Editing New France (section)

==Settlements of New France==
{{Further|List of towns and villages in New France|List of French forts in North America}}
[[File:Québec-1608-Champlain-construisant-son-Habitation.jpg|upright|left|thumb|[[Samuel de Champlain]] overseeing the construction of the [[Habitation de Québec]], in 1608]]

{{quotation |New France had five colonies or territories, each with its own administration: [[Canada (New France)|Canada]] (the Great Lakes region, the Ohio Valley, and the St. Lawrence River Valley), [[Acadia]] (the Gaspé Peninsula, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, [[Isle Saint-Jean|St. John's Island]], and [[Île-Royale (New France)|Île Royale]]-Cape Breton), [[Hudson Bay]] (and [[James Bay]]), [[Terre-Neuve (New France)|Terre-Neuve]] (south Newfoundland), and [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]];.<ref name="p904">{{cite web | title=Arrival of the Europeans and introduction of English and French | publisher =University of Ottawa| date=Sep 1, 2024 | url=https://www.uottawa.ca/about-us/official-languages-bilingualism-institute/clmc/linguistic-history/arrival-europeans | access-date=Sep 2, 2024}}</ref>}}

* [[Acadia|Acadia  (1604–1713)]] — (areas, [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port Royal]], [[Île Saint-Jean]], [[Île-Royale (New France)|Île-Royale]], [[New Brunswick]] and [[Maine]])
* [[Canada (New France)|Canada (1608–1763)]] —(districts, [[Quebec City|Québec]], [[Trois-Rivières]] and [[Montreal District|Montreal]]; areas, [[Pays d'en Haut]] and [[Domaine du roy]])
*[[Hudson Bay expedition (1686)|Hudson Bay]] —([[List of Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay|Hudson Bay conflicts 17th and 18th centuries]])
* [[Terre-Neuve (New France)|Terre-Neuve (1662–1713)]]
* [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana (1682–1763, 1801–1803)]] —(district, [[Illinois Country]]; area, [[Ohio Country]])

The 1715 [[Peace of Utrecht|Treaty of Utrecht]] resulted in the relinquishing of French claims to mainland Acadia, the Hudson Bay and Newfoundland, and the establishment of the colony of [[Cape Breton Island|Île Royale]], now called Cape Breton Island, where the French built the [[Fortress of Louisbourg]].<ref name=Johnston2001 /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=canada_new_france |title=Canada at the Time of New France |date=2004 |author=University of Ottawa |access-date=March 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325201714/https://slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=canada_new_france |archive-date=25 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Growth of the settlements===
{{see|Population of Canada#Former colonies and territories}}
[[File:Jean Talon illustration from The Great Intendant.jpg|thumb|[[Jean Talon]], count of Orsainville, first intendant of New France]]

The European population grew slowly under French rule,<ref name="Preston2009b">{{cite book |first=David L. |last=Preston |title=The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-9N6-6UCnoC&pg=PA43|year=2009|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-2549-7|page=43}}</ref> thus remained relatively low as growth was largely achieved through natural births, rather than by immigration.<ref name="Powell2009t">{{cite encyclopedia |first=John |last=Powell |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration |title=New France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA203|year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1012-7|page=203 |access-date=March 8, 2021}}</ref> Most of the French were farmers, and the rate of natural increase among the settlers themselves was very high.<ref name="McIlwraithMuller2001">{{cite book |first1=Thomas F. |last1=McIlwraith |first2=Edward K. |last2=Muller |title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fa--xLT_dRYC&pg=PA72 |year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4616-3960-2|page=72}}</ref> The women had about 30 per cent more children than their counterparts who remained in France.<ref name=Landry/> Yves Landry says, "Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Yves |last=Landry|title=Fertility in France and New France: The Distinguishing Characteristics of Canadian Behavior in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries |journal=Social Science History |jstor=1171305|year=1993|volume=17|issue=4|publisher=Université de Montréal|pages=577–592, quote p 586|doi=10.1017/S0145553200016928|s2cid=147651557 }}</ref> The [[1666 census of New France]] was the first census conducted in North America.<ref name=new>{{cite web|title=North America's First Census|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/kits-trousses/jtalon2-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2009|access-date=23 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616060433/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/kits-trousses/jtalon2-eng.htm|archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> It was organized by [[Jean Talon]], the first [[Intendant of New France]], between 1665 and 1666.<ref name=new/> According to Talon's census there were 3,215 people in New France, comprising 538 separate families.<ref name=Talon>{{cite web |title=Tables of census data collected in 1665 and 1666 by Jean Talon|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/kits-trousses/5200679-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2009|access-date=23 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202195703/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/kits-trousses/5200679-eng.htm|archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> The census showed a great difference in the number of men at 2,034 versus 1,181 women.<ref name=Talon/> The French government sought to rectify this over the next few years by sending approximately 800 unmarried women, known as the  ''[[Filles du Roi]]'' ("King's Daughters"), to the colony.

