Editing New Haven, Connecticut (section)

== History ==

=== Pre-colonial foundation as an independent colony ===
Before Europeans arrived, the New Haven area was the home of the [[Quinnipiac]] tribe of Native Americans, who lived in villages around the harbor and sustained an economy of local fisheries and the farming of maize. The area was briefly visited by Dutch explorer [[Adriaen Block]] in 1614. Dutch traders set up a small trading system of [[beaver]] pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic and the Dutch did not settle permanently in the area.
[[File:Atwater1881 p10 Map New Haven in 1641.jpg|thumb|left|The 1638 nine-square plan, with the extant [[New Haven Green]] at its center, continues to define New Haven's downtown.]]

In 1637, a small party of Puritans did a reconnaissance of the New Haven harbor area and wintered over. In April 1638, the main party of five hundred Puritans, who had left the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] under the leadership of Reverend [[John Davenport (Puritan)|John Davenport]] and London merchant [[Theophilus Eaton]], sailed into the harbor. It was their hope to set up a theological community with the government more closely linked to the church than that in Massachusetts, and to exploit the area's potential as a port. The Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring [[Pequot people|Pequots]], sold their land to the settlers in return for a pledge of protection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Haven's History {{!}} New Haven, CT |url=https://www.newhavenct.gov/government/about-new-haven/new-haven-s-history |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=www.newhavenct.gov |language=en |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703045417/https://www.newhavenct.gov/government/about-new-haven/new-haven-s-history |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Wikisource|Government of New Haven Colony}}
[[File:Theophilus Eaton house in New Haven.png|thumb|right|House of New Haven Founder [[Theophilus Eaton]] as it stood at Orange and Elm streets in the 17th century]]

By 1640, "Quinnipiac's" [[theocracy|theocratic]] government and nine-square grid plan were in place, and the [[New England town|town]] was renamed New Haven, with '[[wiktionary:haven#Etymology|haven]]' meaning harbor or port. However, the area to the north remained Quinnipiac until 1678, when it was renamed [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]]. The settlement became the headquarters of the [[New Haven Colony]], distinct from the [[Connecticut Colony]] previously established to the north centering on [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]]. Reflecting its theocratic roots, the New Haven Colony forbade the establishment of other churches, whereas the Connecticut Colony permitted them.

Economic disaster struck New Haven in 1646, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of local goods (the "Great Shippe") back to England. It never reached its destination, and its disappearance hindered New Haven's development as compared to the rising trade powers of [[Boston]] and [[New Amsterdam]] (modern day New York City).

In 1660, Colony founder John Davenport's wishes were fulfilled, and [[Hopkins School]] was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of [[Edward Hopkins]].

In 1661, the [[Regicide of Charles I of England|Regicides]] who had signed the death warrant of [[Charles I of England]] were pursued by [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. Two of them, Colonel [[Edward Whalley]] and Colonel [[William Goffe]], fled to New Haven for refuge. Davenport arranged for them to hide in the [[West Rock]] hills northwest of the town. A third judge, [[John Dixwell]], later joined the others. None of the three were ever returned to England for trial; Dixwell died of old age in New Haven, the others likewise elsewhere in New England.

=== As part of the Connecticut Colony ===
[[File:New Haven 1786.jpeg|thumb|right|New Haven as it appeared in a 1786 engraving]]
[[File:Second meeting house, new haven, ct.png|thumb|right|upright|Second meeting house on the New Haven Green, as it stood from 1670 to 1757]]

In 1664, New Haven became part of the Connecticut Colony when the two colonies were merged under political pressure from England. Seeking to establish a new theocracy elsewhere, some members of the New Haven Colony went on to establish [[Newark, New Jersey]].

New Haven was made co-capital of Connecticut in 1701, a status it retained until 1873.

