Editing Naturopathy (section)

==History==
The term "naturopathy" originates from "natura" ([[Latin]] root for birth) and "pathos" (the [[Greek language|Greek]] root for suffering) to suggest "natural healing".<ref name="NCAHF_np" /> Naturopaths claim the ancient Greek "Father of Medicine", [[Hippocrates]], as the first advocate of naturopathic medicine, before the term existed.<ref name="NCAHF_np">{{cite web |url=http://www.ncahf.org/articles/j-n/naturo.html |title=NCAHF Fact Sheet on Naturopathy |access-date=2009-04-17 |date=January 30, 2001 |orig-date=copyright 1997 |vauthors=Jarvis WT |publisher=[[National Council Against Health Fraud]] |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173337/http://www.ncahf.org/articles/j-n/naturo.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naturopathy-uk.com/home/home-what-is-naturopathy/ |title=What is Naturopathy? |work=College of Naturopathic Medicine website |location=East Grinstead, England |access-date=16 September 2015 |author=<!-- no byline --> |archive-date=September 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918040756/http://www.naturopathy-uk.com/home/home-what-is-naturopathy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Naturopathy has its roots in the 19th-century [[History of alternative medicine|Natural Cure movement]] of [[Europe]].<ref name="pmid1139856">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown PS | title = Nineteenth-century American health reformers and the early nature cure movement in Britain | journal = Medical History | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 174–194 | date = April 1988 | pmid = 3287059 | pmc = 1139856 | doi = 10.1017/S0025727300047980 }}</ref><ref name="N-UK-hist">{{Cite web | vauthors = Langley S |title=History of Naturopathy |work=College of Naturopathic Medicine website |publisher=<!-- College of Naturopathic Medicine redundant to website name--> |location=UK |url=http://www.naturopathy-uk.com/blog/2007/11/28/history-of-naturopathy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829125721/http://www.naturopathy-uk.com/blog/2007/11/28/history-of-naturopathy/ |archive-date=2012-08-29 }}</ref> In [[Scotland]], [[Thomas Allinson]] started advocating his "Hygienic Medicine" in the 1880s, promoting a natural diet and exercise with avoidance of tobacco and overwork.<ref>{{cite web |title= How it all began |url= http://www.allinsonflour.co.uk/history/ |author= <!-- no byline --> |work= [[Allinson|Allinson Flour]] website |publisher= Silver Spoon, [[British Sugar]], [[Associated British Foods]] |access-date= September 3, 2008 |archive-date= August 13, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100813230535/http://www.allinsonflour.co.uk/history/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |journal=[[BMJ]] |series=Views & Reviews: Medical Classics |title=A system of hygienic medicine (1886) and The advantages of wholemeal bread (1889) | vauthors = Beard JA |issue=7651 |page=1023 |date=May 3, 2008 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39562.446528.59 |volume=336 |pmc=2364871 }}</ref>

