Editing New Jersey (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of New Jersey}}

===Prehistoric era===
{{See also|Paleontology in New Jersey}}
The pressure of collision between [[North America]] and [[Africa]] gave rise to the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. Around 18,000 years ago, the [[Wisconsin glaciation|Ice Age]] resulted in [[glacier]]s that reached New Jersey. As glaciers retreated, they left behind [[Lake Passaic]] along with rivers, [[meadow]]s, swamps, and [[gorge]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Great Swamp |url=https://www.greatswamp.org/history-great-swamp/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911024925/https://www.greatswamp.org/history-great-swamp/ |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |access-date=June 11, 2024 |website=greatswamp.org |publisher=Great Swamp Watershed Association |language=en-US}}</ref>

Since the [[6th millennium BC]], [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] people have inhabited New Jersey, beginning with the [[Lenape|Lenape tribe]]. ''{{lang|unm|Scheyichbi}}'' is the [[Unami language|Lenape]] name for the land that represents present-day New Jersey.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stockton |first=Frank R. |year=1896 |title=The Story of the Discovery of Scheyichbi |url=http://www.getnj.com/storiesofnewjersey/sojpg9a.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212625/http://www.getnj.com/storiesofnewjersey/sojpg9a.shtml |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |access-date=February 8, 2013 |website=Stories of New Jersey |publisher=GET NJ}}</ref> The Lenape were several [[Autonomy|autonomous]] groups that practiced [[maize]] agriculture in order to supplement their hunting and gathering in the region surrounding the [[Delaware River]], the lower [[Hudson River]], and western [[Long Island Sound]]. The Lenape were divided into [[Matrilineality|matrilineal]] clans that were based upon common female ancestors. Clans were organized into three distinct [[phratry|phratries]] identified by their animal sign: [[Turtle]], [[Turkey (bird)|Turkey]], and [[Wolf]]. They first encountered the [[Dutch colonization of the Americas|Dutch]] in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Dutch and later European settlers was through [[fur trade]].

===Colonial era===
{{Main|Colonial history of New Jersey|New Netherland|New Sweden|Province of New Jersey|East Jersey|West Jersey|Dominion of New England}}
[[File:Nieuw Nederland and Nya Sverige.svg|thumb|upright|A map of [[New Netherland]] and [[New Sweden]] in present-day New Jersey during the [[Colonial history of New Jersey|colonial era]]]]
The [[Netherlands|Dutch]] were the first [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] to lay claim to geographic territory in New Jersey. The Dutch colony of [[New Netherland]] consisted of parts of the modern [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]] states. Although the European principle of [[land ownership]] was not recognized by the [[Lenape]], [[Dutch West India Company]] policy required its colonists to purchase land that they settled. The first to do so was [[Michiel Reyniersz Pauw|Michiel Pauw]], who established a patron ship called [[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]] in 1630 along [[North River (Hudson River)|North River]], that eventually became [[Bergen, New Netherland|Bergen]]. [[Peter Minuit]]'s purchase of lands along the [[Delaware River]] established the colony of [[New Sweden]], that lasted until the Dutch conquered it in 1655. Then the entire region became a territory of [[Kingdom of England|England]] on June 24, 1664, after an English fleet under command of Colonel [[Richard Nicolls]] sailed into what is now [[New York Harbor]] and took control of [[Fort Amsterdam]], annexing the entire province.

During the [[English Civil War]], the [[Channel Islands|Channel Island]] of [[Jersey]] remained loyal to the British Crown and gave sanctuary to the [[King of England|King]]. In the Royal Square in [[St Helier]], [[Charles II of England]] was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]. North American lands were divided by [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], who gave his brother, the Duke of York (later [[James II of England|King James II]]), the region between [[New England]] and [[Maryland]] as a [[proprietary colony]] (as opposed to a [[royal colony]]). James then granted land between the [[Hudson River]] and the [[Delaware River]] (the land that would become New Jersey) to two friends who had remained loyal through the [[English Civil War]]: [[George Carteret|Sir George Carteret]] and [[John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton|Lord Berkeley of Stratton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrnussbaum.com/readingcomp/njcolony.htm|title=New Jersey Colony Reading Comprehension|publisher=MrNussbaum.com|access-date=September 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024222527/http://www.mrnussbaum.com/readingcomp/njcolony.htm|archive-date=October 24, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The area was named the [[Province of New Jersey]].

