Editing Nationalist Party (Australia) (section)

==History==
In October 1915, the Australian prime minister, [[Andrew Fisher]] of the [[Australian Labor Party]], retired; [[Billy Hughes]] was chosen unanimously by the Labor [[caucus]] to succeed him. Hughes was a strong supporter of Australia's participation in [[World War I]], and after a visit to Britain in 1916, where the [[Military Service Act 1916]] had been passed earlier in the year, he became convinced that [[Conscription in Australia|conscription]] was necessary if Australia was to sustain its contribution to the war effort. A majority of his party, most notably [[Roman Catholic Church in Australia|Roman Catholics]] and [[Australian labour movement|trade union]] representatives, was opposed to this, especially given the British government's reprisals against the Irish [[Easter Rising]] of 1916.

In October, Hughes held a [[Australian plebiscite, 1916|plebiscite]] to try to gain approval for conscription, but the proposition was narrowly defeated. [[Daniel Mannix]], the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne|Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne]], was his main opponent on the conscription issue. The defeat did not deter Hughes, who continued to vigorously argue in favour of conscription. This produced a deep and bitter split within the Australian public, as well as within his own party. The extent to which he engineered this split has been hotly debated ever since, and was even at the time regarded as ironic by many in the Labor movement, given Hughes' violent hostility to earlier Labor dissidents like [[Joseph Cook]].

On 15 September 1916, the [[New South Wales]] executive of the Political Labour League (the Labor Party organisation at the time) expelled Hughes from the Labor Party. When the parliamentary Labor caucus met on 14 November 1916, lengthy discussions took place until Hughes walked out with 24 other Labor members. The remaining 43 members of the caucus then passed a motion of no confidence in the leadership, effectively expelling Hughes and his allies.

Hughes and his followers rebranded themselves as the "[[National Labor Party]]", and continued in office as a minority government with support from Cook and his [[Commonwealth Liberal Party]]. With the war dragging on, Hughes began negotiations with Cook to turn their [[Confidence and supply|confidence-and-supply]] agreement into formal party unity. That February, at the urging of the governor-general, [[Ronald Munro-Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar|Sir Robert Munro Ferguson]], the two groups formally merged to form the Nationalist Party, with Hughes as leader and Cook as deputy leader. The new party was dominated by former Liberals, and as such was basically an upper- and middle-class party. However, the presence of many former Labor men—many of whom had been early leaders in that party—allowed the Nationalists to project an image of national unity.

In May 1917, the Nationalists [[1917 Australian federal election|won a huge electoral victory]], and formed what was at the time the biggest majority government since [[Federation of Australia|Federation]]. The size of the landslide was magnified by the large number of Labor MPs who followed Hughes into the Nationalist Party. At this election Hughes abandoned his working-class division of [[Division of West Sydney|West Sydney]], and was elected for [[Division of Bendigo|Bendigo]] in Victoria. He had promised to resign if his Government did not win the power to conscript. A [[Australian plebiscite, 1917|second plebiscite on conscription]] was held in December 1917, but the proposition was again defeated, this time by a wider margin. Hughes, after receiving a [[vote of no confidence]] in his leadership by his party, resigned as prime minister. However, with no alternative candidates available, Ferguson used his [[reserve power]] to immediately re-commission Hughes as prime minister. Hughes was thus able to remain in office while having kept his promise to resign.

Hughes and the Nationalists were reelected almost as easily in [[1919 Australian federal election|1919]]. They governed on their own until the [[1922 Australian federal election|elections of 1922]], when the newly emerged [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]] gained the [[Balance of power (parliament)|balance of power]] in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. The Nationalists had come up 12 seats short of a majority, and could only realistically hope for support from the Country Party. It was obvious that a confidence-and-supply agreement would not be enough to keep the Nationalists in office. However, the Country Party had never liked Hughes' rural policy, and its leader [[Earle Page]] let it be known that he would not serve under him. Several of the more conservative elements of the Nationalist Party had only tolerated Hughes after the war, suspecting he was still a socialist at heart. Page's demand finally gave them an excuse to dump Hughes, who was forced to resign in January 1923. Former [[Treasurer of Australia|treasurer]] [[Stanley Bruce]] was chosen as leader, and quickly entered into a coalition with the Country Party. The price, however, was high: five seats for the Country Party in cabinet (out of 11), with Page as treasurer and number-two man in the government. Such demands were unheard of for such a young party in a Westminster system. However, Bruce agreed to the terms rather than force another election. This was the start of the traditional [[Coalition (Australia)|coalition of non-Labor parties]].

With the ouster of Hughes, the Nationalists took on a decidedly more conservative hue. Despite initial concerns that Australians wouldn't readily support the aloof Bruce, the Nationalist-Country Coalition won a great victory in [[1925 Australian federal election|the federal election of 1925]]. It was re-elected in [[1928 Australian federal election|1928]], though with a significantly reduced mandate. However, only a year later, Hughes led a group of backbenchers to [[cross the floor]] on a vote on Bruce's plans to reform the industrial arbitration system. In [[1929 Australian federal election|the subsequent election]] the Coalition was heavily defeated, suffering what was at the time the second-worst defeat of a sitting government since federation. Bruce even lost his own seat, and was succeeded as leader by former attorney-general [[John Latham (judge)|John Latham]].

The Nationalists were never a real force in Australian politics again. The party had spent its entire 12-year existence in government, and was ill-prepared for a role in opposition. In 1931, following negotiations with a group of Labor Party defectors led by [[Joseph Lyons]], the Nationalist Party was absorbed into the new [[United Australia Party]]. Although the UAP was dominated by former Nationalists, Lyons was chosen as leader rather than Latham. The UAP replaced the Nationalists as the main non-Labor party.

The [[Western Australia]]n branch retained the Nationalist name after the formation of the UAP, and did so until it and most of the major non-Labor parties were folded into the present-day [[Liberal Party of Australia]].