Editing New Braunfels, Texas (section)

==History==
{{Further|Friedrich Armand Strubberg}}
{{stack |[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 137-005007, Zeichnung, Deutscher Einwandererzug in Texas.jpg|thumb|German immigrants on the way to New Braunfels (1844)]]}}
New Braunfels was established in 1845 by [[Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels]], Commissioner General of the [[Mainzer Adelsverein]], also known as the Noblemen's Society. Prince Carl named the settlement in honor of his home of [[Solms-Braunfels]], Germany.

The Adelsverein organized hundreds of people in Germany to settle in Texas. Immigrants from Germany began arriving at [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]] in July 1844. Most then traveled by ship to [[Indianola, Texas|Indianola]] in December 1844, and began the overland journey to the Fisher-Miller land grant purchased by Prince Carl.<ref>King (1967) p.53</ref> At the urging of [[John Coffee Hays]], who realized the settlers would not have time to build homes and plant crops further inland before winter, and as the German settlers were traveling inland along the Guadalupe River, they stopped near the [[Comal Springs]]. Prince Carl bought two leagues of land from Rafael Garza and Maria Antonio Veramendi Garza for $1,111.00.<ref>King (1967) p.37</ref>

The land was located northeast of [[San Antonio]] on [[El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail|El Camino Real de los Tejas]] and had the strong freshwater Comal Springs, known as ''Las Fontanas'', when the Germans arrived.<ref>{{cite web|title=Comal Springs|url=http://www.edwardsaquifer.net/comal.html|publisher=Edwards Aquifer|access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Comal Springs">{{cite web|last=Brune|first=Gunnar|title=Comal Springs|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rpc02|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Brune|first=Gunnar|title=Springs of Texas: Volume I |year=2002|publisher=TAMU Press|isbn=978-1-58544-196-9|author2=Besse, Helen C |page=129}}</ref> It was about halfway between Indianola and the lower portions of the Fisher-Miller land grant. The first settlers forded the [[Guadalupe River (Texas)|Guadalupe River]] on [[Good Friday]], March 21, 1845, near the present-day Faust Street bridge.<ref>{{cite web| title=Faust Street Bridge| url=http://www.texasescapes.com/TexasHillCountryTowns/NewBraunfelsTexas/NewBraunfelsTx.htm#bridge| work=Texas Escapes| publisher=Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC| access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="New Braunfels, Texas">{{cite web| last=Greene| first=Daniel P.| title=New Braunfels, Texas| url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hen02| work=Handbook of Texas Online| publisher=Texas State Historical Association| access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref>

As the spring of 1845 progressed, the settlers built the "Zinkenburg", a fort named for Adelsverein civil engineer [[Nicolaus Zink]], divided the land, and began building homes and planting crops.<ref>{{cite web| last=Ragsdale| first=Crystal Sasse| title=Zinkenburg| url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/uez01|work=Handbook of Texas Online| publisher=Texas State Historical Association| access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref> Prince Carl would also lay the cornerstone for the [[Sophienburg]], a permanent fort and center for the immigrant association.<ref>{{cite web| last=Blackman| first=Clyde T.| title=Sophienburg Museum and Archives| url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lbs02| work=Handbook of Texas Online| publisher=Texas State Historical Association| access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref>

In 1844, Prince Carl was so disillusioned with the logistics of the colonization that he asked the Verein to remove him as commissioner-general and appoint a successor.<ref>King (1967) pp.35–38</ref> When [[John O. Meusebach]] arrived, the finances were in disarray, due in part to Prince Carl's lack of business experience and his refusal to keep financial records. To a larger degree, the financial situation happened because the Adelsverein was an organization of noblemen with no practical backgrounds at running businesses. They were on the other side of the world and did not witness the situation with which both Prince Carl and Meusebach were dealing. [[Henry Francis Fisher]] had not supplied transport and supplies for which the Verein advanced money to him. Meusebach found Prince Carl in Galveston trying to return to Germany, detained by authorities for unpaid bills. Meusebach made good on the debts, so Prince Carl could depart.<ref>King (1967) pp.52–58</ref>

Meusebach discovered that Prince Carl's choice of the inadequate Carlshafen (Indianola) as a port of entry, as well as the isolated route to New Braunfels, was deliberately chosen to keep the Germans from interacting with any Americans.  According to Nicolaus Zink,<ref>{{cite web| last=Ragsdale| first=Crystal Sasse| title=Nicolaus Zink| url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fzi01| work=Handbook of Texas Online| publisher=Texas State Historical Association| access-date=3 January 2011}}</ref> Prince Carl had planned to establish a German feudal state by secretly bringing in immigrants and placing them in military fortresses. Meusebach, who had renounced his own title of nobility, took a different approach and invited Americans to settle in the Vereins territory.<ref>King (1967) pp.59–60</ref>