The term ''naturopathy'' was coined in 1895 by John Scheel,<ref name="ama_1997" /> and purchased by [[Benedict Lust]], whom naturopaths consider to be the "Father of U.S. Naturopathy".<ref name="Baer2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baer HA | title = The sociopolitical status of U.S. naturopathy at the dawn of the 21st century | journal = Medical Anthropology Quarterly | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 329–346 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11693035 | doi = 10.1525/maq.2001.15.3.329 }}</ref> Lust had been schooled in [[Water cure (therapy)|hydrotherapy]] and other natural health practices in Germany by Father [[Sebastian Kneipp]]; Kneipp sent Lust to the United States to spread his drugless methods.<ref name="Barrett-Naturopathy">{{cite web |url= http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Naturopathy/naturopathy.html |vauthors= Barrett S |title= A close look at naturopathy |work= [[QuackWatch]] |date= November 26, 2013 |access-date= 2015-03-21 |archive-date= April 6, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110406111422/http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Naturopathy/naturopathy.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Lust defined naturopathy as a broad discipline rather than a particular method, and included such techniques as hydrotherapy, [[herbal medicine]], and homeopathy, as well as eliminating overeating, tea, coffee, and alcohol.<ref name="Gale_Frey">{{cite book |vauthors=Boughton RJ, Frey B |chapter=Naturopathic Medicine |year=2005 |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Naturopathic_Medicine.aspx |title=Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] |edition=2nd |access-date=March 21, 2015 |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624073748/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Naturopathic_Medicine.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> He described the body in [[spirituality|spiritual]] and vitalistic terms with "absolute reliance upon the cosmic forces of man's nature".<ref name="Whorton_2002">Lust, Benedict cited in: {{cite book| vauthors = Whorton JC |title=Nature Cures : The History of Alternative Medicine in America: The History of Alternative Medicine in America|url=https://archive.org/details/naturecureshisto00whor |url-access=registration|access-date=2013-09-03 |date=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-534978-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/naturecureshisto00whor/page/224 224]}}</ref> According to the ''[[Webster's Dictionary|Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]'', the first known use of "naturopathy" in print is from 1901.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/naturopath|title=Naturopathy - Definition of Naturopathy by Merriam-Webster|access-date=October 27, 2015|archive-date=November 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119131441/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/naturopath|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 1901, Lust founded the American School of Naturopathy in [[New York (state)|New York]]. In 1902, the original North American Kneipp Societies were discontinued and renamed "Naturopathic Societies". In September 1919, the Naturopathic Society of America was dissolved and Benedict Lust founded the American Naturopathic Association to supplant it.<ref name="Baer2001" /><ref name="Beyerstein_NW">{{cite web |title= Naturopathy: A Critical Analysis |vauthors= Beyerstein BL, Downie S |date= May 12, 2004 |access-date= 2009-03-21 |work= NaturoWatch |publisher= QuackWatch |url= http://www.naturowatch.org/general/beyerstein.html |archive-date= March 7, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090307135314/http://naturowatch.org/general/beyerstein.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Naturopaths became licensed under naturopathic or drugless practitioner laws in 25 states in the first three decades of the twentieth century.<ref name="Baer2001" /> Naturopathy was adopted by many [[chiropractic|chiropractors]], and several schools offered both Doctor of Naturopathy (ND) and Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degrees.<ref name="Baer2001" /> Estimates of the number of naturopathic schools active in the United States during this period vary from about one to two dozen.<ref name="ACS-2009" /><ref name="ama_1997">{{cite web |url= http://www.idt.mdh.se/kurser/ct3340/archives/ht03/assignment-2d-extra-articles/Alternative%20Medicine.pdf |title= Report 12 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (A-97) |year= 1997 |website=[[American Medical Association]] |access-date= September 3, 2013 |archive-date= November 5, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131105123407/http://www.idt.mdh.se/kurser/ct3340/archives/ht03/assignment-2d-extra-articles/Alternative%20Medicine.pdf}}<!-- main link substituted with convenience copy -->
*{{lay source |template=cite web |title=1997 Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association: Summaries and Recommendations of the Council on Scientific Affairs |website=American Medical Association |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/csaph/csaa-97.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102190820/http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/csaph/csaa-97.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-02 |date=1997}}</ref><ref name="Baer2001" />

After a period of rapid growth, naturopathy went into decline for several decades after the 1930s. In 1910, the [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]] published the [[Flexner Report]], which criticized many aspects of medical education, especially quality and lack of scientific rigour. The advent of [[penicillin]] and other "miracle drugs" and the consequent popularity of modern medicine also contributed to naturopathy's decline. In the 1940s and 1950s, a broadening in scope of practice laws led many chiropractic schools to drop their ND degrees, though many chiropractors continued to practice naturopathy. From 1940 to 1963, the [[American Medical Association]] campaigned against heterodox medical systems. By 1958, practice of naturopathy was licensed in only five states.<ref name="Baer2001" /> In 1968, the [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] issued a report on naturopathy concluding that naturopathy was not grounded in medical science and that naturopathic education was inadequate to prepare graduates to make appropriate diagnosis and provide treatment; the report recommends against expanding [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] coverage to include naturopathic treatments.<ref name="ACS-2009" /><ref name="HEW1968">{{cite web |title=HEW Report on Naturopathy (1968) |url=http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Naturopathy/hew.html |author=<!-- no byline --> |date=August 30, 1999 |work=QuackWatch |access-date=2013-09-03 |archive-date=August 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814052625/http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Naturopathy/hew.html |url-status=live }} Citing: {{cite book | vauthors = Cohen WJ |title=Independent Practitioners Under Medicare: A Report to the Congress |publisher=[[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] |year= 1969 |oclc= 3000280 }}</ref> In 1977 an Australian committee of inquiry reached similar conclusions; it did not recommend licensure for naturopaths.<ref name="Aust1977">{{cite web |title=Naturopathy: Report of the Australian Committee of Inquiry (1977) |url=http://www.naturowatch.org/hx/australia.html |author=<!-- no byline --> |work=NaturoWatch |publisher=QuackWatch |date=December 25, 2003 |access-date=2013-09-03 |archive-date=September 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906221113/http://www.naturowatch.org/hx/australia.html |url-status=live }} Citing: {{cite book | vauthors = Webb EC |title=Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Chiropractic, Osteopathy, Homoeopathy and Naturopathy |publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service |location=Canberra |year=1977 |isbn= 978-0-642-92287-8 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

