Editing Newark, Ohio (section)

==History==
[[File:Newark Earthworks mound 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Newark Earthworks]] mound, [[Hopewell culture]], 100 AD-500 AD]]
Cultures of [[indigenous peoples]] lived along the river valleys for thousands of years before [[Europe]]an contact. From more than two thousand years ago, 100 AD to 500 AD, people of the [[Hopewell culture]] transformed the area of Newark and Heath. They built many [[Mound builder (people)|earthen mounds]] and [[enclosure (archaeology)|enclosure]]s, creating the single largest [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthwork]] complex in the [[Ohio River Valley]]. The [[Newark Earthworks]], designated a [[National Historic Landmark]], have been preserved to document and interpret the area's significant ancient history. The earthworks cover several square miles and about 206 acres. This is operated as a state park by the [[Ohio Historical Society|Ohio History Connection]].<ref name=OhioHistory>{{cite news|url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/museum-and-site-locator/newark-earthworks|title=History|website=Ohio History Connection|date=2016|access-date=9 September 2016}}</ref>

The Observatory Mound, Observatory Circle, and the interconnected Octagon earthworks span nearly {{convert|3000|ft|m}} in length. The Octagon alone is large enough to contain four Roman [[Colosseum|Coliseums]]. The [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] in [[Egypt]] would fit precisely within Observatory Circle. The even larger {{convert|1180|ft|m|adj=on}}-diameter Newark Great Circle, located in Heath, is the largest circular earthwork in the [[Americas]]. The {{convert|8|ft|m}}-high walls surround a {{convert|5|ft|m}}-deep moat. At the entrance, the walls and moat are of greater and more impressive dimensions. {{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

Contemporary [[Geodesy|archaeogeodesy]] and [[archaeoastronomy]] researchers have demonstrated that the Hopewell and other [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] [[culture]]s had advanced scientific understandings which they used to create their earthworks for [[astronomical]] observations, markings and celebrations. Researchers analyzed the placements, alignments, dimensions, and site-to-site interrelationships of the Hopewell earthworks to understand what had been done. Today, the Ohio Historical Society preserves the Great Circle Earthworks in a public park near downtown Newark, called Mound Builders Park (or the [[Newark Earthworks]]) located at 99 Cooper Ave, Newark, Ohio. The area of the Octagon Earthworks had been leased to a country club, but new arrangements in 1997 provided for more public access to it. Beginning in January 2025, the Octagon Earthworks have now been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site<ref>{{cite web |title=Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1689/ |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Discover the Awe-Inspiring Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks |url=https://hopewellearthworks.org/ |website=hopewellearthworks.org |publisher=Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> and is open to full public access. Later [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] tribes inhabiting the area at the time of European contact were distant descendants of the Hopewell peoples. {{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

===European-American settlement===
[[File:Pennsylvania Railway Station Newark Ohio.JPG|thumb|left|Newark's [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] station]]  After exploration by traders and trappers in earlier centuries, the first European-American settlers arrived in 1802, led by Gen. [[William C. Schenck]]. He named the new village after his [[New Jersey]] [[Newark, New Jersey|hometown]].

Nineteenth-century investment in infrastructure resulted in growth in the town after it was linked to major transportation and trade networks. On July 4, 1825, Governors [[DeWitt Clinton|Clinton]] of New York and [[Jeremiah Morrow|Morrow]] of Ohio dug the first shovelfuls of dirt for the [[Ohio and Erie Canal]] project, at the Licking Summit near Newark, Ohio. On April 11, 1855, Newark became a stop along the [[Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad]] that was built to connect [[Pittsburgh]] to [[Chicago]] and [[St. Louis]]. On April 16, 1857, the [[Central Ohio Railroad]] connected Newark west to [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], and later Newark maintained a station on the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]].

The [[Heisey Glass Company]] started in Newark in 1895. The factory operated there for 62 years, until the company's demise in 1957 due to changing tastes. The [[National Heisey Glass Museum]], operated by the Heisey Collectors of America, Inc., is located on Sixth Street in Newark.

In 1909, The Arcade was opened. Modeled after innovative European retail buildings, it became one of Newark's first successful retail emporiums. Later versions of buildings that contained a variety of shops indoors became known as shopping malls. At {{convert|60000|sqft|m2}}, the Arcade is one-third the size of an average modern [[Wal-Mart]].