In 1716, the Collegiate School relocated from [[Old Saybrook, Connecticut|Old Saybrook]] to New Haven, establishing it as a center of learning. In 1718, in response to a large donation from [[East India Company]] merchant [[Elihu Yale]], former Governor of [[Madras]], the Collegiate School was renamed [[Yale University|Yale College]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schiff |first1=Judith |title=A Brief History of Yale |url=https://guides.library.yale.edu/yalehistory#:~:text=In%201718%2C%20when%20wealthy%20London,college%20was%20named%20Yale%20College. |website=Yale University Library |publisher=Yale University |access-date=August 8, 2021 |archive-date=August 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808074347/https://guides.library.yale.edu/yalehistory#:~:text=In%201718%2C%20when%20wealthy%20London,college%20was%20named%20Yale%20College. |url-status=live }}</ref>

For over a century, New Haven citizens had fought in the colonial militia alongside regular British forces, including the [[French and Indian War]]. As the [[American Revolution]] approached, General [[David Wooster]] and other influential residents hoped that the conflict with the [[Parliament of Great Britain|British parliament]] could be resolved short of rebellion. On April 23, 1775, Captain [[Benedict Arnold]] commanded the Second Company, [[Governor's Foot Guard]], of New Haven to break into the powder house to arm themselves for a three-day march to [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], an event still celebrated in New Haven as [[Powder House Day]]. Other New Haven militia members were on hand to escort [[George Washington]] from his overnight stay in New Haven on his way to Cambridge. Contemporary reports, from both sides, remark on the New Haven volunteers' professional military bearing, including uniforms.

On July 5, 1779, 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General [[William Tryon]], governor of New York, landed in New Haven Harbor and [[Tryon's raid|raided]] the town of 3,500. A militia of Yale students had been preparing for battle, and former Yale president and [[Yale Divinity School]] professor [[Naphtali Daggett]] rode out to confront the Redcoats. Yale president Ezra Stiles recounted in his diary that while he moved furniture in anticipation of battle, he still couldn't quite believe the revolution had begun.<ref>Freeman, Joanne B., "The American Revolution," lecture 15, Open Yale course</ref> New Haven was not torched as the invaders did with [[Danbury, Connecticut|Danbury]] in 1777, or [[Fairfield, Connecticut|Fairfield]] and [[Norwalk, Connecticut|Norwalk]] a week after the New Haven raid, preserving many of the town's colonial features.

=== Post-colonial period and industrialization ===

New Haven was incorporated as a city in 1784, and [[Roger Sherman]], one of the signers of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] and author of the "[[Connecticut Compromise]]", became the new city's first mayor.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right"
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="3"| '''Towns created from the original New Haven Colony<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.sots.ct.gov/RegisterManual/SectionVII/townorder.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314164126/http://www.sots.ct.gov/RegisterManual/SectionVII/townorder.htm |url-status=dead |title=Connecticut Register and Manual |archive-date=March 14, 2008 }}</ref>'''
|-
! ''New town''
! ''Split from''
! ''Incorporated''
|-
| [[Wallingford, Connecticut|Wallingford]]
| New Haven
| 1670
|-
| [[Cheshire, Connecticut|Cheshire]]
| Wallingford
| 1780
|-
| [[Meriden, Connecticut|Meriden]]
| Wallingford
| 1806
|-
| [[Branford, Connecticut|Branford]]
| New Haven
| 1685
|-
| [[North Branford, Connecticut|North Branford]]
| Branford
| 1831
|-
| [[Woodbridge, Connecticut|Woodbridge]]
| New Haven and [[Milford, Connecticut|Milford]]
| 1784
|-
| [[Bethany, Connecticut|Bethany]]
| Woodbridge
| 1832
|-
| [[East Haven, Connecticut|East Haven]]
| New Haven
| 1785
|-
| [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]]
| New Haven
| 1786
|-
| [[North Haven, Connecticut|North Haven]]
| New Haven
| 1786
|-
| [[Orange, Connecticut|Orange]]
| New Haven and [[Milford, Connecticut|Milford]]
| 1822
|-
| [[West Haven, Connecticut|West Haven]]
| Orange
| 1921
|}[[File:Harbor and long Wharf, from Depot Tower, New Haven, by Whitney, Beckwith & Paradice.png|thumb|left|New Haven's harbor and long wharf as seen from Depot Tower, {{circa|1849}}]]
The city struck fortune in the late 18th century with the inventions and industrial activity of [[Eli Whitney]], a Yale graduate who remained in New Haven to develop the [[milling machine|cotton gin]] and establish a gun-manufacturing factory in the northern part of the city near the [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]] town line. That area is still known as [[Whitneyville, Connecticut|Whitneyville]], and the main road through both towns is known as Whitney Avenue. The factory is now the [[Eli Whitney Museum]], which has a particular emphasis on activities for children and exhibits pertaining to the [[A. C. Gilbert Company]]. His factory, along with that of [[Simeon North]], and the lively clock-making and brass hardware sectors, contributed to making early Connecticut a powerful manufacturing economy; so many arms manufacturers sprang up that the state became known as "The Arsenal of America". It was in Whitney's gun-manufacturing plant that [[Samuel Colt]] invented the [[revolver|automatic revolver]] in 1836. Many other talented machinists and firearms designers would go on to found successful firearms manufacturing companies in New Haven, including [[Oliver Winchester]] and [[O.F. Mossberg & Sons]].

