Editing New Smyrna Beach, Florida (section)

==History==
{{See also|New Smyrna Beach Historic District}}
[[Image:ANDREW TURNBULL.jpg|thumb|left|Dr. [[Andrew Turnbull (colonist)|Andrew Turnbull]]]]

The area was first settled by Europeans in 1768, when Scottish physician Dr. [[Andrew Turnbull (colonist)|Andrew Turnbull]], a friend of [[James Grant (British Army officer)|James Grant]], the governor of [[East Florida|British East Florida]], established the colony of New Smyrna. Dr. Turnbull had married [[Gracia Dura Bin]] (some sources give her name as Maria Gracia Rubini),<ref name="Moskos2018">{{cite book |last1=Moskos |first1=Charles C. |title=Greek Americans: Struggle and Success |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-51672-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHx_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 |language=en}}</ref> the daughter of a Greek London merchant from the Ottoman city of [[Smyrna]] (modern-day [[İzmir]] in [[Turkey]]) and named the settlement in honor of his wife's birthplace,<ref name="Panagopoulos">{{cite journal |last1=Panagopoulos |first1=E. P. |title=The Background of the Greek Settlers in the New Smyrna Colony |journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly |date=1956 |volume=35 |issue=2 |page=97 |url=http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A22362 |access-date=August 13, 2021 |issn=0015-4113}}</ref> and the homeland of some of those in his future labor force who were Greek from the [[Mani peninsula]].<ref name="Moskos1989">{{cite book|author=Charles C. Moskos|title=Greek Americans: Struggle and Success|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llQax9N3kGMC&pg=PA3|date=January 1, 1989|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-2483-5|page=3}}</ref><ref name="Kaloudis2018">{{cite book|author=George Kaloudis|title=Modern Greece and the Diaspora Greeks in the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdtJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|date=February 20, 2018|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-1-4985-6228-7|page=26}}</ref> No one had previously attempted to settle so many people at one time in a town in North America.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Henry Beeson|title=Fromajadas and Indigo: The Minorcan Colony in Florida|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PndAmPTjFDMC&pg=PA42|year=2006|publisher=The History Press|isbn=978-1-59629-113-3|page=42}}</ref>

Turnbull recruited about 1,300 settlers, intending for them to grow [[hemp]], [[sugarcane]], and [[indigo]], as well as to produce [[rum]], at his plantation on the northeastern [[East Coast of the United States|Atlantic coast]] of Florida. The majority of the colonists came from [[Menorca]] (historically called "Minorca" in English), one of the Mediterranean [[Balearic Islands]] of Spain,<ref name="Landers2000">{{cite book|author=Jane G. Landers|title=Colonial Plantations and Economy in Florida|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFaWIDIJ1MEC&pg=PA41|year=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-1772-3|pages=41–42}}</ref> and were of [[Catalan people|Catalan]] culture and language.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Henry Beeson|title=Fromajadas and Indigo: The Minorcan Colony in Florida|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PndAmPTjFDMC&pg=PA17|year=2006|publisher=The History Press|isbn=978-1-59629-113-3|page=17}}</ref>

