Editing Nauru (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Nauru}}
[[File:Nauruan-warrior-1880ers.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Photo of a Nauruan warrior during the [[Nauruan Civil War]] around 1880]]

Nauru was first settled by Micronesians at least 3,000 years ago, and there is evidence of possible [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] influence.<ref name="UNCCD">{{cite web |author=Nauru Department of Economic Development and Environment |year=2003 |url=http://www.unccd.int/cop/reports/asia/national/2002/nauru-eng.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013720/http://www.unccd.int/cop/reports/asia/national/2002/nauru-eng.pdf |archivedate=22 July 2011 |title=First National Report to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |publisher=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |accessdate=25 June 2012}}</ref> Comparatively little is known of Nauruan prehistory,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/5c34b445809e44eaaf91d882fc201e73 |title=Nauru |first=Nancy J. |last=Pollock |date=27 April 2021 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113013856/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/5c34b445809e44eaaf91d882fc201e73 |url-status=live }}</ref> although the island is believed to have had a long period of isolation, which accounts for the distinct language that developed among the inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nauru/History |title=Nauru – History |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=12 January 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416173402/https://www.britannica.com/place/Nauru/History |url-status=live }}</ref> There were traditionally 12 clans or tribes on Nauru, which are represented in the twelve-pointed star on the [[flag of Nauru|country's flag]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Whyte |first=Brendan |title=On Cartographic Vexillology |journal=Cartographica |year=2007 |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=251–262 |doi=10.3138/carto.42.3.251}}</ref> Traditionally, [[Nauruans]] traced their descent [[Matrilineality|matrilineally]]. Inhabitants practised [[aquaculture]]: they caught juvenile [[milkfish]] (known as ''Ibija'' in [[Nauruan language|Nauruan]]), [[acclimatization|acclimatised]] them to freshwater, and raised them in [[Buada Lagoon]], providing a reliable food source. The other locally grown components of their diet included [[coconut]]s and [[pandanus tectorius|pandanus fruit]].<ref name="pollock">{{Cite book |last=Pollock|first= Nancy J |chapter=5: Social Fattening Patterns in the Pacific—the Positive Side of Obesity. A Nauru Case Study |editor-last=De Garine|editor-first= I |title=Social Aspects of Obesity |pages=87–111 |publisher=Routledge |year=1995}}</ref><ref name="spennemann">{{cite journal |last=Spennemann |first=Dirk HR |journal=Aquaculture International |date=January 2002 |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=551–562 |doi=10.1023/A:1023900601000 |title=Traditional milkfish aquaculture in Nauru }}</ref> The name "Nauru" may derive from the Nauruan word ''{{lang|na|Anáoero}}'', which means 'I go to the beach.'<ref name=west>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |title=Nauruans: nationality |pages=578–580 |last=West |first=Barbara A |isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7 |year=2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing}}</ref>

In 1798, the [[British people|British]] sea captain [[John Fearn (whaler)|John Fearn]], on his trading ship ''Hunter'' (300 tons), became the first Westerner to report sighting Nauru, calling it "Pleasant Island", because of its attractive appearance.<ref name="WM1985">{{cite book |first1=Maslyn|last1= Williams |first2= Barrie |last2=Macdonald |title=The Phosphateers |year=1985 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |isbn=0-522-84302-6 |page=11}}</ref><ref name="Ellis 1935">{{cite book |last1=Ellis |first1=Albert F. |title=Ocean Island and Nauru: Their Story |year=1935 |publisher=Angus and Robertson |oclc=3444055 |page=29}}</ref> From at least 1826, Nauruans had regular contact with Europeans on whaling and trading ships who called for provisions and fresh drinking water. The last [[whaler]] to call during the [[Age of Sail]] visited in 1904.<ref>{{cite book|last=Langdon|first= Robert |year=1984|title=Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century|publisher=Pacific Manuscripts Bureau|pages=180&ndash;182|isbn=086784471X}}</ref>