The [[Farmington Canal]], created in the early 19th century, was a short-lived transporter of goods into the interior regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and ran from New Haven to [[Northampton, Massachusetts]].

New Haven was to be the site of the first college for African Americans in the United States, but the plan was obstructed by efforts led by Yale [[Law School]] founder and former New Haven Mayor [[David Daggett]], who went on to serve as a U.S. Senator and judge on Connecticut's highest court. Daggett denigrated African Americans, denied they were citizens, and presided over the trial of a woman persecuted for trying to admit an African American girl to her boarding school and, having that effort blocked, running a boarding school for African American girls.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yaleslavery.org/WhoYaleHonors/daggett.html |title=David Daggett |publisher=Yaleslavery.org |date= |access-date=February 11, 2022 |archive-date=March 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320072324/http://yaleslavery.org/WhoYaleHonors/daggett.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning [[Antislavery Movement In America|anti-slavery movement]] when, in 1839, the trial of mutineering [[Mende people|Mende tribesmen]] being transported as slaves on the Spanish [[slaveship]] ''[[La Amistad|Amistad]]'' was held in [[United States District Court for the District of Connecticut|New Haven's United States District Court]].<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3080/ |title=Unidentified Young Man |website=[[World Digital Library]] |date=1839–1840 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927124613/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3080/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There is a [[Amistad memorial (New Haven)|statue]] of [[Joseph Cinqué]], the informal leader of the slaves, beside City Hall. See "Museums" below for more information. [[Abraham Lincoln]] delivered a speech on slavery in New Haven in 1860,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/ |title=The History Place presents Abraham Lincoln |access-date=March 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312232200/http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/ |archive-date=March 12, 2010 }}</ref> shortly before he secured the [[1860 Republican National Convention|Republican nomination for President]].