[[Image:Old map-New Braunfels-1881.jpg|left|thumb|Old map (1881)]]
Prince Carl, being an officer of the Imperial Army of [[Austria]], had kept a uniformed military unit at the ready in Indianola.  Meusebach converted the military unit to a more needed work detail.<ref>King (1967) p.63</ref> A finance and business structure for the colony was put in place by Meusebach.<ref>King (1967) p.64</ref> He also provided for adequate food and shelter for the colonists.<ref>King (1967) p.65</ref> On August 11, 1845, Hermann Friedrich Seele<ref>{{cite web| last=Breitenkamp| first=Edward C.| title=Hermann Friedrich Seele| url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fse06| work=Handbook of Texas Online| publisher=Texas State Historical Association| access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref> became the first teacher for the German-English school in New Braunfels.<ref>King (1967) p.66</ref> Meusebach established friendly relations with a local tribe of [[Waco tribe|Waco Indians]]. Upon seeing his reddish-blonde hair, they called him ''Ma-be-quo-si-to-mu'', "Chief with the burning hair of the head".<ref>King (1967) p.67</ref>

In May 1846, Meusebach received a letter from Count Castell informing him 4,304 emigrants were on their way to Texas. With no funds and no new settlements, the mass of emigrants was stalled at Carlshafen. Meusebach's requests to the Verein for more money, and his warnings of pending bankruptcy for the Verein, brought no results. As a last resort, Meusebach instructed D.H. Klaener to publish the plight in the German news media. Embarrassed by the publicity, the Verein established a $60,000 letter of credit.<ref>King (1967) pp.75–83</ref> The amount was not adequate for sustaining the total number of German emigrants in Texas, but Castell also sent Philip Cappes as special commissioner to observe the situation. Cappes had also been instructed by Castell to observe Meusebach and to secretly report back every detail.<ref>Morgenthaler (2007) p.56</ref> By the time Cappes departed in March 1847, he recommended another $200,000 be advanced.<ref>King (1967) pp.96–101</ref>

Cappes invited Henry Francis Fisher to New Braunfels, in spite of Fisher not being entirely trustworthy to the Verein. As of February 11, 1845, Fisher had been involved in coercing newly arrived immigrants to sign documents stating their intent to depart from the Verein and align with Fisher's friend Friedrich Schubbert, also known as Friedrich Strubberg.

Cappes was not in town when Meusebach was breakfast host to Fisher on December 31, 1846. Posters had mysteriously appeared about town maligning Meusebach, saying "Curses upon Meusebach the slave driver", and inciting colonists to free themselves from his "tyranny". A group led by Rudolph Iwonski<ref>Johnson (2009) p.10</ref> pushed their way into Meusebach's home, and colonist C. Herber brandished a whip. Herber was an alleged counterfeiter to whom Count Castell had awarded asylum. Meusebach and Herber shared a dislike of one another.<ref>King (1967) p.98</ref>

The colonists' list of demands included Meusebach resigning as commissioner-general and turning the colonization over to Fisher.<ref>Morgenthaler (2007) p.61</ref> Meusebach kept his composure, but the group became so heated, they yelled, "Hang him!" When the estimated 120 men dispersed, Fisher was nowhere to be found. The same evening, a different group of individuals assembled and pledged to stand by Meusebach, the next day passing resolutions condemning the actions of the mob.<ref>King (1967) p.103</ref> Meusebach himself had considered leaving Texas as early as November 1845, when he wrote to Count Castell and announced his intention to resign and return to Germany. Meusebach did not feel the Adelsverein was organized enough to achieve its goals. After the mob visit in New Braunfels, he again submitted his resignation to accompany a financial report to Castell on January 23, 1847.<ref>King (1967) pp.110,125</ref>

Meusebach had arranged with the Torrey Brothers for transporting the emigrants inland, but the United States hired the Torrey Brothers for use in the [[Mexican–American War]].<ref>King (1967) pp.85,87</ref>

Meusebach stabilized the community's finances, and encouraged the settlers to establish additional neighboring communities. The largest of these secondary settlements was [[Fredericksburg, Texas|Fredericksburg]], {{convert|80|mi}} to the northwest of New Braunfels.

New Braunfels thrived, and by 1850, it was the fourth-largest city in Texas,<ref name="New Braunfels, Texas"/> with 1,723 people, following only Galveston, San Antonio, and Houston in population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.texasalmanac.com/sites/default/files/images/CityPopHist%20web.pdf |title=City history |publisher=www.texasalmanac.com |access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> In 1852, the ''Zeitung'' newspaper was established, edited by [[German Texan]] botanist [[Ferdinand Lindheimer]]. The newspaper continues to publish under its current name, the ''[[Herald-Zeitung]]''.