Although the colony produced relatively large amounts of processed indigo in its first few years of operation,<ref name="Raab2007">{{cite book|author=James W. Raab|title=Spain, Britain and the American Revolution in Florida, 1763–1783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCc8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|date=November 5, 2007|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-3213-4|pages=53–54}}</ref> it eventually collapsed after suffering major losses due to insect-borne diseases and Indian raids, and growing tensions caused by mistreatment of the colonists on the part of Turnbull and his overseers.<ref name="Romans1776">{{cite book|author=Bernard Romans|title=A concise natural history of East and West-Florida|publisher=Pelican Publishing|url=https://archive.org/details/concisenaturalhi00roma|year=1776|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisenaturalhi00roma/page/268 268]–270}}</ref> The survivors, about 600 in number, marched nearly 70 miles north on the [[King's Road (Florida)|King's Road]] and relocated to [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]],<ref name="Project1939">{{cite book|author=Federal Writers' Project|title=Florida: A Guide to the Southern-Most State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LjWg4xHKVUC&pg=PA543|year=1939|publisher=US History Publishers|isbn=978-1-60354-009-4|page=543}}</ref> where their descendants live to this day.<ref name="Griffin1991">{{cite book|author=Patricia C. Griffin|title=Mullet on the Beach: The Minorcans of Florida, 1768–1788|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y22GAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=St. Augustine Historical Society|isbn=978-0-8130-1074-8|page=195}}</ref> In 1783, East and West Florida were returned to the Spanish, and Turnbull abandoned his colony to retire in [[Charleston, South Carolina]].<ref>Landers 2000, p. 62</ref><ref>Roger Grange,  "Saving Eighteenth-Century New Smyrna: Public Archaeology in Action." ''Present Pasts'' vol 3 #1 (2011). [http://www.presentpasts.info/article/view/pp.41/80 online]
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Episode 08 European Earthenware" by Robert Cassanello and Chip Ford |url=http://stars.library.ucf.edu/ahistoryofcentralfloridapodcast/8/ |website=stars.library.ucf.edu |access-date=January 10, 2016}}</ref>

The [[St. Photios Greek Orthodox National Shrine]] on St. George Street in St. Augustine honors the Greeks among the settlers of New Smyrna; they were the first [[Greek Orthodox]] followers in North America. The historical exhibit adjoining the chapel tells the story of their plight, with accompanying exhibits, and of their contributions to the city.<ref name=St.Photios>{{cite web|title=The Saint Photios Greek Orthodox Chapel|url=http://www.stphotios.com/tour.html|publisher=St. Photios National Shrine|access-date=December 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225445/http://www.stphotios.com/tour.html|archive-date=December 2, 2013}}</ref><ref name="MoskosMoskos2013">{{cite book|author1=Peter C. Moskos|author2=Charles C. Moskos|title=Greek Americans: Struggle and Success|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg0tAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16|date=November 27, 2013|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-5310-1|page=16}}</ref>

Central Florida remained sparsely populated by white settlers well into the 19th century, and it was frequently raided by [[Seminole]] Indians trying to protect their territory. United States troops fought against them in the [[Seminole Wars]], but they were never completely dislodged. 

During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], on March 23, 1862, portions of the [[3rd Florida Infantry Regiment]] defeated a small U.S. naval force that was attempting to land near New Smyrna.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coles |first1=David J. |author1-link=Ancient City Defenders: The St. Augustine Blues |editor1-last=Fretwell |editor1-first=Jacqueline K. |title=Civil War times in St. Augustine |date=1988 |publisher=Florida Classics Library |location=Port Salerno, Fla. |isbn=0912451238|page=78}}</ref> Later on, in 1863, the "[[Old Stone Wharf Archeological Site|Stone Wharf]]" was shelled by [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] gunboats.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Redd |first1=Robert |title=St. Augustine and the Civil War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kut2CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT22 |year=2014 |publisher=The History Press |location=Charleston, SC |isbn=9781625846570 |page=22 |edition=e-book}}</ref>

In 1887, when New Smyrna was incorporated, it had a population of 150. In 1892, [[Henry Flagler]] provided service to the town via his [[Florida East Coast Railway]]. This led to a rapid increase in the area's population. Its economy grew as tourism was added to its citrus and commercial fishing industries.

During [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] in the 1920s, the city and its river islands were popular sites for [[moonshine]] stills and hideouts for [[Rum-running|rum runners]], who came from [[the Bahamas]] through Mosquito Inlet, now [[Ponce de León Inlet]]. "New Smyrna" became "New Smyrna Beach" in 1947, when the city annexed the seaside community of Coronado Beach. Today, it is a resort town of over 20,000 permanent residents.

Like St. Augustine, established by the Spanish, New Smyrna has been under the rule of four "flags": the British, Spanish, United States (from 1821, with ratification of the [[Adams–Onís Treaty]]), and the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] Jack. After the end of the Civil War in 1865, it returned with Florida to the United States.