The [[American Civil War]] boosted the local economy with wartime purchases of industrial goods, including that of the [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company#Predecessors|New Haven Arms Company]], which would later become the [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company]]. (Winchester would continue to produce arms in New Haven until 2006, and many of the buildings that were a part of the Winchester plant are now a part of the [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company Historic District]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/19/AR2006011903278.html?nav=most_emailed |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=Out With A Bang |first=Stephen |last=Hunter |date=January 20, 2006 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |archive-date=October 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019175451/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/19/AR2006011903278.html?nav=most_emailed |url-status=live }}</ref> After the war, population grew and doubled by the start of the 20th century, most notably due to the influx of immigrants from southern Europe, particularly Italy. Today, roughly half the populations of East Haven, West Haven, and North Haven are [[Italian-American]]. Jewish immigration to New Haven has left an enduring mark on the city. Westville was the center of [[American Jews|Jewish]] life in New Haven, though today many have fanned out to suburban communities such as Woodbridge and Cheshire. [[Lowell House (New Haven, Connecticut)|Lowell House]], the city's first [[settlement movement|settlement]], opened in 1900.<ref name="Stokes-1946">{{cite book |last1=Stokes |first1=Anson Phelps |title=The Early History of Lowell House, First New Haven Social Settlement |date=1946 |publisher=Pub. for Farnum-Neighborhood house, successor of Lowell house |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gvZAAAAMAAJ&q=lowell+house+new+haven |access-date=April 30, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930113248/https://books.google.com/books?id=_gvZAAAAMAAJ&q=lowell+house+new+haven |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-industrial era and urban redevelopment ===

New Haven's expansion continued during the two World Wars, with most new inhabitants being African Americans from the [[Southern United States|American South]], and [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]]. The city reached its peak population after [[World War II]]. The area of New Haven is only {{convert|17|sqmi|km2|0}}, encouraging further development of new housing after 1950 in adjacent, suburban towns. Moreover, as in other U.S. cities in the [[United States in the 1950s|1950s]], New Haven began to suffer [[white flight]] of middle-class workers. One author suggested that aggressive [[redlining]] and rezoning made it difficult for residents to obtain financing for older, deteriorating urban housing stock, thereby condemning such structures to deterioration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://politicalscience.yale.edu/publications/city-urbanism-and-its-end-institution-social-and-policy-st |title=City: Urbanism and Its End (The Institution for Social and Policy St) – Department of Political Science |website=politicalscience.yale.edu |access-date=October 2, 2017 |archive-date=May 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529102003/http://politicalscience.yale.edu/publications/city-urbanism-and-its-end-institution-social-and-policy-st |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=October 2017|reason=Non-free source cited; additional source needed to support this assertion}}

In 1954, then-mayor [[Richard C. Lee]] began some of the earliest major [[urban renewal]] projects in the United States. Certain sections of [[downtown New Haven]] were redeveloped to include museums, new office towers, a hotel, and large shopping complexes.<ref name="time.com">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825008,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019193231/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825008,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 19, 2011 |magazine=Time |title=CITIES: Forward Look in Connecticut |date=June 24, 1957 |access-date=May 20, 2010 }}</ref> Other parts of the city, particularly the Wooster Square and [[Fair Haven (New Haven)|Fair Haven]] neighborhoods were affected by the construction of [[Interstate 95 in Connecticut|Interstate 95]] along the Long Wharf section, [[Interstate 91]], and the [[Oak Street Connector]]. The Oak Street Connector ([[Connecticut Route 34|Route 34]]), running between Interstate 95, downtown, and [[The Hill (New Haven)|The Hill]] neighborhood, was originally intended as a highway to the city's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area, with the area to the west becoming a boulevard (See "Redevelopment" below).

In 1970, a [[New Haven Black Panther trials|series of criminal prosecutions]] against various members of the [[Black Panther Party]] took place in New Haven, inciting mass protests on the New Haven Green involving twelve thousand demonstrators and many well-known [[New Left]] political activists. (See "Political Culture" below for more information). From the 1960s through the early 1990s, some areas of New Haven continued to decline both economically and in terms of population despite attempts to resurrect certain neighborhoods through renewal projects. In conjunction with its declining population, New Haven experienced a steep rise in its [[crime rate]].