Around this time, [[desertion|deserters]] from European ships began to live on the island. The islanders traded food for alcoholic [[palm wine]] and firearms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=Mac |last2=Marshall|first2=Leslie B |title=Holy and Unholy Spirits: The Effects of Missionization on Alcohol Use in Eastern Micronesia |journal=Journal of Pacific History |date=January 1976 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=135–166 |doi=10.1080/00223347608572299}}</ref> The firearms were used during the 10-year [[Nauruan Civil War]] that began in 1878.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law |title=Nauru v. Australia |last=Reyes|first= Ramon E. Jr |volume=16 |issue=1–2 |year=1996 |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/nylsintcom16&div=6&id=&page=}}</ref>

After an [[Anglo-German Declarations about the Western Pacific Ocean|agreement with Great Britain]], Germany annexed Nauru in 1888 and incorporated it into the Marshall Islands Protectorate for administrative purposes.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 884">{{cite book|title=Commonwealth and Colonial Law|first=Kenneth |last=Roberts-Wray|publisher=Stevens|year= 1966|page= 884}}</ref><ref name=firth>{{cite journal |last=Firth |first=Stewart |title=German Labour Policy in Nauru and Angaur, 1906–1914 |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |date=January 1978 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=36–52 |doi=10.1080/00223347808572337}}</ref> The arrival of the [[Germans]] ended the civil war, and kings were established as rulers of the island. King [[Aweida|Auweyida]] was the most widely known. Christian missionaries from the [[Gilbert Islands]] arrived in 1888.<ref name=hill/><ref>{{cite book |last=Ellis|first= AF |year=1935 |title=Ocean Island and Nauru&nbsp;– their story |publisher=Angus and Robertson Limited |pages=29–39}}</ref> The German settlers called the island "Nawodo" or "Onawero".<ref>{{cite book |title=Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik |last=Hartleben|first= A |year=1895 |page=429}}</ref> The Germans ruled Nauru for almost three decades. [[Robert Rasch]], a German trader who married a 15-year-old Nauruan girl, was the first administrator, appointed in 1890.<ref name=hill>{{cite book |editor-last=Hill |editor-first=Robert A |title=The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers |year=1986 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05817-0 |chapter=2: Progress Comes to Nauru |volume=5}}</ref>

Phosphate was discovered on Nauru in 1900 by the prospector [[Albert Fuller Ellis]].<ref name=firth/><ref name="Ellis 1935"/> The Pacific Phosphate Company began to exploit the reserves in 1906 by agreement with Germany, exporting its first shipment in 1907.<ref name="WM1985"/><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite journal |last1=Manner |first1=HI |last2=Thaman|first2= RR |last3=Hassall|first3= DC |title=Plant succession after phosphate mining on Nauru |journal=Australian Geographer |date=May 1985 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=185–195 |doi=10.1080/00049188508702872}}</ref> In 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, Nauru was captured by Australian troops. In 1919, it was agreed by the [[Allies of World War I|Allied and Associated Powers]] that [[George V|George V of the United Kingdom]] should be the administering authority under a League of Nations mandate. The Nauru Island Agreement forged in 1919 among the governments of the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand provided for the administration of the island and extraction of the phosphate deposits by an intergovernmental [[British Phosphate Commission]] (BPC).<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 884"/><ref name=gowdy>{{cite journal |journal=Land Economics |volume=75 |issue=2 |title=The Physical Destruction of Nauru |last1=Gowdy|first1= John M |last2=McDaniel|first2= Carl N |date=May 1999 |pages=333–338 |doi=10.2307/3147015 |jstor=3147015}}</ref> The terms of the [[League of Nations]] mandate were drawn up in 1920.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 884"/>

