Editing New Urbanism (section)

==Background==
[[File:Great King St., New Town.jpg|thumb|Places like Great King Street in [[New Town, Edinburgh]] provided a model for New Urbanism]]

New Urbanism began to solidify in the 1970s and 80s with the urban visions and theoretical models for the reconstruction of the "European" city proposed by architect [[Leon Krier|Léon Krier]], and the [[pattern language]] theories of [[Christopher Alexander]]. The term "new urbanism" itself started being used in this context in the mid-1980s,<ref>{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Barton |date=1985 |title=The New Urbanism as a Way of Life: The Relationship Between Inner City Revitalization in Canada and the Rise of the New Middle Class |publisher=Thesis (M.C.P.)--University of Manitoba |isbn=9780315148628 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NyySgAACAAJ&q=%22new+urbanism%22 |access-date=2014-09-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Meinig |first=Donald |date=1986 |title=The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k98OEM26HSAC&q=%22new+urbanism%22&pg=PA255 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=255 |isbn=978-0-300-17394-9 |access-date=2014-09-06 }}</ref> but it wasn't until the early 1990s that it was commonly written as a proper noun capitalized.<ref>{{cite book |date=1991 |title=Urban Design Update: Newsletter of the Institute for Urban Design, Volumes 7–15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8dUAAAAMAAJ&q=%22created+under+the+rubric+of+New+Urbanism%22 |publisher=Institute for Urban Design |access-date=2014-09-06 }}</ref>

In 1991, the [[Local Government Commission (Sacramento, California)|Local Government Commission]], a private nonprofit group in [[Sacramento, California]], invited architects [[Peter Calthorpe]], Michael Corbett, [[Andrés Duany]], [[Elizabeth Moule]], [[Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk]], [[Stefanos Polyzoides]], and Daniel Solomon to develop a set of community principles for land use planning. Named the ''[[Ahwahnee Principles]]'' (after [[Yosemite National Park]]'s [[Ahwahnee Hotel]]), the commission presented the principles to about one hundred government officials in the fall of 1991, at its first Yosemite Conference for Local Elected Officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lgc.org/about/ahwahnee/principles|title=Principles – Local Government Commission|work=Local Government Commission}}</ref>

In 2009, co-founders Elizabeth Moule, Hank Dittmar, and Stefanos Polyzoides authored the Canons of Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism to clarify and detail the relationship between New Urbanism and sustainability. The Canons are "a set of operating principles for human settlement that reestablish the relationship between the art of building, the making of community, and the conservation of our natural world". They promote the use of [[passive heating]] and cooling solutions, the use of locally obtained materials, and in general, a "culture of permanence".<ref>[http://www.cnu.org/sites/files/Canons.pdf The Canons of Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625234557/http://www.cnu.org/sites/files/Canons.pdf |date=2014-06-25 }} |date=October 8, 2014</ref>