Since approximately 2000, many parts of downtown New Haven have been revitalized with new restaurants, nightlife, and small retail stores. In particular, the area surrounding the New Haven Green has experienced an influx of apartments and condominiums. In addition, two new supermarkets opened to serve downtown's growing residential population: a Stop & Shop opened just west of downtown, while Elm City Market, located one block from the Green, opened in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/29/realestate/commercial-property-connecticut-downtown-new-haven-s-multifaceted-rehabilitation.html?scp=1&sq=connecticut%20financial%20center%20new%20haven&st=cse |work=The New York Times |title=Commercial Property/Connecticut; Downtown New Haven's Multifaceted Rehabilitation |first=Eleanor |last=Charles |date=September 29, 2002 |access-date=February 11, 2017 |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701025212/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/29/realestate/commercial-property-connecticut-downtown-new-haven-s-multifaceted-rehabilitation.html?scp=1&sq=connecticut%20financial%20center%20new%20haven&st=cse |url-status=live }}</ref> The recent turnaround of downtown New Haven has received positive press from various periodicals.<ref name="Charles">{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E5DD103FF930A35757C0A9639C8B63 |work=The New York Times |first=Eleanor |last=Charles |date=April 3, 2005 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |title=LIVING IN/Downtown New Haven; An Infusion of Energy in Yale's Backyard |archive-date=June 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608041915/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E5DD103FF930A35757C0A9639C8B63 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/0dbad50a-0621-11df-8c97-00144feabdc0.html |title=/ House & Home – Downtown on an upturn |publisher=Ft.com |date=January 22, 2010 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=June 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608173734/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/0dbad50a-0621-11df-8c97-00144feabdc0.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/realestate/21wczo.html?pagewanted=print |work=The New York Times |title=On Renewing New Haven |first=Lisa |last=Prevost |date=January 21, 2007 |access-date=May 20, 2010 |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512184323/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/realestate/21wczo.html?pagewanted=print |url-status=live }}</ref>

Major projects include the current construction of a new campus for Gateway Community College downtown, and also a 32-story, 500-unit apartment/retail building called [[360 State Street]]. The 360 State Street project is now occupied and is the largest residential building in Connecticut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newyork.construction.com/features/archive/2009/06_C_360_State_Street.asp |title=360 State Street &#124; New York Construction &#124; McGraw-Hill Construction |publisher=New York Construction |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929133445/http://newyork.construction.com/features/archive/2009/06_C_360_State_Street.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> A new boathouse and dock is planned for New Haven Harbor, and the linear park [[Farmington Canal Trail]] is set to extend into downtown New Haven within the coming year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/uploads/Gateway%20Community%20College.jpg |format=JPG |title=Photographic image |website=Cityofnewhaven.com |access-date=March 12, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329220946/https://www.cityofnewhaven.com/uploads/Gateway%20Community%20College.jpg |archive-date=March 29, 2012 }}</ref> Additionally, foundation and ramp work to widen I-95 to create a new harbor crossing for New Haven, with an extradosed bridge to replace the 1950s-era [[Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge (Connecticut)|Q Bridge]], has begun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2010/02/23/news/new_haven/a1_--_dot_openhouse_0224.txt |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906105611/http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2010/02/23/news/new_haven/a1_--_dot_openhouse_0224.txt |url-status=dead |title=New Haven Register – Serving Greater New Haven, CT |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |access-date=April 7, 2021 }}</ref> The city still hopes to redevelop the site of the [[New Haven Coliseum]], which was demolished in 2007.

In April 2009, the [[United States Supreme Court]] agreed to [[Ricci v. DeStefano|hear a suit]] over [[reverse discrimination]] brought by 18 white firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no [[African American|black]] firefighters scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. In the subsequent ''[[Ricci v. DeStefano]]'' decision the court found 5–4 that New Haven's decision to ignore the test results violated [[Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Standler |first=Ronald |date=May 30, 2009 |url=http://www.rbs0.com/ricci.pdf |title=Full Text of Judicial Opinions in ''Ricci v. DeStefano'' |work=[[personal website]] |access-date=June 6, 2009 |archive-date=October 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014235716/http://rbs0.com/ricci.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, a district court subsequently ordered the city to promote 14 of the white firefighters.<ref>"New Haven Firefighter Should Have Intervened In Ricci Suit." ''Connecticut Law Tribune'' (2010).</ref>