The island experienced an [[influenza]] epidemic and ongoing colonial strife through the early 20th century, with a mortality rate of 18 per cent among native Nauruans.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shlomowitz |first=R |title=Differential mortality of Asians and Pacific Islanders in the Pacific labour trade |journal=Journal of the Australian Population Association |date=November 1990 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=116–127 |doi=10.1007/bf03029360 |pmid=12343016}}</ref> In 1923, the League of Nations gave Australia a trustee mandate over Nauru, with the United Kingdom and New Zealand as co-trustees.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hudson |first=WJ |title=Australia's experience as a mandatory power |journal=Australian Outlook |date=April 1965 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |doi=10.1080/10357716508444191}}</ref> On 6&nbsp;and 7 December 1940, the German auxiliary cruisers ''[[German auxiliary cruiser Komet|Komet]]'' and ''[[German auxiliary cruiser Orion|Orion]]'' [[German attacks on Nauru|sank five supply ships]] in the vicinity of Nauru. ''Komet'' then shelled Nauru's phosphate mining areas, oil storage depots, and the shiploading cantilever.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waters |first=SD |title=German raiders in the Pacific |year=2008 |publisher=Merriam Press |isbn=978-1-4357-5760-8 |edition=3rd |page=39}}</ref><ref name=bogart>{{cite journal |last=Bogart|first= Charles H |title=Death off Nauru |pages=8–9 |date=November 2008 |journal=CDSG Newsletter |url=http://cdsg.org/reprint%20PDFs/CDSGNnov08.pdf |accessdate=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012031555/http://cdsg.org/reprint%20PDFs/CDSGNnov08.pdf |archivedate=12 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="PIM41-2">{{cite web |last= |first= |work=XI(7) Pacific Islands Monthly |title=How Nauru Took the Shelling |date=14 February 1941 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-316032928/view?partId=nla.obj-316050130#page/n36/mode/1up |accessdate=28 September 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928112546/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-316032928/view?partId=nla.obj-316050130#page/n36/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File: Nauru Island under attack by Liberator bombers of the Seventh Air Force.jpg|thumb|[[United States Army Air Forces|U.S. Army Air Forces]] bombing the Japanese airstrip on Nauru, 1943.<ref name=PacMag/>]]

Japanese troops occupied Nauru on 25 August 1942.<ref name="bogart"/> The Japanese built 2 airfields which were bombed for the first time on 25 March 1943, preventing food supplies from being flown to Nauru.<ref name="PIM1946-6">{{cite web |last= |first= |work=XVI(11) Pacific Islands Monthly |title=Interesting Sidelights on Jap Occupation of Nauru |date=18 June 1946 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-317564791/view?partId=nla.obj-317661362#page/n50/mode/1up |accessdate=29 September 2021 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601062815/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-317564791/view?partId=nla.obj-317661362#page/n50/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref> The Japanese deported 1,200 Nauruans to work as labourers in the [[Chuuk Islands]],<ref name="PacMag">{{cite journal |last=Haden|first= JD |year=2000 |url=http://166.122.164.43/archive/2000/April/04-03-19.htm |title=Nauru: a middle ground in World War&nbsp;II |journal=Pacific Magazine |accessdate=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208125727/http://166.122.164.43/archive/2000/April/04-03-19.htm |archivedate=8 February 2012}}</ref> which was also occupied by Japan. As part of the Allied strategy of island hopping from the Pacific islands towards the main islands of Japan, Nauru was bypassed and left to "wither on the vine". Nauru was finally taken back from the Japanese on 13 September 1945, when commander Hisayaki Soeda surrendered the island to the Australian Army and the [[Royal Australian Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |first1=Akira |last1=Takizawa |first2=Allan |last2=Alsleben |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/japan_garrison.html |title=Japanese garrisons on the by-passed Pacific Islands 1944–1945 |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106231303/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/japan_garrison.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The surrender was accepted by [[Brigadier]] [[John Rowlstone Stevenson|J. R. Stevenson]], who represented [[Lieutenant general (Australia)|Lieutenant General]] [[Vernon Sturdee]], the commander of the First Australian Army, aboard the warship [[HMAS Diamantina (K377)|HMAS ''Diamantina'']].<ref>''[[The Times]]'', 14 September 1945</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article971354 |title=Nauru Occupied by Australians; Jap Garrison and Natives Starving |newspaper=The Argus |date=15 September 1945 |accessdate=30 December 2010 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301084244/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/971354 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="PIM45-10">{{cite web |last= |first= |work=XVI(3) Pacific Islands Monthly |title=Nauru Officials Murdered By Japs |date=16 October 1945 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-317552084/view?partId=nla.obj-317560904#page/n7/mode/1up |accessdate=29 September 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730032111/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-317552084/view?partId=nla.obj-317560904#page/n7/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref> Arrangements were made to repatriate from Chuuk the 745&nbsp;Nauruans who survived Japanese captivity there.<ref name="PIM1950-6">{{cite web |last= |first= |work=XX(10) Pacific Islands Monthly |title=Only 745 Returned |date=1 May 1950 |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-322270499/view?partId=nla.obj-322562760#page/n82/mode/1up |accessdate=30 September 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603055653/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-322270499/view?partId=nla.obj-322562760#page/n82/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref> They were returned to Nauru by the BPC ship ''Trienza'' in January 1946.<ref>{{cite book |last=Garrett|first= J |year=1996 |title=Island Exiles |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |isbn=0-7333-0485-0 |pages=176–181}}</ref>