By the early 1700s, the New France settlers were well established along the [[Saint Lawrence River]] and [[Nova Scotia peninsula#Historic name|Acadian Peninsula]] with a population around 15,000-16,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4151287-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2009|access-date=August 26, 2010}}</ref> The first population figures for Acadia are from 1671, which enumerated only 450 people.<ref name="auto"/>

After the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, New France began to prosper. Industries such as fishing and farming, which had failed under Talon, began to flourish. A "King's Highway" (''[[Chemin du Roy]]'') was built between Montreal and Quebec to encourage faster trade. The shipping industry also flourished as new ports were built and old ones were upgraded. The number of colonists greatly increased. By 1720, Canada had become a self-sufficient colony with a population of 24,594.<ref name=Belanger>{{cite web |url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/stats/pop05-44.htm |title=Population of Quebec 1605–1844 |last=Bélanger |first=Claude |publisher=Marianopolis College |location=Montreal |work=Quebec History: Statistical Material and Charts |date=23 August 2000 |access-date=July 25, 2016|quote=Year 1765 Population 69,810}}</ref> 
Mainly due to natural increase and modest immigration from [[Regions of France|Northwest France]] ([[Brittany]], [[Normandy]], [[Île-de-France]], [[Poitou-Charentes]] and [[Pays de la Loire]]) the population of Canada increased to 55,000 according to the last French census of 1754.<ref name="Leslie1988a">{{cite book |first=Peter M. |last=Leslie |title=Ethnonationalism in a Federal State: The Case of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7NXifhZKfgC&pg=PA6|year=1988|publisher=Queen's University|isbn=978-0-88911-456-2|page=6 note 5}}</ref> This was an increase from 42,701 in 1730.<ref name="Hartz1969">{{cite book |last=Hartz |first=Louis |title=The Founding of New Societies: Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7YFyzsBYnEC&pg=PT231|year=1969|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-547-97109-5|page=231}}</ref> By 1765, the population approached 70,000.<ref name=Belanger />

By 1714, the Acadian population had expanded to over 2,500, and by the end of the 1750s it had reached about 13,000.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/acadian-deportation-migration-resettlement/ |title=Explanatory maps of Saint Croix & Acadia: Acadian Deportation, Migration, and Resettlement |work=Canadian-American Center, University of Maine |year=2005 |editor-first=Stephen J. |editor-last=Hornsby |access-date=March 8, 2021}}</ref> This was mostly from natural increase rather than immigration that affected other French settlements.<ref name="auto"/>

The European population of Louisiana is estimated at 5,000 by the 1720s.<ref name="Works1891">{{cite book |title=Annual Report of Department of Public Works, Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCQAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA10|year=1891|pages=3–4}}</ref> However, by the mid-1730s the colony had suffered the loss of 2,000 French settlers, though it added African slaves.<ref name="LescarbotBiggar1907"/> Enslaved men, women and children represented approximately 65 percent of the 6,000 non-indigenous population of Louisiana by the end of French rule.<ref name="LescarbotBiggar1907">{{cite book |first1=Marc |last1=Lescarbot |first2=Henry |last2=Percival Biggar |first3=William Lawson |last3=Grant |first4=William Francis |last4=Ganong |title=Histoire de la Nouvelle-France |trans-title=History of New France |year=1907|publisher=Champlain Society|page=21 |language=fr}}</ref>