Editing Newark, New Jersey (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Newark, New Jersey}}
{{For timeline}}
[[File:Krueger Scott Mansion2.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Krueger Mansion]], owned by [[African Americans|African American]] beauty entrepreneur Louise Scott, Newark's first female millionaire, and previously by [[Germans|German]] brewer Gottfried Krueger, co-founder of [[Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company]]|left]]
Newark was settled in 1666 by [[Connecticut]] [[Puritan]]s led by [[Robert Treat]] from the [[New Haven Colony]].<ref>Hartman, David; and Lewis, Barry. [https://www.thirteen.org/newark/history.html "History of Newark"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628075803/https://www.thirteen.org/newark/history.html |date=June 28, 2024 }}, [[WNET]]. Accessed March 17, 2024. "In May of 1666, Puritan settlers led by Treat purchased the land directly from the Hackensack Indians for goods -- including gunpowder, one hundred bars of lead, twenty axes, twenty coats, guns, pistols, swords, kettles, blankets, knives, beer, and ten pairs of breeches -- valued at $750, a percentage of which was assessed upon every family that arrived in the new colony within the first year of its settlement."</ref><ref>[https://www.njfounders.org/1666-the-founding-of-newark 1666 - The Founding of Newark] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317140018/https://www.njfounders.org/1666-the-founding-of-newark |date=March 17, 2024 }}, Descendants of Founders of New Jersey. Accessed March 17, 2024. "In 1666, Captain Robert Treat, after scouting several locations, successfully completed arrangements with Governor Carteret to settle a plantation on the Passaic River, in the northern section of what was known as the Elizabethtown purchase."</ref> It was conceived as a [[Theocracy|theocratic]] assembly of the faithful, though this did not last for long as new settlers came with different ideas.<ref>Miller, Andy. ''Puritans in Search of a New Haven: 1630–1668''</ref> On October 31, 1693, it was organized as a [[township (New Jersey)|New Jersey township]] based on the Newark Tract, which was first purchased on July 11, 1667. Newark was granted a [[royal charter]] on April 27, 1713. It was incorporated on February 21, 1798, by the [[New Jersey Legislature]]'s [[Township Act of 1798]], as one of New Jersey's initial group of 104 townships. During its time as a township, portions were taken to form [[Springfield Township, Union County, New Jersey|Springfield Township]] (April 14, 1794), Caldwell Township (February 16, 1798; now known as [[Fairfield Township, Essex County, New Jersey|Fairfield Township]]), [[Orange, New Jersey|Orange Township]] (November 27, 1806), [[Bloomfield, New Jersey|Bloomfield Township]] (March 23, 1812) and [[Clinton Township, Essex County, New Jersey|Clinton Township]] (April 14, 1834, remainder reabsorbed by Newark on March 5, 1902). Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11, 1836, replacing Newark Township, based on the results of a referendum passed on March 18, 1836. The previously independent [[Vailsburg, Newark|Vailsburg borough]] was annexed by Newark on January 1, 1905. In 1926, South Orange Township changed its name to Maplewood. As a result of this, a portion of Maplewood known as Ivy Hill was re-annexed to Newark's Vailsburg.<ref name=Story>Snyder, John P. [https://nj.gov/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin67.pdf ''The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530082658/https://www.nj.gov/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin67.pdf |date=May 30, 2024 }}, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 130. Accessed May 30, 2024.</ref>