In 1947, a trusteeship was established by the United Nations, with Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as trustees.<ref name=highet/> Under those arrangements, the UK, Australia, and New Zealand were a joint administering authority. The Nauru Island Agreement provided for the first administrator to be appointed by Australia for five years, leaving subsequent appointments to be decided by the three governments.<ref name= "Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 884"/> However, in practice, administrative power was exercised by Australia alone.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. P. 884"/>

The [[1948 Nauru riots]] occurred when Chinese [[guano]] mining workers went on strike over pay and conditions. The Australian administration imposed a [[state of emergency]] with [[Native Police]] and armed volunteers of locals and Australian officials being mobilised. This force, using [[Submachine gun|sub-machine guns]] and other firearms, opened fire on the Chinese workers killing two and wounding sixteen. Around 50 of the workers were arrested and two of these were bayoneted to death while in custody. The trooper who bayoneted the prisoners was charged but later acquitted on grounds that the wounds were "accidentally received."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63066635 |title=Nauru Riot |newspaper=Townsville Daily Bulletin |date=2 July 1949 |accessdate=17 February 2020 |page=1 |via=Trove |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224013923/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/63066635 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Chinese Lose Nauru and Manus Cases |journal=Pacific Islands Monthly |year=1949 |volume=XIX |issue=6|publisher=Pacific Publications |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-330063007 |id=nla.obj-330063007 |accessdate=17 February 2020 |via=Trove |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224025240/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-317387977/view?sectionId=nla.obj-330063007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The governments of the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] and [[Government of China|China]] made official complaints against Australia at the United Nations over this incident.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49714695 |title=Nauru, New Guinea |newspaper=The Courier-Mail |date=5 October 1949 |accessdate=17 February 2020 |page=4 |via=Trove |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224025521/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/49714695 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Nauru satellite.jpg|thumb|A satellite image of Nauru, 2002]]
In 1964, it was proposed to relocate the population of Nauru to [[Curtis Island (Queensland)|Curtis Island]] off the coast of [[Queensland]], Australia. By that time, Nauru had been extensively mined for phosphate by companies from Australia, Britain, and New Zealand, damaging the landscape so much that it was thought the island would be uninhabitable by the 1990s. Rehabilitating the island was seen as financially impossible. In 1962, [[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian Prime Minister]] [[Robert Menzies]] said that the three countries involved in the mining had an obligation to provide a solution for the Nauruan people, and proposed finding a new island for them. In 1963, the Australian Government proposed to acquire all the land on Curtis Island (which was considerably larger than Nauru) and then offer the Nauruans freehold title over the island and that the Nauruans would become [[Australians|Australian citizens]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article104291886 |title=Island Purchase For Nauruans |date=6 May 1964 |newspaper=The Canberra Times |accessdate=1 April 2019 |issue=10,840 |volume=38 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317192825/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/104291886 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article131721012 |title=Nauruans Likely To Settle Curtis Island |date=30 May 1963 |newspaper=The Canberra Times |accessdate=1 April 2019 |issue=10,549 |volume=37 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501194425/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131721012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The cost of resettling the Nauruans on Curtis Island was estimated to be {{Australian pound|10&nbsp;million||}} ([[Australian dollar|A$]]{{Format price|{{#expr:({{Inflation|AU|10000000|1963}}) *2 }}}} in {{Inflation/year|AU}}{{Inflation/fn|AU}}), which included housing and infrastructure and the establishment of [[Pastoralism|pastoral]], [[Agriculture|agricultural]], and [[fishing]] industries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/how-the-entire-nation-of-nauru-almost-moved-to-queensland-63833 |title=How the entire nation of Nauru almost moved to Queensland |last=McAdam |first=Jane |date=15 August 2016 |website=The Conversation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401022237/http://theconversation.com/how-the-entire-nation-of-nauru-almost-moved-to-queensland-63833 |archivedate=1 April 2019 |url-status=live |accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref> However, the Nauruan people did not wish to become Australian citizens and wanted to be given sovereignty over Curtis Island to establish themselves as an independent nation, which Australia would not agree to.