Editing Naples (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Naples}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Naples history}}

=== Greek birth and Roman acquisition ===
{{Anchor|Greek|Roman}}
{{See also|Magna Graecia|Ancient Rome}}
[[File:Monte Echia, Napoli, Italia - 2024.jpg|left|thumb|Mount Echia, the place where the polis of [[History of Naples#Greek birth, Roman acquisition|Parthenope]] arose]]
[[File:ColonneDioscuriNapoli.jpg|left|thumb|The Columns of the [[c:Category:Temple of Dioscuri (Naples)|Temple of Castor and Pollux]] incorporated into the facade of [[San Paolo Maggiore, Naples|San Paolo Maggiore]]]]
[[File:Odysseus-siren Parthenope, the mythological founder of Naples.jpg|thumb|A scene featuring the [[siren (mythology)|siren]] [[Parthenope (Siren)|Parthenope]], the mythological founder of Naples<ref>{{cite news |url=http://chabadnapoli.com/travel.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011105652/http://chabadnapoli.com/travel.aspx |archive-date=11 October 2007 |publisher=Chadab Napoli |title=Center of Naples, Italy |date=24 June 2007}}</ref>]]
[[File:Putz94.jpg|thumb|Map of pre-Roman Neapolis]]
Naples has been inhabited since the [[Neolithic]] period.<ref>[http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/938ff/23f84/6/?o=3 "Neapolis Station – Archaeological Yards"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520161439/http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/938ff/23f84/6/?o=3 |date=20 May 2013 }}. Virtualtourist.com. 12 June 2005. Retrieved 7 September 2012.</ref> In the second millennium BC, a first [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] settlement arose not far from the geographical position of the future city of Parthenope.<ref>{{cite book |author1=David J. Blackman |author2=Maria Costanza Lentini |title=Ricoveri per navi militari nei porti del Mediterraneo antico e medievale: atti del Workshop, Ravello, 4–5 novembre 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhB4VDYuJXsC&pg=PA99 |year=2010 |publisher=Edipuglia srl |isbn=978-88-7228-565-7 |page=99}}</ref>

Sailors from the Greek island of [[Rhodes]] established probably a small commercial port called [[History of Naples#Greek birth, Roman acquisition|Parthenope]] ({{lang|grc|Παρθενόπη}}, meaning "Pure Eyes", a Siren in [[Greek mythology]]) on the [[Castel dell'Ovo|island of Megaride]] in the ninth century BC.<ref>[http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/ITA_Port_of_Napoli_1073.php "Port of Naples"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428091233/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/ITA_Port_of_Napoli_1073.php |date=28 April 2012 }}. World Port Source. Retrieved 15 May 2012.</ref> By the eighth century BC, the settlement was expanded by [[Cumae (Italy)|Cumaeans]], as evidenced by the archaeological findings, to include Monte Echia.<ref>[http://www.archemail.it/notizie2011.htm#21/10/2011_Napoli,_Gli_scavi_della_Linea_6_portano_alla_luce_una_novit%C3%A0_clamorosa:_la_Napoli_greca_%C3%A8_stata_fondata_nell%C2%B4ottavo_secolo_a._C.,_non_nel_settimo__%28Repubblica%29 Archemail.it] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329184949/http://www.archemail.it/notizie2011.htm |date=29 March 2013 }}. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</ref> In the sixth century BC the city was refounded as Neápolis ({{lang|grc|Νεάπολις}}), eventually becoming one of the foremost cities of [[Magna Graecia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.unesco.beniculturali.it/en/projects/historic-centre-of-naples/ |title=HISTORIC CENTRE OF NAPLES |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004130624/https://www.unesco.beniculturali.it/en/projects/historic-centre-of-naples/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The city grew rapidly due to the influence of the powerful Greek [[city-state]] of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]],<ref name="Greek Naples">{{cite web |url=http://www.naplesldm.com/Greek_Naples.php |title=Greek Naples |publisher=naplesldm.com |access-date=9 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321000245/http://www.naplesldm.com/Greek_Naples.php |archive-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> and became an ally of the [[Roman Republic]] against [[Carthage]]. During the [[Samnite Wars]], the city, now a bustling centre of trade, was [[Capture of Neapolis|captured]] by the [[Samnium|Samnites]];<ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u23MlfA8pcoC&q=campanian+people |publisher=Touring Club of Italy |title=Touring Club of Italy, Naples: The City and Its Famous Bay, Capri, Sorrento, Ischia, and the Amalfi, Milano |isbn=88-365-2836-8 |page=11 |year=2003}}</ref> however, the Romans soon captured the city from them and made it a [[Colonies in antiquity|Roman colony]].<ref name="rome" /> During the [[Punic Wars]], the strong walls surrounding Neápolis repelled the invading forces of the Carthaginian general [[Hannibal]].<ref name="rome" />