The name of the city is thought to derive from [[Newark-on-Trent]], England, because of the influence of the original pastor, [[Abraham Pierson, the elder|Abraham Pierson]], who came from [[Yorkshire]] but may have ministered in [[Newark, Nottinghamshire]].<ref>Hutchinson, Viola L. [http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/356/nj_place_names_origin.pdf#page=23 ''The Origin of New Jersey Place Names''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115082401/http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/356/nj_place_names_origin.pdf#page=23 |date=November 15, 2015 }}, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed September 10, 2015.</ref><ref>[[Henry Gannett|Gannett, Henry]]. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n221 <!-- pg=222 --> ''The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States''], p. 222. [[United States Government Printing Office]], 1905. Accessed September 10, 2015.</ref><ref>Staff. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IGE9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA123 "Newark on Trent Shows Interest in Newark, New Jersey"], p. 123. ''Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society'', Volume VI, 1921. Accessed September 10, 2015. "It seems to be understood that the name of Newark, New Jersey, is traceable to the influence of the first pastor of the settlement, Rev. Abraham Pierson, who was a native of Yorkshire, England, and is said to have probably ministered first to a church in Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire."</ref> But Pierson is also supposed to have said that the community reflecting the new task at hand should be named "New Ark" for "New Ark of the Covenant"<ref>Princeton Alumni Weekly vol. 78; The Puritans in America: a narrative anthology, by Andrew Delbanco, Alan Heimert</ref> and some of the colonists saw it as "New-Work", the settlers' new work with God. Whatever the origins, the name was shortened to Newark, although references to the name "New Ark" are found in preserved letters written by historical figures such as [[David A. Ogden]] in his claim for compensation, and [[James McHenry]], as late as 1787.<ref>National Archives, Kew, England, T 1/65261-64; Bernard C. Steiner and James McHenry, ''The life and correspondence of James McHenry'' (Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Co., 1907)</ref>

During the [[American Revolutionary War]], British troops made several raids into the town.<ref>Munn, David C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2XPpPwAACAAJ ''Battles and Skirmishes of the American Revolution in New Jersey''], [[New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection]], Bureau of Geology and Topography.</ref> The city saw tremendous industrial and population growth during the 19th century and early 20th century, and experienced racial tension and urban decline in the second half of the 20th century, culminating in the [[1967 Newark riots]], which led to an increase in [[white flight]], with 100,000 white residents leaving the city in the 1960s, though the exodus of white residents from the city had started after [[World War II]] as housing availability was limited in the city, while white residents were able to buy homes in the western suburbs of Essex County, where the population grew rapidly.<ref>O'Dea, Colleen. [https://www.njspotlightnews.org/2019/09/19-09-02-newark-before-the-comeback-a-city-marked-by-white-flight-and-poor-policy/ "Newark Before the Comeback: A City Marked by White Flight, Poor Policy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628080353/https://www.njspotlightnews.org/2019/09/19-09-02-newark-before-the-comeback-a-city-marked-by-white-flight-and-poor-policy/ |date=June 28, 2024 }}, NJ Spotlight News, September 4, 2019. Accessed January 3, 2024. "It's unclear where people who left Newark after the war went — Hughes said some suggest many from Newark and its neighboring towns moved down to Ocean County. But the suburbs along the north and western edges of Essex County experienced tremendous growth during the period. From 1950 to 1970, the population more than doubled in Roseland and West Caldwell, and it more than tripled in Fairfield, Livingston and North Caldwell.... 'The riots certainly accelerated' white flight, Hughes said. It drove some of the whites who had remained in Newark out to the suburbs. While the exact timing of when people left is unknown, another 100,000 whites left Newark between 1960 and 1970, and the city lost more than 5 percent of its population, according to U.S. Census data.</ref>

The city has experienced revitalization since the 1990s, with major office, arts and sports projects representing $2&nbsp;billion in investment.<ref>Riche, Patrick. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/prishe/2012/01/10/newarks-prudential-center-a-key-player-in-newarks-re-branding-efforts/ "Newark's Prudential Center: A Key Player in Newark's Re-Branding Efforts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117074355/https://www.forbes.com/sites/prishe/2012/01/10/newarks-prudential-center-a-key-player-in-newarks-re-branding-efforts/ |date=November 17, 2017 }}, ''[[Forbes]]'', January 10, 2012. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Newark is currently undergoing a major revitalization. The Prudential Center, the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, The Newark Symphony, Riverfront Stadium and Red Bull Park in nearby Harrison and home to Major League Soccer's New York Red Bulls represent just part of the nearly $2&nbsp;billion in construction underway."</ref> The city's population, which had dropped by more than a third from 1950 to its post-war low in 2000, has since rebounded, with 38,000 new residents added from 2000 to 2020.<ref name=Arena>Arena, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=A5uWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT41 ''Expelling Public Schools: How Antiracist Politics Enable School Privatization in Newark''], p. 41. [[University of Minnesota Press]], 2023. {{ISBN|9781452970042}}. Accessed January 3, 2024.</ref>