Editing Neurolinguistics (section)

==History==
[[File:Brain - Broca's and Wernicke's area Diagram.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Broca's area]] and [[Wernicke's area]]]]
{{Further|History of the brain|Neuroscience#History|History of neuroimaging|Cognitive science#History}}
Neurolinguistics is historically rooted in the development in the 19th century of [[aphasiology]], the study of linguistic deficits ([[aphasia]]s) occurring as the result of [[brain damage]].<ref name="phillipssakai"/>  Aphasiology attempts to correlate structure to function by analyzing the effect of brain injuries on language processing.<ref name="kamil">{{cite web | url=http://www.tlumaczenia-angielski.info/linguistics/neurolinguistics.htm | title=Neurolinguistics | access-date=31 January 2009 | date=12 August 2007 | first=Kamil | last=Wiśniewski | work=Język angielski online | archive-date=17 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417032540/http://www.tlumaczenia-angielski.info/linguistics/neurolinguistics.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref>  One of the first people to draw a connection between a particular brain area and language processing was [[Paul Broca]],<ref name="phillipssakai">{{cite encyclopedia | last1=Phillips | first1=Colin |author2=Kuniyoshi L. Sakai | year=2005 | url=http://mind.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Sakai_Lab_files/Staff/KLS_Paper/KLS2005.pdf | title=Language and the brain | encyclopedia=Yearbook of Science and Technology | publisher=McGraw-Hill Publishers | pages=166&ndash;169}}</ref> a [[French people|French]] surgeon who conducted autopsies on numerous individuals who had speaking deficiencies, and found that most of them had brain damage (or ''lesions'') on the left [[frontal lobe]], in an area now known as [[Broca's area]]. [[Phrenology|Phrenologists]] had made the claim in the early 19th century that different brain regions carried out different functions and that language was mostly controlled by the frontal regions of the brain, but Broca's research was possibly the first to offer empirical evidence for such a relationship,<ref name="historic"/><ref name="muskingum"/> and has been described as "epoch-making"<ref name="who">{{cite web | url=http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1982.html | access-date=25 January 2009 | title=Pierre Paul Broca | work=[[Who Named It?]]}}</ref> and "pivotal"<ref name="historic">{{cite journal | journal=Brain | year=2007 | title=Paul Broca's historic cases: high resolution MR imaging of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong | doi=10.1093/brain/awm042 | last1=Dronkers | first1=N.F. |author2=O. Plaisant; M.T. Iba-Zizen; E.A. Cabanis | volume=130 | pages=1432&ndash;3, 1441 | pmid=17405763 | issue=Pt 5| doi-access=free }}</ref> to the fields of neurolinguistics and cognitive science.  Later, [[Carl Wernicke]], after whom [[Wernicke's area]] is named, proposed that different areas of the brain were specialized for different linguistic tasks, with Broca's area handling the [[Motor system|motor]] production of speech, and Wernicke's area handling auditory speech comprehension.<ref name="phillipssakai"/><ref name="kamil"/>  The work of Broca and Wernicke established the field of aphasiology and the idea that language can be studied through examining physical characteristics of the brain.<ref name="muskingum">{{cite web | url=http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/broca.htm | title=Pierre-Paul Broca | access-date=25 January 2009 | publisher=[[Muskingum College]] | date=May 2000 | last=Teter | first=Theresa | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205094518/http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/broca.htm | archive-date=5 February 2009 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>  Early work in aphasiology also benefited from the early twentieth-century work of [[Korbinian Brodmann]], who "mapped" the surface of the brain, dividing it up into numbered areas based on each area's [[cytoarchitecture]] (cell structure) and function;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmccaffrey/syllabi/CMSD%20320/362unit4.html | publisher=[[California State University, Chico]] | title=CMSD 620 Neuroanatomy of Speech, Swallowing and Language | work=Neuroscience on the Web | year=2008 | access-date=22 February 2009 | first=Patrick | last=McCaffrey}}</ref> these areas, known as [[Brodmann areas]], are still widely used in neuroscience today.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.springer.com/biomed/neuroscience/book/978-0-387-26917-7 | access-date=22 February 2009 | title=Brodmann's | first=Laurence | last=Garey| isbn=9780387269177 | year=2006 }}</ref>

The coining of the term '''neurolinguistics''' in the late 1940s and 1950s is attributed to Edith Crowell Trager, Henri Hecaen and Alexandr Luria. Luria's 1976 book "Basic Problems of Neurolinguistics" is likely the first book with "neurolinguistics" in the title. Harry Whitaker popularized neurolinguistics in the United States in the 1970s, founding the journal "Brain and Language" in 1974.<ref name="Peng 1985">{{cite journal | last=Peng | first=F.C.C. | year=1985 | title=What is neurolinguistics? | journal=Journal of Neurolinguistics | volume=1 | issue=1 | doi=10.1016/S0911-6044(85)80003-8 | pages=7–30| s2cid=20322583 }}</ref>

Although aphasiology is the historical core of neurolinguistics, in recent years the field has broadened considerably, thanks in part to the emergence of new brain imaging technologies (such as [[Positron emission tomography|PET]] and [[fMRI]]) and time-sensitive electrophysiological techniques ([[EEG]] and [[Magnetoencephalography|MEG]]), which can highlight patterns of brain activation as people engage in various language tasks.<ref name="phillipssakai"/><ref>Brown, Colin M.; and [[Peter Hagoort]] (1999).  "[https://books.google.com/books?id=iQN6DwAAQBAJ&q=%22The+cognitive+neuroscience+of+language%22 The cognitive neuroscience of language]." in Brown & Hagoort, ''The Neurocognition of Language.'' p. 6.</ref><ref name="weisler293"/> Electrophysiological techniques, in particular, emerged as a viable method for the study of language in 1980 with the discovery of the [[N400 (neuroscience)|N400]], a brain response shown to be sensitive to [[Semantics|semantic]] issues in language comprehension.<ref name="hagoort unification20">{{cite journal | year=2003 | last=Hagoort | first=Peter | title=How the brain solves the binding problem for language: a neurocomputational model of syntactic processing | journal=NeuroImage | volume=20 | doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.013 | pmid=14597293 | pages=S18–29| hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1E0C-2 | s2cid=18845725 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Hall274>{{cite book | title=An Introduction to Language and Linguistics | last=Hall | first=Christopher J | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWspkUKj274C&q=neurolinguistics+and+psycholinguistics&pg=PA69 | page=274 | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-8264-8734-6 | publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group}}</ref>  The N400 was the first language-relevant [[event-related potential]] to be identified, and since its discovery EEG and MEG have become increasingly widely used for conducting language research.<ref name=neurocognition280>Hagoort, Peter; Colin M. Brown; Lee Osterhout (1999). "The neurocognition of syntactic processing." in Brown & Hagoort. ''The Neurocognition of Language''. p. 280.</ref>