalscorers of that era.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7976524.stm |work=BBC News |title=Archive – Shearer joins Newcastle in 1996 | date=1 April 2009}}</ref>

In 2017, Newcastle was the venue for the 2017 Freedom City festival. The 2017 Freedom City festival commemorated the 50 years since [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King]]'s visit to Newcastle, where King received his honorary degree from [[Newcastle University]].<ref name=freedomCity2017_1>{{cite news | last = Whetstone | first = David | title = Newcastle's iconic Tyne Bridge is to host the spectacular Freedom on the Tyne finale| newspaper = Chronicle | location = Newcastle | publisher = chroniclelive.co.uk | date = 4 October 2017 | url = https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/newcastles-iconic-tyne-bridge-host-13715946| access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=honDegreeKing>{{cite news | last = Whetstone | first = David | title = Statue of Dr Martin Luther King has been unveiled in Newcastle by his great friend| newspaper = Chronicle | location = Newcastle | publisher = chroniclelive.co.uk | date = 13 November 2017 | url = https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/statue-dr-martin-luther-king-13896213| access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=freedomCity>{{cite web | url = http://freedomcity2017.com/ | title = Freedom City 2017 | last = freedomCity2017 Staff | website = freedomcity2017.com | publisher = Newcastle University | access-date = 11 July 2018 | archive-date = 30 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180730083234/http://freedomcity2017.com/ }}</ref> In 2018 Newcastle hosted the Great Exhibition of the North, the largest event in England in 2018. The exhibition began on 22 June with an opening ceremony on the River Tyne, and ended on 9 September with the Great North Run weekend. The exhibition describes the story of the north of England through its innovators, artists, designers and businesses.<ref name=riverCeremonyOpeninExh2018>{{cite news | last = Holland | first = Daniel | title = Spectacular Tyne water fountain for Great Exhibition of the North will become a reality | newspaper = Chronicle | location = Newcastle | publisher = chroniclelive.co.uk | date = 31 May 2018 | url = https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/spectacular-tyne-water-fountain-great-14725095 | access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=exOfNorth2018>{{cite news | last = Staff | title = Great Exhibition of the North | newspaper = Chronicle | location = Newcastle | publisher = chroniclelive.co.uk | url = https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/all-about/great-exhibition-of-the-north | access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, various travel sites named Newcastle to be the friendliest city in the UK.<ref name="chroniclelive">{{cite web|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/whats-on/travel-tourism/travel-site-names-newcastle-friendliest-17029988|author=Simon Meechan|title=Travel site names Newcastle the friendliest city in the United Kingdom|website=Chronicle Live|date=4 October 2019|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>