Since its inception, New Jersey has been characterized by [[multiculturalism|ethnic and religious diversity]]. New England [[Congregationalists]] settled alongside [[Scots' Church, Melbourne|Scots Presbyterians]] and [[Dutch Reformed]] migrants. While the majority of residents lived in towns with individual [[landowner|landholdings]] of {{convert|100|acre|ha|0}}, a few rich proprietors owned vast estates. English [[Quakers]] and [[Anglicans]] owned large landholdings. Unlike [[Plymouth Colony]], [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] and other colonies, New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of immigrants who came from other colonies instead of those who migrated directly from Europe. New Jersey remained agrarian and rural throughout the colonial era, and [[commercial agriculture|commercial farming]] developed sporadically. Some townships, such as [[Burlington, New Jersey|Burlington]] on the Delaware River and [[Perth Amboy]], emerged as important ports for shipping to New York City and Philadelphia. The colony's fertile lands and [[toleration|tolerant religious policy]] drew more settlers, and New Jersey's population had increased to 120,000 by 1775.

Settlement for the first ten years of English rule took place along the [[Hackensack River]] and [[Arthur Kill]]. Settlers came primarily from New York and New England. On March 18, 1673, Berkeley sold his half of the colony to [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]] in England, who settled the [[Delaware Valley]] region as a Quaker colony, with [[William Penn]] acting as [[trustee]] for the lands for a time. New Jersey was governed as two distinct provinces, [[East Jersey|East]] and [[West Jersey]], for 28 years between 1674 and 1702, which were part of the [[Dominion of New England]] from 1686 to 1689.

In 1702, the two provinces were reunited under a [[Royal Governor of New Jersey|royal governor]] rather than a [[Proprietary governor|proprietary one]]. [[Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon|Edward Hyde]], titled Lord Cornbury, became the first governor of the royal colony. Britain believed that he was an ineffective and corrupt ruler, taking bribes and speculating on land. In 1708, he was recalled to England. New Jersey was then ruled by the governors of New York, but this infuriated the settlers of New Jersey, who accused these governors of favoritism to New York. [[Lewis Morris (governor)|Judge Lewis Morris]] led the case for a separate governor, and was appointed governor by [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]] in 1738.<ref>Streissguth pp. 30–36</ref>

===Revolutionary War era===
{{Main|American Revolutionary War|Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War|New Jersey in the American Revolution|Lee Resolution|United States Declaration of Independence|Philadelphia campaign|Articles of Confederation#Ratification|Treaty of Paris (1783)|Constitutional Convention (United States)|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}
[[File:Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze, MMA-NYC, 1851.jpg|thumb|''[[Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 painting)|Washington Crossing the Delaware]]'', an 1851 portrait by [[Emanuel Leutze]] depicting [[George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River|Washington's covert crossing the Delaware River]] from [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania]] to [[Mercer County, New Jersey|Mercer County]] on December 25, 1776, prior to the [[Battle of Trenton]]]]
[[File:Princetonwashington.jpg|thumb|''Washington Rallying the Americans at the Battle of Princeton'', a portrait by [[William Ranney]] depicting [[George Washington]] rallying [[Continental Army]] troops at the [[Battle of Princeton]] in January 1777]]
New Jersey was one of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] that revolted against British rule in the [[American Revolution]]. The [[s:New Jersey Constitution of 1776|New Jersey Constitution of 1776]] was passed July 2, 1776, just two days before the [[Second Continental Congress]] declared American Independence from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]. It was an act of the [[Provincial Congress of New Jersey|Provincial Congress]], which made itself into the [[New Jersey Legislature|State Legislature]]. To reassure neutrals, it provided that the legislature would disband if New Jersey reached reconciliation with Great Britain. Among the 56 [[Founding Fathers]] who signed the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], five were New Jersey representatives: [[Richard Stockton (Continental Congressman)|Richard Stockton]], [[John Witherspoon]], [[Francis Hopkinson]], [[John Hart (New Jersey politician)|John Hart]], and [[Abraham Clark]].

