Editing Nenana, Alaska (section)

==History and culture==
[[File:Landing Fields - Alaska - Nenana Airport - NARA - 68158916 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Nenena, 1944]]
Nenana is in the westernmost portion of [[Tanana Athabaskans|Tanana]] territory. (The Tanana are among the large  [[Dené]] language family, also known as Athabascan.) The town was first known by European Americans as ''Tortella'', a transliteration of the Indian word ''Toghotthele'', which means "mountain that parallels the river." It was later named for the river and the Nenana people who live nearby. The Nenana people became accustomed to contact with Europeans, due to trading journeys to the Village of [[Tanana, Alaska|Tanana]], where Russians bartered Western goods for furs from 1838.<ref name="tortella"/>

The United States purchased Alaska from [[Russia]] in 1867. Early American explorers and traders, such as [[Henry Tureman Allen]], [[Arthur Harper (trader)|Arthur Harper]] and Bates, first entered the [[Tanana Valley]] in 1874 and 1885.<ref name="tortella">[http://library.alaska.gov/hist/hist_docs/finding_aids/MS004-11-02.doc Guide to Collection: St. Mark's Mission, Nenana, Alaska; "Biographical/Historical Note"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129013142/http://library.alaska.gov/hist/hist_docs/finding_aids/MS004-11-02.doc |date=January 29, 2016 }}, 2010, State of Alaska Library, accessed September 22, 2013</ref>

In 1902, the discovery of gold in [[Fairbanks]] brought intense activity to the region. The next year, Jim Duke built a trading post/roadhouse to supply river travelers and trade with the Nenana community.

In 1905, the Episcopal Church, which had missionaries in Alaska, built the St. Mark's Episcopal mission and Tortella School a short distance upriver. The boarding school taught about 28 children of various ages at a time.<ref name="tortella"/> [[Hudson Stuck]], the Archdeacon of the Yukon, regularly visited the settlement, part of the 250,000 square-acre territory of the Interior he administered. Native children from other communities, such as [[Minto, Alaska|Minto]], also attended school in Nenana.<ref name="tortella"/>

A post office opened in 1908. In 1915, construction of the [[Alaska Railroad]] brought new settlers, who doubled Nenana's population. The railroad connected Nenana to the southern port city of Anchorage. The community incorporated as a city in 1921.

The Railroad Depot was completed in 1923. That year, United States President [[Warren Harding]] arrived to drive the final, golden spike at the north end of the {{convert|700|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} [[Mears Memorial Bridge]] built over the Tanana River as part of the state's railroad project.

This railroad truss bridge, the longest in the United States and its territories when completed, gave Nenana a rail transportation link north to Fairbanks and south to [[Seward, Alaska]]. The bridge still ranks as the longest span in Alaska and the third-longest truss bridge in the United States.

The construction had encouraged businesses and settlement in town. According to local records, 5,000 residents lived in Nenana by the early 1920s. After the railroad was completed, however, contractors and construction workers left the area. The city suffered an economic slump, and most of the residents migrated to seek work in other places. By 1930, the population had dropped to 291.

Nenana was the starting point for the [[1925 serum run to Nome]], after [[diphtheria]] antitoxin had been transported by rail from [[Anchorage]]. It was carried by [[dog sled]] to Nome to treat people in an [[epidemic]].

In 1961, [[Clear Air Force Station]] was constructed 21 miles southwest. During this construction, many civilian contractors commuted from Nenana. A road was constructed south to Clear, but northbound vehicles had to be ferried across the Tanana River.

In 1967, the community was devastated by one of the largest floods ever recorded in the valley. In 1968, a $6 million bridge for vehicles was completed across the Tanana River, which gave the town a modern road link to Fairbanks and replaced the river ferry. The [[George Parks Highway]] was completed in 1971, providing a shorter, direct route to [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]].

The federally recognized tribe in the community is the [[Nenana Native Association]], who traditionally spoke the [[Lower Tanana language]]. Under the [[Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act]] of 1971, they have rights of self-government and managing some of their traditional territory. According to the 2000 Census, 41% of the city residents were Native American (or Alaska Natives).

Residents of Nenana sponsor the [[Nenana Ice Classic]], a nature-based lottery. Entrants buy a ticket and pick a date in April or May and a time, to the closest minute, when they think the winter ice on the [[Tanana River]] will break up. This lottery began in 1917 among a group of surveyors working for the Alaska Railroad. They formed a [[betting pool]] as they waited for the river to open and boats to arrive with needed supplies.

The competition is run as follows: a large striped tripod is placed on the frozen Tanana River and connected to a clock. The winner is whoever comes closest to guessing the precise time when the ice beneath weakens to the point that the tripod moves and stops the clock. Interest in the pool has increased and attracts bettors statewide. This lottery has paid out nearly $10 million in prize money, with the winning pool in recent years being near $300,000.

In the summer of 2008, Nenana suffered heavy damage due to [[2008 Tanana Valley flood|flooding]]. The Tanana River reached its second-highest level since written record keeping began.