In 2010 and 2011, state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut (and Massachusetts) to construct the [[Hartford Line]], with a southern terminus at New Haven's [[Union Station (New Haven)|Union Station]] and a northern terminus at [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield's]] Union Station.<ref name="nhhsrail.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhhsrail.com/ |title=New Haven – Hartford – Springfield Rail Project |publisher=Nhhsrail.com |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006032221/http://www.nhhsrail.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[White House]], "This corridor [currently] has one train per day connecting communities in Connecticut and Massachusetts to the [[Northeast Corridor]] and [[Vermont]]. The vision for this corridor is to restore the alignment to its original route via the [[Knowledge Corridor]] in [[western Massachusetts]], improving trip time and increasing the population base that can be served."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/fact-sheet-high-speed-intercity-passenger-rail-program-northeast |title=Fact Sheet: High Speed Intercity Passenger Rail Program: Northeast Region &#124; The White House |date=January 28, 2010 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121104613/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/fact-sheet-high-speed-intercity-passenger-rail-program-northeast |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |archive-date=January 21, 2017 }}</ref> Set for construction in 2013, the "Knowledge Corridor high speed intercity passenger rail" project will cost approximately $1&nbsp;billion, and the ultimate northern terminus for the project is reported to be [[Montreal]] in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadianbusiness.com/markets/market_news/article.jsp?content=D9M1KRP00 |title=News & Markets |publisher=CanadianBusiness.com |access-date=September 28, 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic }}</ref> Train speeds between will reportedly exceed {{convert|110|mph}} and increase both cities' rail traffic exponentially.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.progressivefix.com/tag/110-mph |title=110 Mph &#124; Progressive Policy Institute |publisher=Progressivefix.com |access-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320211401/http://www.progressivefix.com/tag/110-mph |archive-date=March 20, 2012 }}</ref>