During the [[American Revolutionary War]], British and American armies crossed New Jersey numerous times, and several pivotal battles took place in the state. Because of this, New Jersey today is sometimes referred to as "The Crossroads of the American Revolution".<ref>{{cite web|title=About Crossroads of the American Revolution|url=http://revolutionarynj.org/about-crossroads-of-the-american-revolution/|publisher=Crossroads of the American Revolution|access-date=November 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104192948/http://revolutionarynj.org/about-crossroads-of-the-american-revolution/|archive-date=November 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The winter quarters of the [[Continental Army]] were established in New Jersey twice by General [[George Washington]] in [[Morristown, New Jersey|Morristown]], which has been called "The Military Capital of the American Revolution."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Military Capital of the American Revolution|url=http://www.visitnj.org/article/military-capital-american-revolution|publisher=New Jersey Tourism|date=February 2014|access-date=November 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105231335/http://www.visitnj.org/article/military-capital-american-revolution|archive-date=November 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the Continental Army under [[Washington's crossing of the Delaware River|George Washington crossed the Delaware River]]. After the crossing, they surprised and defeated the [[Hessian (soldiers)|Hessian troops]] in the [[Battle of Trenton]]. Slightly more than a week after victory at [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]], Continental Army forces gained an important victory by stopping [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|General Cornwallis's]] charges at the [[Second Battle of Trenton]]. By evading Cornwallis's army, the Continental Army was able to make a surprise attack on [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] and successfully defeated the British forces there on January 3, 1777. [[Emanuel Leutze]]'s painting of ''[[Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 painting)|Washington Crossing the Delaware]]'' became an icon of the Revolution.

Continental Army forces under Washington's command met British forces under General [[Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)|Henry Clinton]] at the [[Battle of Monmouth]] in an indecisive engagement in June 1778. Washington's forces attempted to take the British column by surprise. When the British army attempted to flank the Americans, the Continental Army retreated in disorder. Their ranks were later reorganized and withstood British charges.<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/loc.afc.afc-legacies.200003296/ Battle of Monmouth: The Longest Battle of the American Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127115945/http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/loc.afc.afc-legacies.200003296/ |date=January 27, 2023 }}, [[Library of Congress]]. Retrieved July 15, 2022. "Visitors to the Monmouth Battlefield State Park in Freehold, New Jersey, can witness a battle reenactment that recalls the hot summer day of June 28, 1778, when American and British forces clashed under the direction of Continental Army General George Washington and British General Sir Henry Clinton."</ref>

In the summer of 1783, the [[Continental Congress]] met in [[Nassau Hall]] at [[Princeton University]], making [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] the nation's capital for four months. It was there that the Continental Congress learned of the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]], which ended the war.

On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the [[United States Constitution]], which was overwhelmingly popular in New Jersey since it prevented New York and Pennsylvania from charging [[tariff]]s on goods imported from Europe. On November 20, 1789, New Jersey became the first in the newly formed Union to ratify the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]].<ref>[https://www.nj.gov/state/archives/docusconstitution.html United States Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705183803/https://www.nj.gov/state/archives/docusconstitution.html |date=July 5, 2022 }}, [[New Jersey Department of State]]. Retrieved July 15, 2022. "On December 18, 1787, New Jersey become the third state to ratify the United States Constitution. The minutes of the ratification convention document the quick work of the delegates. The delegates required only six days to establish rules, review the document, and complete their deliberations.... On November 20, 1789, New Jersey became the first state to ratify the Bill of Rights."</ref>

