Editing National Institutes of Health (section)

==History==
=== Origins ===
[[File:Ida Bengston.jpg|thumb|[[Ida A. Bengtson]], a [[bacteriologist]] who in 1916 was the first woman hired to work in the Hygienic Laboratory<ref>{{cite web|last=Harden|first=Victoria A.|title=WWI and the Ransdell Act of 1930|url= https://history.nih.gov/display/history/WWI%20and%20the%20Ransdell%20Act%20of%201930|website=A Short History of the National Institutes of Health|publisher=Office Of History National Institutes Of Health |access-date=September 12, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110907060924/http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/docs/page_04.html|archive-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref>]]
[[File:President Roosevelt dedicates the National Institute of Health - Bethesda, Maryland, October 31, 1940.webm|thumb|Dedication of first six NIH buildings by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in 1940]]
[[File:NIH buildings 1-7.jpg|thumb|NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1945]]

In 1887, a laboratory for the study of bacteria, the Hygienic Laboratory, was established within the [[Marine Hospital Service]], which at the time was expanding its functions beyond the [[List of U.S. Public Health Service Hospitals|system of Marine Hospitals]] into quarantine and research programs. It was initially located at the [[Bayley Seton Hospital|New York Marine Hospital]] on [[Staten Island]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/index.html |title=A Short History of the National Institutes of Health (1 of 13) |website=history.nih.gov |access-date=May 25, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110515022655/http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/index.html |archive-date=May 15, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/industries/Public-Administration/Administration-Public-Health-Programs.html |title=SIC 9431 Administration of Public Health Programs |website=Referenceforbusiness.com |access-date=May 25, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110510114137/http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/industries/Public-Administration/Administration-Public-Health-Programs.html |archive-date=May 10, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/historical/chronology_of_events.htm|title=The NIH Almanac: Chronology of Events|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> In 1891, it moved to the top floor of the [[Butler Building]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] In 1904, it moved again to a new campus at the [[Old Naval Observatory]], which grew to include five major buildings.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harden|first1=Victoria A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Michele |date=2018-02-27|title=NIH's Early Homes|url= https://irp.nih.gov/catalyst/v26i2/nih-s-early-homes |access-date=2020-12-13|website=NIH Intramural Research Program}}</ref>

In 1901, the Division of Scientific Research was formed, which included the Hygienic Laboratory as well as other research offices of the Marine Hospital Service.<ref name=":222">{{Cite web|date=2016-08-15|title=Records of the Public Health Service [PHS], 1912-1968|url= https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/090.html |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=National Archives}}</ref> In 1912, the Marine Hospital Service became the [[United States Public Health Service|Public Health Service]] (PHS).<ref name=":2" /> In 1922, PHS established a Special Cancer Investigations laboratory at [[Harvard Medical School]]. This development marked the beginning of partnerships with universities.<ref name=":2" />

In 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory was re-designated as the National Institute of Health by the [[Ransdell Act]], and was given $750,000 to construct two NIH buildings at the Old Naval Observatory campus.<ref name=":2" /> In 1937, the NIH absorbed the rest of the Division of Scientific Research, of which it was formerly part.<ref name=":222" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Doyle|first=Henry N.|date=1977|title=The federal industrial hygiene agency: a history of the Division of Occupational Health, United States Public Health Service|url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Federal_Industrial_Hygiene_Agency.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211013081215/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Federal_Industrial_Hygiene_Agency.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-13|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-03|website=American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists}}</ref>

In 1938, the NIH moved to [[National Institutes of Health campus|its current campus]] in [[Bethesda, Maryland]].<ref name=":2" /> Over the next few decades, Congress would markedly increase funding of the NIH. Various institutes and centers within the NIH were created for specific research programs.<ref name=":2" /> In 1944, the [[Public Health Service Act]] was approved and the [[National Cancer Institute]] became a division of the NIH. In 1948, the name changed from National Institute of Health to National Institutes of Health.

=== Later history ===
In the 1960s, virologist and cancer researcher [[Chester M. Southam]] injected [[HeLa]] cancer cells into patients at the [[Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center|Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital]].<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks">{{cite book|last1=Skloot|first1=Rebecca|title=The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks|date=2010|publisher=Broadway Paperbacks|location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|130}} When three doctors resigned after refusing to inject patients without their consent, the experiment gained considerable media attention.<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks"/>{{rp|133}} The NIH was a major source of funding for Southam's research and required all research involving [[Human subject research|human subject]]s to obtain their consent before any experimentation.<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks"/>{{rp|135}} Upon investigating all of their grantee institutions, the NIH discovered that the majority of them did not protect the rights of human subjects. From then on, the NIH has required all grantee institutions to approve any research proposals involving human experimentation with [[institutional review board|review boards]].<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks"/>{{rp|135}}

In 1967, the Division of Regional Medical Programs was created to administer grants for research for [[heart disease]], cancer, and [[Stroke|strokes]]. That same year, the NIH director lobbied the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|White House]] for increased federal funding to increase research and the speed with which health benefits could be brought to the people. An advisory committee was formed to oversee the further development of the NIH and its research programs. By 1971, cancer research was in full force, and [[President Nixon]] signed the [[National Cancer Act]], initiating a National Cancer Program, President's Cancer Panel, National Cancer Advisory Board, and 15 new research, training, and demonstration centers.<ref>{{cite web| title=History of the National Cancer Institute| publisher=National Cancer Institute{{snd}}National Institutes of Health |url= https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/overview/history#1971 |access-date=June 29, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170628185858/https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/overview/history#1971| archive-date=June 28, 2017 |date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>

Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in the [[US Congress]], serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. In 1992, the NIH encompassed nearly one percent of the federal government's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research, and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities.<ref name="Laurie J. Price 1992 128–146">{{cite journal|title= A Medical Anthropologist's Ruminations on NIH Funding|author=Laurie J. Price |journal=Medical Anthropology Quarterly |series=New Series| volume= 6| issue= 2| year=1992 | pages= 128–146 |jstor=649307|doi=10.1525/maq.1992.6.2.02a00030 }}</ref> While government funding for research in other disciplines has been increasing at a rate similar to inflation since the 1970s, research funding for the NIH nearly tripled through the 1990s and early 2000s, but has remained relatively stagnant since then.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Trends in Federal R&D|url= https://www.aaas.org/page/historical-trends-federal-rd|website=AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society |date=June 11, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180110055211/https://www.aaas.org/page/historical-trends-federal-rd|archive-date=January 10, 2018}}</ref>

By the 1990s, the NIH committee focus had shifted to DNA research and launched the [[Human Genome Project]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.genome.gov/25520329/online-education-kit-1990-launch-of-the-human-genome-project/ |title=Online Education Kit: 1990: Launch of the Human Genome Project |work=National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) |access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref>

On January 22, 2025, the [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] imposed an immediate freeze on meetings – such as grant review panels – as well as travel, communications, and hiring at the NIH, impacting $47.4 billion worth of activities.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.science.org/content/article/trump-hits-nih-devastating-freezes-meetings-travel-communications-and-hiring |title=Trump hits NIH with 'devastating' freezes on meetings, travel, communications, and hiring |date=January 22, 2025 |work=Science |accessdate=January 24, 2025}}</ref>