=== Timeline of notable firsts ===
{{see also|Yale – New Haven Hospital#Milestones in medicine}}
*1638: New Haven becomes the first planned city in America.
*1776: Yale student David Bushnell invents the first American [[submarine]].
*1787: [[John Fitch (inventor)|John Fitch]] builds the first [[steamboat]].
*1836: [[Samuel Colt]] invents the [[automatic revolver]] in Whitney's [[Eli Whitney Museum|factory]].
*1839: [[Charles Goodyear]] of New Haven discovers the process of [[vulcanizing]] rubber in [[Woburn, Massachusetts]], and later perfects it and patents the process in nearby [[Springfield, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.techcorr.com/about/Clients/index.cfm |title=TechCorr's Clients Top 100 |publisher=Techcorr.com |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628082927/http://www.techcorr.com/about/Clients/index.cfm |archive-date=June 28, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*1860: Philios P. Blake patents the first corkscrew.
*1877: New Haven hosts the first [[Bell System|Bell]] [[PSTN]] (telephone) switch office.
*1878–1880: The District Telephone Company of New Haven creates the world's first [[telephone exchange]] and the first [[telephone directory]] and installs the first public phone. The company expanded and became the Connecticut Telephone Company, then the [[Southern New England Telephone Company]] (now part of [[AT&T Inc.|AT&T]]).<ref name="NPSTele">{{cite web |last1=National Park Services |title=Site of the First Telephone Exchange |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/site-of-the-first-telephone-exchange.htm |website=National Park Services |access-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028094111/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/site-of-the-first-telephone-exchange.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1882: The [[Knights of Columbus]] are founded in New Haven. The city still serves as the world [[Knights of Columbus Building (New Haven, Connecticut)|headquarters]] of the organization, which maintains a museum downtown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kofc.org/un/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165402/http://www.kofc.org/un/eb/en/anniversary/historical/index4.html |url-status=dead |title=Knights of Columbus Home |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |website=Kofc.org }}</ref>
*1892: Local confectioner George C. Smith of the Bradley Smith Candy Co. invents the first [[lollipop]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conntact.com/archive_index/archive_pages/1632_Business_New_Haven.html |title=UNH Workshop Aims To Toughen Firms |website=Conntact.com |access-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201150357/http://www.conntact.com/archive_index/archive_pages/1632_Business_New_Haven.html |archive-date=February 1, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Late 19th century-early 20th century: The first public tree planting program takes place in New Haven, at the urging of native [[James Hillhouse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newhavenindependent.org/archives/2009/05/elm_city_to_ree.php |title=They're Putting The "Elm" Back In "Elm City" |publisher=New Haven Independent |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=July 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710234844/http://newhavenindependent.org/archives/2009/05/elm_city_to_ree.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1900: Louis Lassen, owner of [[Louis' Lunch]], is credited with inventing the [[hamburger]], as well as the [[steak sandwich]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/CT/200002814.html |title=Connecticut: Louis' Lunch (Local Legacies: Celebrating Community Roots – Library of Congress) |publisher=Lcweb2.loc.gov |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=June 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630052938/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/CT/200002814.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1911: The [[Erector Set]], the popular and culturally important construction toy, is invented in New Haven by [[Alfred Carlton Gilbert|A.C. Gilbert]]. It was manufactured by the A. C. Gilbert Company at [[Erector Square]] from 1913 until the company's bankruptcy in 1967.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eliwhitney.org/new/museum/-gilbert-project/-man/a-c-gilbert-scientific-toymaker-essays-arts-and-sciences-october-6 |title=The Demise of The A. C. Gilbert Company &#124; The Eli Whitney Museum and Workshop |publisher=Eliwhitney.org |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513092824/http://www.eliwhitney.org/new/museum/-gilbert-project/-man/a-c-gilbert-scientific-toymaker-essays-arts-and-sciences-october-6 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1920: In competition with competing explanations, the [[Frisbee]] is said to have originated on the Yale campus, based on the tin pans of the [[Frisbie Pie Company]] which were tossed around by students on the [[New Haven Green]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/features/2007/11/05/local-pie-tin-first-frisbee-legend-holds/ |title=Local pie tin first Frisbee, legend holds |publisher=Yale Daily News |date=November 5, 2007 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413134840/http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/features/2007/11/05/local-pie-tin-first-frisbee-legend-holds/ |archive-date=April 13, 2010 }}</ref>
*1977: The first memorial to victims of [[the Holocaust]] on public land in America<ref name="ashes">{{cite web |url=http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2007/05/post_324.php |title=The Ashes of Memory, Revealed |date=May 8, 2007 |access-date=March 30, 2008 |work=New Haven Independent |archive-date=October 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016165650/http://newhavenindependent.org/archives/2007/05/post_324.php |url-status=live }}</ref> stands in New Haven's [[Edgewood Park, New Haven|Edgewood Park]] at the corner of Whalley and West Park avenues. It was built with funds collected from the community<ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.yale.edu/nhohp/content/the-collection/featured-interview/shifre-zamkov-on-the-new-haven-holocaust-memorial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015031038/http://research.yale.edu/nhohp/content/the-collection/featured-interview/shifre-zamkov-on-the-new-haven-holocaust-memorial |url-status=dead |title=Shifre Zamkov on the New Haven Holocaust Memorial |archive-date=October 15, 2009 }}</ref> and is maintained by Greater New Haven Holocaust Memory, Inc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnhhm.org/ |title=Greater New Haven Holocaust Memory, Inc |publisher=Gnhhm.org |access-date=July 23, 2014 |archive-date=June 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628022710/http://www.gnhhm.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ashes of victims killed and [[cremation|cremated]] at [[Auschwitz]] are buried under the memorial.<ref name="ashes" />