The 1776 [[Constitution of New Jersey|New Jersey State Constitution]] gave the vote to all inhabitants who had a certain level of wealth. This included women and Black people, but not married women because they were not legally permitted to own property separately from their husbands. Both sides, in several elections, claimed that the other side had had unqualified women vote and mocked them for use of petticoat electors, whether entitled to vote or not; on the other hand, both parties passed Voting Rights Acts. In 1807, legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal white male [[suffrage]], excluding paupers; the constitution was itself an act of the legislature and not enshrined as the modern constitution.<ref>Klinghoffer and Elkis ("The Petticoat Electors: Women's Suffrage in New Jersey, 1776–1807", ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 12, no. 2 (1992): 159–193.)</ref>

===19th century===
{{Main|New Jersey in the 19th century|New Jersey in the American Civil War}}
[[File:Line of the Morris Canal, New Jersey, 1827.jpg|thumb|Map of the {{Convert|107|mi|km|-long|adj=mid}} [[Morris Canal]], which crosses the state]]
On February 15, 1804, New Jersey became the last northern state to [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolish]] new [[slavery]] and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery. This led to a gradual decrease of the slave population. By the [[American Civil War]]'s end, about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still held in bondage.<ref>James Gigantino, The Ragged Road to Abolition: Slavery and Freedom in New Jersey, 1775–1865</ref> New Jersey voters eventually ratified the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States' black population.

Industrialization accelerated in the present-day [[North Jersey]] region of the state following completion of the [[Morris Canal]] in 1831. The canal allowed for [[anthracite|anthracite coal]] to be transported from eastern [[Pennsylvania]]'s [[Lehigh Valley]] to North Jersey's growing industries in [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], and [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]].

In 1844, the second [[New Jersey State Constitution|state constitution]] was ratified and brought into effect. Counties thereby became districts for the state senate, and some realignment of boundaries (including the creation of [[Mercer County, New Jersey|Mercer County]]) immediately followed. This provision was retained in the 1947 Constitution, but was overturned by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in 1962, by the decision ''[[Baker v. Carr]]''. While the Governorship was stronger than under the 1776 constitution, the constitution of 1844 created many offices that were not responsible to him, or to the people, and it gave him a three-year term, but he could not succeed himself.

New Jersey was one of the few Union states (the others being [[Delaware]] and [[Kentucky]]) to select a candidate other than [[Abraham Lincoln]] twice in national elections, and sided with [[Stephen A. Douglas]] (1860) and [[George B. McClellan]] (1864) during their campaigns. McClellan, a native Philadelphian, had New Jersey ties and formally resided in New Jersey at the time; he later became Governor of New Jersey (1878–81). (In New Jersey, the factions of the Democratic party managed an effective coalition in 1860.) During the [[American Civil War]], the state was led first by Republican governor [[Charles Smith Olden]], then by Democrat [[Joel Parker (politician)|Joel Parker]]. During the course of the war, between 65,000 and 80,000 soldiers from the state enlisted in the Union army; unlike many states, including some Northern ones, no battle was fought there.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Horowitz|first=Ben|date=June 23, 2015|title=10 facts about New Jersey and the Civil War|url=https://www.nj.com/morris/2015/06/ten_facts_about_new_jersey_and_the_civil_war.html|access-date=February 23, 2021|website=nj|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415013550/https://www.nj.com/morris/2015/06/ten_facts_about_new_jersey_and_the_civil_war.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[Industrial Revolution]], cities like [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]] grew and prospered. Previously, the economy had been largely agrarian, which was problematically subject to crop failures and poor soil. This caused a shift to a more [[industrialization|industrialized]] economy, one based on manufactured commodities such as textiles and silk. [[List of inventors|Inventor]] [[Thomas Edison]] also became an important figure of the Industrial Revolution, having been [[List of Edison patents|granted 1,093 patents]], many of which for inventions he developed while working in New Jersey. Edison's facilities, first at [[Menlo Park, New Jersey|Menlo Park]] and then in [[West Orange, New Jersey|West Orange]], are considered perhaps the first [[research center]]s in the United States. Christie Street in Menlo Park was the first thoroughfare in the world to have electric lighting. Transportation was greatly improved as [[locomotive|locomotion]] and [[steamboat]]s were introduced to New Jersey.