The Romans greatly respected Naples as a paragon of [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic culture]]. During the Roman era, the people of Naples maintained their [[Greek language]] and customs. At the same time, the city was expanded with elegant Roman [[villa]]s, [[Roman aqueduct|aqueducts]], and [[Thermae|public baths]]. Landmarks such as the [[Castor and Pollux|Temple of Dioscures]] were built, and many emperors chose to holiday in the city, including [[Claudius]] and [[Tiberius]].<ref name="rome">{{cite news |url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html |publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com |title=Antic Naples |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225013134/http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html |archive-date=25 December 2008}}</ref> [[Virgil]], the author of Rome's [[national epic]], the ''[[Aeneid]]'', received part of his education in the city, and later resided in its environs.

It was during this period that Christianity first arrived in Naples; the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]] [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and [[Saint Paul|Paul]] are said{{according to whom|date=July 2024}} to have preached in the city. [[Januarius]], who would become Naples' [[patron saint]], was [[martyr]]ed there in the fourth century AD.<ref name="catholi">{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Naples}}</ref> The last emperor of the [[Western Roman Empire]], [[Romulus Augustulus]], was exiled to Naples by the Germanic king [[Odoacer]] in the fifth century AD.

=== Duchy of Naples ===
{{Main|Duchy of Naples|List of Dukes of Naples}}
[[File:Gothic Battle of Mons Lactarius on Vesuvius.jpg|thumb|The [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic]] [[Battle of Mons Lactarius]] on [[Mount Vesuvius|Vesuvius]], painted by [[Alexander Zick]]]]
Following the decline of the [[Western Roman Empire]], Naples was captured by the [[Ostrogoths]], a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic people]], and incorporated into the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]].<ref name="ostrogoths">{{cite book |last=Wolfram |first=Herwig |title=The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples |publisher=University of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F33naMdrcs8C&q=mons+lactarius+naples&pg=PA238 |isbn=978-0-520-08511-4 |year=1997 |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064934/https://books.google.com/books?id=F33naMdrcs8C&q=mons+lactarius+naples&pg=PA238#v=snippet&q=mons%20lactarius%20naples&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> However, [[Belisarius]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]] recaptured Naples in 536, after entering the city via an aqueduct.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://historymedren.about.com/od/bentries/a/11_belisarius.htm |publisher=About.com |title=Belisarius – Famous Byzantine General |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419124422/http://historymedren.about.com/od/bentries/a/11_belisarius.htm |archive-date=19 April 2009}}</ref>

In 543, during the [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic Wars]], [[Totila]] briefly took the city for the Ostrogoths, but the Byzantines seized control of the area following the [[Battle of Mons Lactarius]] on the slopes of [[Mount Vesuvius|Vesuvius]].<ref name="ostrogoths" /> Naples was expected to keep in contact with the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]], which was the centre of Byzantine power on the [[Italian Peninsula]].<ref name="byz">{{cite book |last=Kleinhenz |first=Christopher |title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&q=duchy+of+naples&pg=PA755 |isbn=978-0-415-22126-9 |year=2004 |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&q=duchy+of+naples&pg=PA755 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the [[exarch]]ate fell, a [[Duchy of Naples]] was created. Although Naples' [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] culture endured, it eventually switched allegiance from [[Constantinople]] to Rome under Duke [[Stephen II of Naples|Stephen II]], putting it under [[Pope|papal]] [[suzerainty]] by 763.<ref name="byz" />