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article131721799 |title=Lack of Sovereignty 'Disappoints' Nauruans |date=5 June 1963 |newspaper=The Canberra Times |accessdate=1 April 2019 |issue=10,554 |volume=37 |page=45 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813213431/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131721799 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nauru rejected the proposal to move to Curtis Island, instead choosing to become an independent nation operating their mines in Nauru.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article105839593 |title=Nauru not to take Curtis Is. |date=21 August 1964 |newspaper=The Canberra Times |accessdate=1 April 2019 |issue=10,930 |volume=38 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813213427/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/105839593 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nauru became self-governing in January 1966, and following a two-year constitutional convention, it became independent on 31 January 1968 under founding president [[Hammer DeRoburt]].<ref name=davidson>{{cite journal |last=Davidson |first=JW |title=The Republic of Nauru |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |date=January 1968 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.1080/00223346808572131}}</ref> In 1967, the people of Nauru purchased the assets of the British Phosphate Commissioners, and in June 1970, control passed to the locally owned [[Republic of Nauru Phosphate Corporation|Nauru Phosphate Corporation]] (NPC).<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Income from the mines made Nauruans among the richest people in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7296832.stm |title=Nauru seeks to regain lost fortunes |last=Squires|first= Nick |date=15 March 2008 |work=BBC News Online |accessdate=16 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320204349/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7296832.stm |archivedate=20 March 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="KN-20180916">{{cite news |last1=Watanabe |first1=Anna |title=From economic haven to refugee 'hell' |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2018/09/0fdc626a0cdb-feature-nauru-from-economic-goldmine-to-refugee-hell.html |accessdate=17 September 2018 |work=Kyodo News |date=16 September 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105105/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2018/09/0fdc626a0cdb-feature-nauru-from-economic-goldmine-to-refugee-hell.html |archivedate=17 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1989, Nauru took legal action against Australia in the [[International Court of Justice]] over Australia's administration of the island, in particular, Australia's failure to remedy the environmental damage caused by phosphate mining. ''Certain Phosphate Lands: Nauru v. Australia'' led to an out-of-court settlement to rehabilitate the mined-out areas of Nauru.<ref name=highet>{{cite journal |last1=Highet|first1= K |last2=Kahale|first2= H |year=1993 |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&code=naus&case=80&k=e2 |title=Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru |journal=American Journal of International Law |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=282–288 |doi=10.2307/2203821 |jstor=2203821 |accessdate=11 October 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143145/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&code=naus&case=80&k=e2 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |series=ICJ Pleadings, Oral Arguments, Documents |title=Case Concerning Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (''Nauru v. Australia'') Application: Memorial of Nauru |date=January 2004 |isbn=978-92-1-070936-1 |publisher=United Nations, International Court of Justice}}</ref>

In response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], a [[COVID-19 pandemic in Nauru|state of emergency was declared in Nauru on 17 March 2020]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nauru declares 'state of emergency' to manage coronavirus pandemic |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/nauru-declares-state-of-emergency-to-manage-coronavirus-pandemic/r5gn7ol9q |website=SBS News |access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120213853/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/nauru-declares-state-of-emergency-to-manage-coronavirus-pandemic/r5gn7ol9q |url-status=live }}</ref>