[[Iron ore|Iron]] mining was also a leading industry during the middle to late 19th century. [[Bog iron]] pits in the [[New Jersey Pine Barrens]] were among the first sources of iron for the new nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usgennet.org/usa/nj/county/atlantic/Pinelands/BogIron.htm|title=Usgennet.org|publisher=Usgennet.org|access-date=July 25, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514000706/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/nj/county/atlantic/Pinelands/BogIron.htm|archive-date=May 14, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mines such as Mt. Hope, Mine Hill, and the Rockaway Valley Mines created a thriving industry. Mining generated the impetus for new towns and was one of the driving forces behind the need for the [[Morris Canal]]. [[Zinc]] mines were also a major industry, especially the [[Sterling Hill Mine]].

===20th century===
{{Main|New Jersey in the 20th century}}
New Jersey prospered through the [[Roaring Twenties]]. The first [[Miss America Pageant]] was held in 1921 in [[Atlantic City]]; the [[Holland Tunnel]] connecting [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] to [[Manhattan]] opened in 1927; and the first [[drive-in movie]] was shown in 1933 in [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]]. During the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s, the state offered begging licenses to unemployed residents,<ref>Gerdes, Louise I. ''The 1930s'', Greenhaven Press, Inc., 2000.</ref> the zeppelin airship [[Hindenburg disaster|Hindenburg]] crashed in flames over [[Lakehurst, New Jersey|Lakehurst]], and the [[SS Morro Castle (1930)|SS ''Morro Castle'']] beached itself near [[Asbury Park, New Jersey|Asbury Park]] after going up in flames while at sea.

Through both [[World War]]s, New Jersey was a center for war production, especially naval construction. The [[Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company]] yards in Kearny and Newark and the [[New York Shipbuilding Corporation]] yard in Camden produced [[aircraft carrier]]s, battleships, cruisers, and destroyers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newyorkship.org/history/|title=History|date=March 23, 2016|website=New York Shipbuilding Corporation|access-date=April 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406193652/https://newyorkship.org/history/|archive-date=April 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> New Jersey manufactured 6.8 percent of total United States military armaments produced during [[World War II]], ranking fifth among the 48 states.<ref>[[Whiz Kids (Department of Defense)|Peck, Merton J.]] & [[Frederic M. Scherer|Scherer, Frederic M.]] ''The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis'' (1962) [[Harvard Business School]] p.111</ref> In addition, [[Fort Dix, New Jersey|Fort Dix]] (1917) (originally called "Camp Dix"),<ref name="dixhist">{{cite web |url=http://www.dix.army.mil/history/history.html |at=¶1 |title=Fort Dix History |publisher=U.S. Support Activity—Fort Dix |access-date=January 4, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227024450/http://www.dix.army.mil/history/history.html |archive-date=December 27, 2013 }}</ref> [[Camp Merritt (New Jersey)|Camp Merritt]] (1917),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~cacunithistories/camp_merritt.htm|title=Camp Merritt|publisher=Freepages.military.rootsweb.com|access-date=July 25, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704180947/http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~cacunithistories/camp_merritt.htm|archive-date=July 4, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Camp Kilmer]] (1941){{citation needed|date=December 2022}} were all constructed to house and train American soldiers through both World Wars. New Jersey also became a principal location for defense in the [[Cold War]]. Fourteen [[Project Nike|Nike missile]] stations were constructed for the defense of the New York City and [[Philadelphia]] areas. ''[[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109|PT-109]]'', a motor torpedo boat commanded by Lt. (j.g.) [[John F. Kennedy]] in World War II, was built at the Elco Boatworks in [[Bayonne, New Jersey|Bayonne]]. The aircraft carrier [[USS Enterprise (CV-6)|USS ''Enterprise'' (CV-6)]] was briefly docked at the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne in the 1950s before she was sent to Kearney to be scrapped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cv6.org/1946/scrap/default.htm|title=CV6.org|publisher=CV6.org|access-date=July 25, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920184145/http://cv6.org/1946/scrap/default.htm|archive-date=September 20, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1962, the world's first nuclear-powered cargo ship, the [[NS Savannah]], was launched at Camden.