The years between 818 and 832 saw tumultuous relations with the [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine Emperor]], with numerous local pretenders feuding for possession of the ducal throne.<ref name="duchy">{{cite book |last=McKitterick |first=Rosamond |author-link=Rosamond McKitterick |title=The New Cambridge Medieval History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&q=duchy+of+naples&pg=PA755 |isbn=978-0-521-85360-6 |year=2004 |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&q=duchy+of+naples&pg=PA755 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Theoctistus of Naples|Theoctistus]] was appointed without imperial approval; his appointment was later revoked and [[List of Dukes of Naples|Theodore II]] took his place. However, the disgruntled general populace chased him from the city and elected [[Stephen III of Naples|Stephen III]] instead, a man who minted coins with his initials rather than those of the Byzantine Emperor. Naples gained complete independence by the early ninth century.<ref name="duchy" /> Naples allied with the Muslim [[Saracens]] in 836 and asked for their support to repel the siege of [[Lombards|Lombard]] troops coming from the neighbouring [[Duchy of Benevento]]. However, during the 850s, Muslim general [[Muhammad I Abu 'l-Abbas]] sacked [[Miseno]], but only for [[Khums]] purposes (Islamic booty), without conquering the territories of [[Campania]].<ref name=mag>{{harvnb|Magnusson|Goring|1990}}</ref><ref>Hilmar C. Krueger. "The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095" in ''A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years'', Vol.I. Kenneth Meyer Setton, Marshall W. Baldwin (eds., 1955). University of Pennsylvania Press. p.48.</ref>

The duchy was under the direct control of the [[Lombards]] for a brief period after the capture by [[Pandulf IV of Capua|Pandulf IV]] of the [[Principality of Capua]], a long-term rival of Naples; however, this regime lasted only three years before the Greco-Roman-influenced dukes were reinstated.<ref name="duchy" /> By the 11th century, Naples had begun to employ [[Normans|Norman]] [[Mercenary|mercenaries]] to battle their rivals; Duke [[Sergius IV of Naples|Sergius IV]] hired [[Rainulf Drengot]] to wage war on Capua for him.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bradbury |first=Jim |author-link=Jim Bradbury |title=The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1C54r8GgrUIC&q=Sergius+IV+hired+Rainulf+Drengot&pg=PA75 |isbn=978-0-415-22126-9 |date=8 April 2004 |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064922/https://books.google.com/books?id=1C54r8GgrUIC&q=Sergius+IV+hired+Rainulf+Drengot&pg=PA75 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 1137, the Normans had attained great influence in Italy, controlling previously independent principalities and duchies such as [[Principality of Capua|Capua]], [[Duchy of Benevento|Benevento]], [[Principality of Salerno|Salerno]], [[Duchy of Amalfi|Amalfi]], [[Duchy of Sorrento|Sorrento]] and [[Duchy of Gaeta|Gaeta]]; it was in this year that Naples, the last independent duchy in the southern part of the peninsula, came under Norman control. The last ruling duke of the duchy, [[Sergius VII of Naples|Sergius VII]], was forced to surrender to [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger II]], who had been proclaimed [[List of monarchs of Sicily|King of Sicily]] by [[Antipope Anacletus II]] seven years earlier. Naples thus joined the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], with [[Palermo]] as the capital.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-542840/Kingdom-of-Sicily |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026135034/https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-542840/Kingdom-of-Sicily |archive-date=26 October 2007 |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Kingdom of Sicily, or Trinacria |date=8 January 2008}}</ref>

=== As part of the Kingdom of Sicily ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Sicily}}
[[File:Palazzo Reale di Napoli - Federico II.jpg|thumb|left|[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]|271x271px]]

After a period of [[Normans|Norman]] rule, in 1189, the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] was in a succession dispute between [[Tancred, King of Sicily]] of an illegitimate birth and the [[House of Hohenstaufen|Hohenstaufens]], a Germanic [[dynasty|royal house]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.naplesldm.com/swabian.php |publisher=naplesldm.com |title=Swabian Naples |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319225929/http://www.naplesldm.com/swabian.php |archive-date=19 March 2017 |access-date=9 May 2017}}</ref> as its Prince Henry had married [[Constance I of Sicily|Princess Constance]] the last legitimate heir to the Sicilian throne. In 1191 Henry invaded Sicily after being crowned as [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor]], and many cities surrendered. Still, Naples resisted him from May to August under the leadership of [[Richard, Count of Acerra]], [[Nicholas of Ajello]], [[Aligerno Cottone]] and [[Margaritus of Brindisi]] before the Germans suffered from disease and were forced to retreat. [[Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia]] and [[Philip I, Archbishop of Cologne]] died of disease during [[Siege of Naples (1191)|the siege]]. During his counterattack, [[Tancred, King of Sicily|Tancred]] captured Constance, now empress. He had the empress imprisoned at [[Castel dell'Ovo]] at Naples before her release on May 1192 under the pressure of [[Pope Celestine III]]. In 1194 Henry started his second campaign upon the death of Tancred, but this time Aligerno surrendered without resistance, and finally, Henry conquered Sicily, putting it under the rule of Hohenstaufens.

