Editing Neo-Nazism (section)

== Definition ==
The term neo-Nazism describes any post-[[World War II]] militant, social or political movements seeking to revive the ideology of [[Nazism]] in whole or in part.<ref>* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkInaWFrki4C |title=The Radical Right in Germany: 1870 to the Present |author=Lee McGowan |year=2002 |publisher=Pearson Education |pages=9, 178 |isbn=978-0-582-29193-5 |oclc=49785551 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161140/https://books.google.com/books?id=EkInaWFrki4C |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.döw.at/english/right/englre.html |title=Right-Wing Extremism in Austria: History, Organisations, Ideology |author=Brigitte Bailer-Galanda |author2=Wolfgang Neugebauer |quote=Right-wing extremism can be equated neither with Nazism nor with neo-Fascism or neo-Nazism. Neo-Nazism, a legal term, is understood as the attempt to propagate, in direct defiance of the law (Verbotsgesetz), Nazi ideology or measures such as the denial, playing-down, approval or justification of Nazi mass murder, especially the Holocaust. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117201946/https://www.xn--dw-fka.at/english/right/englre.html |archive-date=17 January 2012 |author-link=Brigitte Bailer-Galanda }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/neonazism1.html |title=Neo Nazism |author=Martin Frost |quote=The term neo-Nazism refers to any social or political movement seeking to revive National Socialism, and which postdates the Second World War. Often, especially internationally, those who are part of such movements do not use the term to describe themselves. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027053134/https://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/neonazism1.html |archive-date=27 October 2007 }}
* Lee, Martin A. 1997. ''The Beast Reawakens''. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, pp. 85–118, 214–34, 277–81, 287–330, 333–78. On ''Volk'' concept, and a discussion of ethnonationalist integralism, see pp. 215–18</ref><ref>* {{cite web |url=https://www.holocaust-education.dk/eftertid/nynazisme.asp |title=Neo-Nazism |access-date=2007-12-08 |author1=Peter Vogelsang |author2=Brian B. M. Larsen |year=2002 |publisher=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |quote=Neo-Nazism is the name for a modern offshoot of Nazism. It is a radically right-wing ideology, whose main characteristics are extreme nationalism and violent xenophobia. Neo-Nazism is, as the word suggests, a modern version of Nazism. In general, it is an incoherent right-extremist ideology, which is characterised by 'borrowing' many of the elements that constituted traditional Nazism. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109212637/https://www.holocaust-education.dk/eftertid/nynazisme.asp |archive-date=9 November 2007 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://czechkid.eu/si1310.html |title=Neo-Nazism |access-date=2007-12-08 |author1=Ondřej Cakl |author2=Klára Kalibová |year=2002 |publisher=Faculty of Humanities at Charles University in Prague, Department of Civil Society Studies |quote=Neo-Nazism: An ideology which draws upon the legacy of the Nazi Third Reich, the main pillars of which are an admiration for Adolf Hitler, aggressive nationalism ("nothing but the nation"), and hatred of Jews, foreigners, ethnic minorities, homosexuals and everyone who is different in some way. |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226110257/https://czechkid.eu/si1310.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The term 'neo-Nazism' can also refer to the ideology of these movements, which may borrow elements from Nazi doctrine, including [[ultranationalism]], [[anti-communism]], racism, [[ableism]], [[xenophobia]], [[homophobia]], [[antisemitism]], up to initiating the [[Fourth Reich]]. [[Holocaust denial]] is a common feature, as is the incorporation of [[Nazi symbolism|Nazi symbols]] and admiration of [[Adolf Hitler]].

Neo-Nazism is considered a particular form of [[far-right politics]] and right-wing extremism.<ref>[https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/en/fields-of-work/right-wing-extremism/what-is-right-wing-extremism What is right-wing extremism?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616001922/https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/en/fields-of-work/right-wing-extremism/what-is-right-wing-extremism |date=16 June 2018 }} Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, n.d., retrieved 4 December 2017 (in English)</ref>

=== Esotericism ===
{{See also|Esoteric neo-Nazism}}

Neo-Nazi writers have posited a spiritual, esoteric doctrine of [[Race (human categorization)|race]], which moves beyond the primarily [[Darwinian]]-inspired materialist [[scientific racism]] popular mainly in the [[Anglosphere]] during the 20th century. Figures influential in the development of neo-Nazi racism,{{Citation needed|reason=Citation needed for 'influential in the development of neo-Nazi racism', as our only current cited source (Southern Poverty Law Center, 2015) presents them as influential on the 'bizarre fringes' of Nazism, but racism is central to Nazism, not just part of its fringe|date=October 2018}} such as [[Miguel Serrano]] and [[Julius Evola]] (writers who are described by critics of Nazism such as the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] as influential within what it presents as parts of "the bizarre fringes of National Socialism, past and present"),<ref name=2015-02-08>{{cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/new-book-black-sun-looks-fringes-national-socialism|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|title=New Book, Black Sun, Looks at Fringes of National Socialism|date=8 February 2015|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124155901/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/new-book-black-sun-looks-fringes-national-socialism|url-status=live}}</ref> claim that the [[Hyperborean]] ancestors of the [[Aryan race|Aryans]] were in the distant past, far higher beings than their current state, having suffered from "involution" due to mixing with the "Telluric" peoples; supposed creations of the [[Demiurge]]. Within this theory, if the "Aryans" are to return to the [[Golden Age]] of the distant past, they need to awaken the memory of the blood. An [[extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] origin of the Hyperboreans is often claimed. These theories draw influence from [[Gnosticism]] and [[Tantrism]], building on the work of the [[Ahnenerbe]]. Within this racist theory, Jews are held up as the antithesis of nobility, purity and beauty.

=== Ecology and environmentalism ===
Neo-Nazism generally aligns itself with a [[blood and soil]] variation of environmentalism, which has themes in common with [[deep ecology]], the [[organic movement]] and [[animal protectionism]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/neo-nazis-cloak-themselves-in-eco-rhetoric/a-15793310|publisher=DW|title=Neo-Nazis cloak themselves in eco-rhetoric|date=8 February 2015|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131552/https://www.dw.com/en/neo-nazis-cloak-themselves-in-eco-rhetoric/a-15793310|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.redpepper.org.uk/darker-shades-of-green/|publisher=Red Pepper|title=Darker Shades of Green|date=8 February 2015|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190702/https://www.redpepper.org.uk/darker-shades-of-green/|url-status=live}}</ref> This tendency, sometimes called "[[ecofascism]]", was represented in the original German Nazism by [[Richard Walther Darré]] who was the [[Reichsminister of Food]] from 1933 until 1942.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.spunk.org/texts/places/germany/sp001630/peter.html|publisher=Peter Staudenmaier|title=Fascist Ecology: The "Green Wing" of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents|date=8 February 2015|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829023614/https://www.spunk.org/texts/places/germany/sp001630/peter.html|url-status=live}}</ref>