In 1951, the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] opened, facilitating efficient travel by car and truck between [[North Jersey]] and [[New York metropolitan area|metropolitan New York]], and [[South Jersey]] and [[Delaware Valley|metropolitan Philadelphia]].<ref>[https://www.njta.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115041611/https://www.njta.com/|date=January 15, 2022}} Accessed September 23, 2021.</ref> Subsequently, in 1957, the [[Garden State Parkway]] was completed, serving as a diagonal counterpart to the Turnpike, and opening up highway travel along New Jersey's coastal flank between [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen County]] in the northeast and the [[Cape May County, New Jersey|Cape May County]] [[Cape May peninsula|peninsula]] at the southeastern tip of New Jersey; in doing so, the [[Jersey Shore]] became readily accessible to millions of residents in the New York metropolitan area. In 1959, Air Defense Command deployed the [[CIM-10 Bomarc]] [[surface-to-air missile]] to [[McGuire Air Force Base]]. On June 7, 1960, an [[BOMARC Missile Accident Site|explosion]] in a CIM-10 Bomarc missile fuel tank caused an accident and subsequent plutonium contamination.<ref>{{cite news |title=Check out the abandoned New Jersey military base where a nuclear missile exploded in 1960 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bomarc-nuclear-missile-explosion-mcguire-afb-fort-dix-1960-2017-3 |work=Business Insider |date=March 23, 2017 |access-date=September 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903103416/https://www.businessinsider.com/bomarc-nuclear-missile-explosion-mcguire-afb-fort-dix-1960-2017-3 |archive-date=September 3, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1960s, [[race riot]]s erupted in many of the industrial cities of [[North Jersey]]. The first race riots in New Jersey occurred in Jersey City on August 2, 1964. Several others ensued in 1967, in [[1967 Newark riots|Newark]] and [[1967 Plainfield riots|Plainfield]]. [[King assassination riots|Other riots]] followed the [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]] in April 1968, just as in the rest of the country. A [[Camden Riot of 1971|riot]] occurred in [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]] in 1971. As a result of an order from the [[New Jersey Supreme Court]] to fund schools equitably, the New Jersey legislature passed an income tax bill in 1976. Prior to this bill, the state had no income tax.<ref name="tws29decf3354">{{cite web | title=Mission & History | publisher=Education Law Center | date=December 29, 2009 | url=http://www.edlawcenter.org/about/mission-history.html | access-date=January 4, 2014 | at=History, ¶3 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212737/http://www.edlawcenter.org/about/mission-history.html | archive-date=January 4, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===21st century===
{{Main|New Jersey in the 21st century}}
In the early part of the 2000s, two [[light rail]] systems were opened: the [[Hudson–Bergen Light Rail]] in [[Hudson County]] and the [[River Line (NJ Transit)|River Line]] between [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]] and [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]]. The intent of these projects was to encourage [[transit-oriented development]] in [[North Jersey]] and [[South Jersey]], respectively. The HBLR was credited with a revitalization of [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson County]] and [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Livability: A Legacy of Northern N.J. Communities |website=Mobility Matters |publisher=New Jersey Regional Planning Association |date=Fall 2010 |url=http://www.njtpa.org/Pub/Report/documents/MM_newsletter_Fall10_000.pdf |access-date=April 9, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173630/http://www.njtpa.org/Pub/Report/documents/MM_newsletter_Fall10_000.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |title=Hudson–Bergen Light Rail System and Economic Development on the Waterfront |publisher=[[Booz Allen Hamilton]] |url=http://www.reconnectingamerica.org/assets/Uploads/bestpractice097.pdf |access-date=May 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721144109/http://www.reconnectingamerica.org/assets/Uploads/bestpractice097.pdf |archive-date=July 21, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.dpz.com/project.aspx?Project_Number=9901&Project_Name=Liberty+Harbor+North Liberty Harbor North] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206033943/http://www.dpz.com/project.aspx?Project_Number=9901&Project_Name=Liberty+Harbor+North |date=February 6, 2012 }}. Retrieved January 3, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Robins |first=Martin