The [[University of Naples Federico II|University of Naples]], the first university in Europe dedicated to training secular administrators,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Tommaso |last=Astarita |title=Introduction: "Naples is the whole world" |encyclopedia=A Companion to Early Modern Naples |publisher=Brill |year=2013 |page=2}}</ref> was founded by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom. Conflict between the Hohenstaufens and the [[Pope|Papacy]] led in 1266 to [[Pope Innocent IV]] crowning the [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] duke [[Charles I of Naples|Charles I]] King of Sicily:<ref name="dieli" /> Charles officially moved the capital from Palermo to Naples, where he resided at the [[Castel Nuovo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://cheapholidayhacks.com/holidaydestinations/naples-castel-nuovo/ |title=Naples – Castel Nuovo |date=7 October 2007 |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423211344/https://cheapholidayhacks.com/holidaydestinations/naples-castel-nuovo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Having a great interest in architecture, Charles I imported French architects and workmen and was personally involved in several building projects in the city.<ref>{{cite book |title=Art and Architecture in Naples, 1266–1713: New Approaches |url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitecturen00warr |url-access=limited |first1=Cordelia |last1=Warr |first2=Janis |last2=Elliott |year=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitecturen00warr/page/n163 154]–155 |isbn=9781405198615}}</ref> Many examples of [[Gothic architecture]] sprang up around Naples, including the [[Naples Cathedral]], which remains the city's main church.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bruzelius |first=Caroline |author-link=Caroline Bruzelius |title="ad modum franciae": Charles of Anjou and Gothic Architecture in the Kingdom of Sicily |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=50 |issue=4 |year=1991 |pages=402–420 |publisher=University of California Press |jstor=990664 |doi=10.2307/990664}}</ref>

=== Kingdom of Naples ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Naples|Parthenopean Republic|Naples Lazzaroni}}
[[File:Galleria San Martino. 02 (cropped).JPG|thumb|The [[Castel Nuovo]], a.k.a. ''Maschio Angioino'', a seat of medieval kings of Naples, Aragon and Spain]]
In 1282, after the [[Sicilian Vespers]], the Kingdom of Sicily was divided into two. The Angevin [[Kingdom of Naples]] included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of [[Sicily]] became the [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]] [[Kingdom of Sicily]].<ref name="dieli" /> Wars between the competing dynasties continued until the [[Peace of Caltabellotta]] in 1302, which saw [[Frederick III of Sicily|Frederick III]] recognised as king of Sicily, while [[Charles II of Naples|Charles II]] was recognised as king of Naples by [[Pope Boniface VIII]].<ref name="dieli">{{cite news |url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html |publisher=Dieli.net |title=Sicilian History |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504185251/http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html |archive-date=4 May 2009 |access-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting [[Republic of Pisa|Pisan]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] merchants,<ref>{{cite book |last=Constable |first=Olivia Remie |title=Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel |publisher=Humana Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9H7mfxqs7UC&q=%22genoese+merchants%22+naples&pg=PA209 |isbn=978-1-58829-171-4 |date=1 August 2002}}</ref> [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] bankers, and some of the most prominent [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] artists of the time, such as [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]], [[Petrarch]] and [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm |publisher=Naples-City.info |title=Angioino Castle, Naples |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929152952/http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm |archive-date=29 September 2008 |access-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> During the 14th century, the Hungarian Angevin king [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great]] captured the city several times. In 1442, [[Alfonso I of Naples|Alfonso I]] conquered Naples after his victory against the last [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] king, [[René of Anjou|René]], and Naples was unified with Sicily again for a brief period.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html |publisher=Zum.de |title=Aragonese Overseas Expansion, 1282–1479 |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229072358/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html |archive-date=29 December 2008}}</ref>