Beginning in the 1970s, there was a revival of interest in the United States and Canada, in conjunction with the "holistic health" movement.<ref name="Baer2001" /><ref name="Gale_Frey" /> {{as of|2009}}, fifteen U.S. states, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia licensed naturopathic doctors,<ref name="LicState">{{cite web |url=http://www.naturopathic.org/content.asp?contentid=57 |title=Licensed States & Licensing Authorities |work= American Association of Naturopathic Physicians website |author=<!-- no byline --> |publisher=<!-- redundant to website name --> |year=2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091130234327/http://naturopathic.org/content.asp?contentid=57 |archive-date=November 30, 2009 }}</ref> and the State of Washington requires insurance companies to offer reimbursement for services provided by naturopathic physicians.<ref name="WAC 284-43-205">{{cite web |title= Washington Administrative Code: Title 284, Chapter 43, Section 205: Every category of health providers |url= http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=284-43-205 |publisher= Washington State Legislature |date= August 28, 1999 |access-date= November 19, 2010 |archive-date= October 11, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111011211431/http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=284-43-205 |url-status= live }} (effective)</ref><ref name="PBS_WA">{{cite episode |title=Insuring Alternatives |series=NewsHour with Jim Lehrer |series-link= PBS NewsHour | vauthors = Minott R |transcript=Online NewsHour transcript |transcript-url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july96/alt_medicines_7-3.html |date=July 3, 1996 |network=[[PBS]]}}</ref> On the other hand, some states such as South Carolina and Tennessee prohibit the practice of naturopathy.<ref name="SC Code" /><ref name="TN Code" /><ref name="AMA-SOP-ND" />

In the United States, the [[Indian Health Service]] began accepting naturopathic doctors in their clinics and practice in 2013, also making loan repayment available to ND's.<ref>"https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/introducing-naturopathic-doctors-to-indian-health-service-clinics-Rn_RipOYh0Kgd9KR-5Ou_A/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005024641/https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/archive/introducing-naturopathic-doctors-to-indian-health-service-clinics-Rn_RipOYh0Kgd9KR-5Ou_A/ |date=October 5, 2019 }}"</ref>

In 2015, a former naturopathic doctor, [[Britt Marie Hermes]], began writing critically about her experience being trained in and practicing naturopathic medicine.<ref name="Senapathy2016" /><ref name="Thielking2016" /> Her blog garnered a large following among [[Skeptical movement|skeptics]] while enraging some proponents of alternative medicine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devlin |first1=Hannah |title=The naturopath whistleblower: 'It is surprisingly easy to sell snake oil' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/mar/27/naturopath-whistleblower-snake-oil-multi-billion-dollar |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=Guardian |date=27 March 2018}}</ref>

<gallery widths="160" heights="200">
File:Portrait of Sebastian Kneipp. Wellcome L0005598.jpg|[[Sebastian Kneipp]] c. 1898, a Bavarian priest and forefather of naturopathy<ref name=Barrett-Naturopathy/>
File:BenedictLust.jpg|[[Benedict Lust]] c. 1902, the founder of naturopathy in the U.S.<ref name=Baer2001/>
File:QED 20161015 129.jpg|Britt Marie Hermes c. 2016, a former naturopathic doctor and major critic of naturopathic medicine<ref name="Thielking2016">{{cite news|vauthors=Thielking M|title='Essentially witchcraft:' A former naturopath takes on the field|url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/10/20/naturopath-critic-britt-hermes/|access-date=30 October 2016|work=[[The Boston Globe#Stat|STAT]]|date=20 October 2016|archive-date=October 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025031403/https://www.statnews.com/2016/10/20/naturopath-critic-britt-hermes/|url-status=live}}</ref>
</gallery>