E. |author2=Wells, Jan S. |title=Land Development at Selected Hudson-Bergen Light Rail Stations |publisher=Alan M. Voorhees Transportation Center at Rutgers University |date=April 2008 |url=http://policy.rutgers.edu/vtc/reports/REPORTS/HBLR%20Final%20Report.pdf |access-date=April 9, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720043043/http://policy.rutgers.edu/vtc/reports/REPORTS/HBLR%20Final%20Report.pdf |archive-date=July 20, 2011 }}</ref> Urban revitalization has continued in North Jersey in the 21st century. In 2014, Jersey City's Census-estimated population was 262,146,<ref name="PopEst">[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2014/PEPANNRES/0400000US34.06100 PEPANNRES—Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010, to July 1, 2014—2014 Population Estimates for New Jersey municipalities] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212200917/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2014/PEPANNRES/0400000US34.06100 |date=February 12, 2020 }}, [[United States Census Bureau]]. Retrieved May 21, 2015.</ref> with the largest population increase of any municipality in New Jersey since 2010,<ref name="JC2014Est">Stirling, Stephen. [http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2015/05/what_are_njs_fastest_growing_and_declining_towns_m.html "What are N.J.'s fastest growing and shrinking towns?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113054336/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2015/05/what_are_njs_fastest_growing_and_declining_towns_m.html |date=January 13, 2016 }}, NJ Advance Media for [[NJ.com]], May 21, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2015. "Jersey City has gained nearly 15,000 residents since 2010, making it the fastest growing municipality in the state and a symbol of the Garden State's reinvigorated urban core."</ref> representing an increase of 5.9% from the [[2010 United States census|2010 U.S. census]], when the city's population was enumerated at 247,597.<ref name="Census2010">[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3401736000 DP-1—Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Jersey City city, Hudson County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212113527/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0600000US3401736000 |date=February 12, 2020 }}, [[United States Census Bureau]]. Retrieved February 1, 2016.</ref><ref name="LWD2010">[http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1_hud/jerseycity1.pdf Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Jersey City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112171718/http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/census/2010/dp/dp1_hud/jerseycity1.pdf |date=January 12, 2016 }}, [[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]. Retrieved February 1, 2016.</ref> In 2017, Jersey City's tax base grew by US$136&nbsp;million, giving Jersey City the largest municipal tax base in New Jersey.<ref>[http://www.cityofjerseycity.com/uploadedFiles/2017%20Budget%20Introduction%20Press%20Release%2003%2022%202017.pdf "Mayor Fulop to Introduce 2017 Budget With No Tax Increase; Fourth Consecutive Year With No Municipal Tax Increase as Fulop Administration Brings Long-Term Fiscal Stability to Jersey City"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628081951/http://cityofjerseycity.com/uploadedFiles/2017%20Budget%20Introduction%20Press%20Release%2003%2022%202017.pdf |date=June 28, 2017 }}, City of Jersey City, March 22, 2017. Accessed May 7, 2025. "In 2017, the tax base, or ratable base, grew in Jersey City by $136 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=136000000|start_year=2017}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) due to Fulop Administration policies encouraging economic investment throughout the city. In four years, the tax base has grown by $415 million, with Jersey City having the largest municipal tax base in the state."</ref> Between [[2000 United States census|2000]] and [[2010 United States census|2010]] Newark experienced its first population increase since the 1950s, and by [[2020 United States census|2020]] had rebounded to 311,549.{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States
|state = New Jersey
|image_flag = Flag of New Jersey.svg
|image_seal = Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg
|mammal = Horse<ref name="NJAnimal">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/animal.htm|title=New Jersey State Animal|website=The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey|publisher=The State of New Jersey|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310233855/http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/animal.htm|archive-date=March 10, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