==== Aragonese and Spanish ====
Sicily and Naples were separated since 1282, but remained dependencies of [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] under [[Ferdinand I of Naples|Ferdinand I]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HGLTkBTylpyyN6nRHvHhh1ChNGN38XWmr4&nbsp;Hzhn5HLhnkkhWHHhXn!602093125?docId=5000263626 |publisher= |title=Ferrante of Naples: the statecraft of a Renaissance prince |date=7 October 2007}}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref> The new dynasty enhanced Naples' commercial standing by establishing relations with the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as [[Francesco Laurana|Laurana]], [[Antonello da Messina|da Messina]], [[Jacopo Sannazaro|Sannazzaro]] and [[Poliziano]] arriving in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410223414/http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html |archive-date=10 April 2008 |publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com |title=Naples Middle-Ages |date=7 October 2007}}</ref> In 1501, Naples came under direct rule from [[Ancien Régime in France|France]] under [[Louis XII of France|Louis XII]], with the Neapolitan king [[Frederick IV of Naples|Frederick]] being taken as a prisoner to France; however, this state of affairs did not last long, as Spain won Naples from the French at the [[Battle of Garigliano (1503)|Battle of Garigliano]] in 1503.<ref name="spanishnaples" />

[[File:Jan van Essen - Fleet review before Naples.jpg|thumb|right|390px|''The [[Viceroy of Naples]] paying tribute to [[Michiel de Ruyter|De Ruyter]]'s fleet in the port of Naples'', 1676, by [[Jan van Essen]]]]
[[File:Admiral Byng's Fleet at Naples.jpg|thumb|right|390px|''View of the [[Bay of Naples]] with [[George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington|Admiral Byng]]'s Fleet at Anchor'', 1718. Painting by [[Gaspar Butler]].]]

Following the Spanish victory, Naples became part of the [[Spanish Empire]], and remained so throughout the [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish Habsburg]] period.<ref name="spanishnaples" /> The Spanish sent [[viceroy]]s [[List of viceroys of Naples|to Naples]] to directly deal with local issues: the most important of these viceroys was [[Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, Marquis of Villafranca|Pedro Álvarez de Toledo]], who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban reforms in the city; he also tried to introduce the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Don Pedro de Toledo |first=Jeff |last=Matthews |website=Around Naples Encyclopedia |year=2005 |url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html |publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509001635/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html |archive-date=9 May 2008}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Self-published web encyclopaedia, even though written by an academic.|date=September 2015}} In 1544, around 7,000 people were taken as [[Barbary slave trade|slaves]] by [[Barbary pirates]] and brought to the [[Barbary Coast]] of North Africa (see [[Sack of Naples]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Niaz |first1=Ilhan |title=Old World Empires: Cultures of Power and Governance in Eurasia |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317913795 |page=399 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU4sAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA399 |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418064923/https://books.google.com/books?id=aU4sAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA399#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the 17th century, Naples had become Europe's second-largest city – second only to Paris – and the largest European Mediterranean city, with around 250,000 inhabitants.<ref>Colin McEvedy (2010), ''The Penguin Atlas of Modern History (to 1815)''. [[Penguin Group|Penguin]]. p. 39.</ref> The city was a major cultural centre during the [[Baroque]] era, being home to artists such as [[Caravaggio]], [[Salvator Rosa]] and [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]], philosophers such as [[Bernardino Telesio]], [[Giordano Bruno]], [[Tommaso Campanella]] and [[Giambattista Vico]], and writers such as [[Giambattista Marino]]. A revolution led by the local fisherman [[Masaniello]] saw the creation of a brief independent [[Neapolitan Republic (1647)|Neapolitan Republic]] in 1647. However, this lasted only a few months before Spanish rule was reasserted.<ref name="spanishnaples">{{cite news |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Spanish acquisition of Naples |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218181240/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy |archive-date=18 February 2008}}</ref> In 1656, an outbreak of [[Naples Plague|bubonic plague]] killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Byrne |first1=Joseph P. |title=Encyclopedia of the Black Death |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1598842548 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AppsDAKOW3QC&pg=PA249 |page=249}}</ref>

