Editing Nationalism (section)

== Terminology ==
[[File:"Onward to Victory", World War I Allied propaganda postcard.jpg|thumb|A postcard from 1916 showing [[national personification]]s of some of the [[Allies of World War I]], each holding a national flag]]
[[File:381px-Grotius de jure 1631.jpg|thumb|Title page from the second edition (Amsterdam 1631) of ''De jure belli ac pacis'']]
The terminological use of "nations", "sovereignty" and associated concepts were significantly refined with the writing by [[Hugo Grotius]] of ''[[De jure belli ac pacis]]'' in the early 17th century.{{How|date=November 2023}} Living in the times of the [[Eighty Years' War]] between [[Spain]] and the Netherlands and the [[Thirty Years' War]] between Catholic and Protestant European nations, Grotius was deeply concerned with matters of conflicts between nations in the context of oppositions stemming from religious differences. The word ''nation'' was also applied before 1800 in Europe in reference to the inhabitants of a country as well as to collective identities that could include shared history, law, language, political rights, religion and traditions, in a sense more akin to the modern conception.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gat |first=Azar |date=2012 |title=Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HK8TulTJpGAC|isbn=978-1107007857 }}</ref>

''Nationalism'' as derived from the noun designating 'nations' is a newer word; in the English language, dating to around 1798.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Bertier de Sauvigny |first1=Guillaume |title=Liberalism, Nationalism and Socialism: The Birth of Three Words |journal=The Review of Politics |date=April 1970 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=147–166 |jstor=1406513}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nationalism |title=Nationalism|website=merriam-webster.com|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107175319/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nationalism|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=This is a dictionary|date=November 2023}} The term gained wider prominence in the 19th century.<ref>See Norman Rich, ''The age of nationalism and reform, 1850–1890'' (1970).</ref> The term increasingly became negative in its connotations after 1914. [[Glenda Sluga]] notes that "The twentieth century, a time of profound disillusionment with nationalism, was also the great age of [[globalism]]."<ref>Glenda Sluga, ''Internationalism in the Age of Nationalism'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013) ch 1</ref>

Academics define nationalism as a political principle that holds that the nation and state should be congruent.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gorski|first=Philip S.|date=2000|title=The Mosaic Moment: An Early Modernist Critique of Modernist Theories of Nationalism |journal=American Journal of Sociology|volume=105|issue=5|pages=1432–1433|doi=10.1086/210435 |jstor=3003771|s2cid=144002511 |issn=0002-9602}}</ref> According to Lisa Weeden, nationalist ideology presumes that "the people" and the state are congruent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wedeen|first=Lisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vENa-ZYneFYC|title=Peripheral Visions: Publics, Power, and Performance in Yemen |date=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226877921|pages=8|language=en}}</ref>