|bird = [[American goldfinch|Eastern goldfinch]]<ref name="NJBird">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/bird.htm|title=New Jersey State Bird|website=The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey|publisher=The State of New Jersey|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325025523/http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/bird.htm|archive-date=March 25, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
|butterfly = [[Papilio_polyxenes|Black swallowtail]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.njstatehousetours.org/160/State-Symbols#:~:text=THE%20NEW%20JERSEY%20STATE%20BUTTERFLY%20%2D%20THE%20BLACK%20SWALLOWTAIL%20BUTTERFLY|title=New Jersey State Symbols|website=New Jersey State Symbols|publisher=The State of New Jersey|access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref> |
|fish = [[Brook trout]]<ref name="NJFish">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/fish.htm|title=The New Jersey State Fish|website=The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey|publisher=The State of New Jersey|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809071422/http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/fish.htm|archive-date=August 9, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
|flower = ''[[Viola sororia]]''<ref name="NJFlower">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/flower.htm|title=New Jersey State Flower|website=The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey|publisher=The State of New Jersey|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111082631/http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/flower.htm|archive-date=November 11, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|insect = [[Western honey bee]]<ref name="NJInsect">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/bug.htm|title=New Jersey State Bug|website=The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey|publisher=The State of New Jersey|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325055842/http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/bug.htm|archive-date=March 25, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|tree = ''[[Quercus rubra]]'' (northern red oak),<ref name="NJTree">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/trees.htm|title=The New Jersey State Trees|website=The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey|publisher=The State of New Jersey|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310232433/http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/trees.htm|archive-date=March 10, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[dogwood]] (memorial tree)<ref name="NJTree"/>
|colors =Buff and blue<br />{{Color box|#F0DC82|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|#0000FF|border=darkgray}}
|dance = 
|folk_dance = [[Square dance]]<ref name="NJDance">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/dance.htm|title=New Jersey's State Dance|website=The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey|publisher=The State of New Jersey|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325051042/http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/dance.htm|archive-date=March 25, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|food = [[Northern highbush blueberry]] (state fruit)<ref name="NJBerry">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/shell.htm|title=New Jersey's State Fruit|website=The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey|publisher=The State of New Jersey|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310221500/http://www.state.nj.us/njfacts/shell.htm|archive-date=March 10, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
|fossil = [[Hadrosaurus foulkii]]<ref name="NJDino">{{cite web|url=http://www.levins.com/state.shtml|title=Hadrosaurus foulkii Becomes Official State Dinosaur, June, 1991|author=Levins, Hoag|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609020727/http://www.levins.com/state.shtml|archive-date=June 9, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|image_quarter = 1999 NJ Proof.png
|quarter_release_date = 1999
|image_route = Ellipse sign 47.svg
|soil = [[downer (soil)|Downer]]<ref name="NJSoil">{{cite web | url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/nj/soils/?cid=nrcs141p2_018866 | title=New Jersey State Soil—Downer | website=[[Natural Resources Conservation Service]] | publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] | access-date=August 17, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083804/http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/nj/soils/?cid=nrcs141p2_018866 | archive-date=August 19, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|song = 
}}