[[File:Departure of Charles III from Naples.jpg|thumb|Departure of [[Charles III of Spain]] from Naples, 1759]]
In 1714, Spanish rule over Naples came to an end as a result of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]; the Austrian [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] ruled the city from [[Vienna]] through viceroys of his own.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html |publisher=Bartleby.com |title=Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202110539/http://bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html |archive-date=2 February 2009}}</ref> However, the [[War of the Polish Succession]] saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a [[personal union]], with the 1738 [[Treaty of Vienna (1738)|Treaty of Vienna]] recognising the two polities as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm |publisher=RealCasaDiBorbone.it |title=Charles of Bourbon – the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926150113/http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm |archive-date=26 September 2009}}</ref>

In 1755, the Duke of Noja commissioned an accurate topographic map of Naples, later known as the [[Map of the Duke of Noja]], employing rigorous surveying accuracy and becoming an essential urban planning tool for Naples.

During the time of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]], the effects of the [[French Revolution]] were felt in Naples: [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]], an ally of the Bourbons, arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against the French republicans. Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to [[Palermo]], where he was protected by a [[Royal Navy|British fleet]].<ref name="parth" /> However, Naples' [[Social class|lower class]] ''[[Lazzaroni (Naples)|lazzaroni]]'' were strongly pious and royalist, favouring the Bourbons; in the {{lang|fr|mêlée}} that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-Republican aristocracy, causing a civil war.<ref name="parth" />
[[File:Veduta di Santa Lucia (Largo di Palazzo) e San Martino, Napoli,1799.jpg|thumb|Naples depicted during the ephemeral [[Parthenopean Republic]]]]
Eventually, the Republicans conquered [[Castel Sant'Elmo]] and proclaimed a [[Parthenopaean Republic]], secured by the [[French Army]].<ref name="parth" /> A [[counter-revolutionary]] religious army of ''lazzaroni'' known as the ''[[sanfedismo|sanfedisti]]'' under Cardinal [[Fabrizio Ruffo]] was raised; they met with great success, and the French were forced to surrender the Neapolitan castles, with their fleet sailing back to [[Toulon]].<ref name="parth">{{cite news |url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306191407/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html |archive-date=6 March 2001 |publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu |title=The Parthenopean Republic |date=7 October 2007}}</ref>

Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] conquered the kingdom and installed [[House of Bonaparte|Bonapartist]] kings, including installing his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte]].<ref name="bonap" /> With the help of the [[Austrian Empire]] and its allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the [[Neapolitan War]]. Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom.<ref name="bonap" />

==== Independent Two Sicilies ====
{{Main||Kingdom of the Two Sicilies}}
The [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combine to form the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]],<ref name="bonap">{{cite news |url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731220756/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm |archive-date=31 July 2001 |publisher=Onwar.com |title=Austria Naples – Neapolitan War 1815 |date=7 October 2007}}</ref> with Naples as the capital city. In 1839, Naples became the first city on the Italian Peninsula to have a railway, with the construction of the [[Naples–Portici railway line|Naples–Portici railway]].<ref name="railway">{{cite journal |first=Diana |last=Webb |title=La dolce vita? Italy by rail, 1839–1914 |journal=[[History Today]] |date=6 June 1996 |url=http://www.historytoday.com/diana-webb/la-dolce-vita-italy-rail-1839-1914 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041629/http://www.historytoday.com/diana-webb/la-dolce-vita-italy-rail-1839-1914 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Italian unification to the present day ===
[[File:Napoli Castel Nuovo museo civico - ingresso di Garibaldi a Napoli - Wenzel bis.jpg|left|thumb|Entrance of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]] into Naples on 7 September 1860]]

After the [[Expedition of the Thousand]] led by [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], which culminated in the controversial [[Siege of Gaeta (1860)|siege of Gaeta]], Naples became part of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] in 1861 as part of the [[Italian unification]], ending the era of Bourbon rule. The economy of the area formerly known as the Two Sicilies as dependant on agriculture suffered the international pressure on prices of wheat, and together with lower sea fares prices lead to an unprecedented [[Italian diaspora|wave of emigration]],<ref name="modern">{{cite news |url=http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/migrations/townsend.html |publisher=OAH.org |title=Italians around the World: Teaching Italian Migration from a Transnational Perspective |date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127225428/http://oah.org/pubs/magazine/migrations/townsend.html |archive-date=27 November 2010}}</ref> with an estimated 4&nbsp;million people emigrating from the Naples area between 1876 and 1913.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Enrico |last=Moretti |title=Social Networks and Migrations: Italy 1876–1913 |journal=International Migration Review |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=640–657 |year=1999 |doi=10.2307/2547529 |jstor=2547529}}</ref> In the forty years following unification, the population of Naples grew by only 26%, vs. 63% for Turin and 103% for Milan; however, by 1884, Naples was still the largest city in Italy with 496,499 inhabitants, or roughly 64,000 per square kilometre (more than twice the population density of Paris).<ref name="snowden">{{cite book |title=Naples in the Time of Cholera, 1884–1911 |first=Frank M. |last=Snowden |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002}}</ref>{{rp|11–14, 18}}

Public health conditions in certain areas of the city were poor, with twelve epidemics of [[cholera]] and [[typhoid fever]] claiming some 48,000 people between 1834 and 1884. A [[death rate]] 31.84 per thousand, high even for the time, insisted in the absence of epidemics between 1878 and 1883.{{r|snowden}} Then in 1884, Naples fell victim to a major [[cholera]] epidemic, caused largely by the city's poor [[sewerage]] infrastructure. In response to these problems, in 1885,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Il Piano di Risanamento di Napoli |url=https://eddyburg.it/archivio/il-piano-di-risanamento-di-napoli/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Eddyburg |language=it-IT}}</ref> the government prompted a radical transformation of the city called ''[[risanamento]]'' to improve the sewerage infrastructure and replace the most clustered areas, considered the main cause of [[wikt:insalubrity#English|insalubrity]], with large and airy avenues. The project proved difficult to accomplish politically and economically due to corruption, as shown in the [[Saredo Inquiry]], land speculation and extremely long bureaucracy. This led to the project to massive delays with contrasting results. The most notable transformations made were the construction of Via Caracciolo in place of the beach along the promenade, the creation of [[Galleria Umberto I]] and [[c:Category:Galleria Principe di Napoli (Naples)|Galleria Principe]] and the construction of Corso Umberto.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fedoa.unina.it/9963/1/decrescenzo_daniela_26.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 July 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135057/http://www.fedoa.unina.it/9963/1/decrescenzo_daniela_26.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eddyburg.it/article/articleview/7035/0/242 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125045426/http://eddyburg.it/article/articleview/7035/0/242 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2012 |title=Eddyburg.it – Bisogna Sventrare Napoli! |date=25 January 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Napoli 4.8.1943, bombardamento aereo statunitense.jpg|thumb|[[Allies of World War II|Allied]] bombardment of Naples, 1943]]

Naples was the [[Bombing of Naples in World War II|most-bombed]] Italian city during [[World War II]].<ref name="wii" /> Though Neapolitans did not rebel under [[Italian Fascism]], Naples was the first Italian city to [[Four days of Naples|rise up against]] [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[military occupation]]; for the first time in Europe, the Nazis, whose leader in this case was Colonel Scholl, negotiated a surrender in the face of insurgents. The city was already completely freed by 1 October 1943,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Napoli |first=Comune di |title=Le Quattro giornate di Napoli |url=https://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5730 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.comune.napoli.it |language=it}}</ref> when British and American forces entered the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=British Armoured and Cavalry Divisions |date=1999 |publisher=Nafziger |pages=39–40}}</ref> Departing Germans [[Book burning|burned]] the library of [[University of Naples Federico II|the university]], as well as the Italian Royal Society. They also destroyed the city archives. Time bombs planted throughout the city continued to explode into November.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Rick |title=The Day of Battle |url=https://archive.org/details/dayofbattlewarin00atki |url-access=registration |date=2 October 2007 |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |location=4889 |isbn=9780805062892}}</ref> Departing Germans also "looted all the food and fuel. They blew up the city's gas, water and sewage piping. They destroyed its port facilities ... and scuttled more than 300 ships in the harbor. They destroyed 75% of the major bridges, stole nearly 90% of the city's trucks, buses and trams, demolished railroad tracks and tunnels...."<ref>[[Dominic Green (writer and musician)|Green, Dominic]]. [https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/books/naples-1944-review-the-cost-of-conquering-5e78e122 "'Naples 1944' Review: The Cost of Conquering"] ''The Wall Street Journal'', April 11, 2025.</ref>
The symbol of the rebirth of Naples was the rebuilding of the church of [[Santa Chiara (Naples)|Santa Chiara]], which had been destroyed in a [[United States Air Force|United States Army Air Corps]] bombing raid.<ref name="wii" />

Special funding from the Italian government's [[Cassa per il Mezzogiorno|Fund for the South]] was provided from 1950 to 1984, helping the Neapolitan economy to improve somewhat, with city landmarks such as the [[Piazza del Plebiscito]] being renovated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030829022247/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm |archive-date=29 August 2003 |format=PDF |publisher=Frontier Center for Public Policy |title=North and South: The Tragedy of Equalization in Italy |date=7 October 2007}}</ref> However, high unemployment continues to affect Naples.

Italian media attributed the city's recent [[Naples waste management issue|illegal waste disposal issues]] to the [[Camorra]], the [[organized crime]] network centered in Campania.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6727215.stm |publisher=BBC |title=Naples at the mercy of the mob |date=7 October 2007 |first=Christian |last=Fraser |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614224730/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6727215.stm |archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> Due to illegal waste dumping, as exposed by [[Roberto Saviano]] in his book ''[[Gomorrah (book)|Gomorrah]]'', severe environmental contamination and increased health risks remain prevalent.<ref name=cdm>{{cite web |url=http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/resources/cms/documents/legge_195_Rifiuti_Campania.pdf |title=Consiglio dei Ministri n. 76/09 |editor=Sito della Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710164548/http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/resources/cms/documents/legge_195_Rifiuti_Campania.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2007, [[Silvio Berlusconi]]'s government held senior meetings in Naples to demonstrate their intention to solve these problems.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=acV5uzL85glM&refer=europe |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724102030/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=acV5uzL85glM&refer=europe |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2012 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |title=Berlusconi Takes Cabinet to Naples, Plans Tax Cuts, Crime Bill |date=7 October 2007}}</ref> However, the [[late-2000s recession]] had a severe impact on the city, intensifying its waste-management and unemployment problems.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/oct/16/naples-city-hard-luck-story "Naples, city of the hard luck story"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407205949/https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/oct/16/naples-city-hard-luck-story |date=7 April 2017}}. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 16 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2010.</ref> By August 2011, the number of unemployed in the Naples area had risen to 250,000, sparking public protests against the economic situation.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111120183828/http://www.demotix.com/news/776853/unemployment-spurns-protests-across-naples "Unemployment spawns protests across Naples"]. Demotix.com. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.</ref> In June 2012, allegations of blackmail, extortion, and illicit contract tendering emerged concerning the city's waste management issues.<ref name=OneJun>[http://mattinopadova.gelocal.it/cronaca/2012/06/20/news/cricca-veneta-sui-rifiuti-di-napoli-arrestati-i-fratelli-gavioli-1.5291660 "Cricca veneta sui rifiuti di Napoli: arrestati i fratelli Gavioli" (in Italian)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622184314/http://mattinopadova.gelocal.it/cronaca/2012/06/20/news/cricca-veneta-sui-rifiuti-di-napoli-arrestati-i-fratelli-gavioli-1.5291660 |date=22 June 2012 }}. ''Il Mattino''. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.</ref><ref name=OneJul>[http://www.sivempveneto.it/vedi-tutte/7429-gestione-dei-rifiuti-a-napoli-undici-arresti-tra-venezia-e-treviso.html "Gestione rifiuti a Napoli, undici arresti tra Venezia e Treviso" (in Italian)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125122147/http://www.sivempveneto.it/vedi-tutte/7429-gestione-dei-rifiuti-a-napoli-undici-arresti-tra-venezia-e-treviso.html |date=25 January 2014 }}. ''Il Mattino di Padova''. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.</ref>

Naples hosted the sixth [[World Urban Forum]] in September 2012<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120619131048/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=9740&catid=672&typeid=6&subMenuId=0 UN Habitat]. Retrieved 24 December 2011.</ref> and the 63rd [[International Astronautical Congress]] in October 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last=Proietti |first=Manuela |url=http://www.diregiovani.it/gw/producer/dettaglio.aspx?id_doc=31468 |title=Expo 2012, Napoli capitale dello spazio&#124; Iniziative &#124; DIREGIOVANI |publisher=Diregiovani.it |access-date=25 January 2010}}{{dead link|date=October 2016}}</ref> In 2013, it was the host of the [[Universal Forum of Cultures]] and the host for the [[2019 Summer Universiade]].