Editing Mycoplasma genitalium (section)

==Symptoms of infection==
Mgen is a bacterium recognized for causing [[urethritis]] in both men and women along with [[cervicitis]] and [[Pelvic inflammatory disease|pelvic inflammation]] in women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Wiesenfeld |first1=Harold C. |last2=Manhart |first2=Lisa E. |date=2017-07-15 |title=Mycoplasma genitalium in Women: Current Knowledge and Research Priorities for This Recently Emerged Pathogen |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=216 |issue=suppl_2 |pages=S389–S395 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jix198 |issn=1537-6613 |pmc=5853983 |pmid=28838078}}</ref> It presents clinically similar symptoms to that of ''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'' infection and has shown higher incidence rates, compared to both ''Chlamydia trachomatis'' and ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'' infections in some populations.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Miller WC, Ford CA, Morris M, etal |year=2004 |title=Prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections among young adults in the United States |journal=JAMA |volume=291 |issue=18 |pages=2229–2236 |doi=10.1001/jama.291.18.2229 |pmid=15138245 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Infection with Mgen can be symptomatic or [[asymptomatic]]. Both men and women may experience [[inflammation]] in the [[urethra]] ([[urethritis]]), characterized by [[mucopurulent discharge]] in the [[Urinary system|urinary tract]], and [[Dysuria|burning while urinating]]. In women, it causes [[cervicitis]] and [[pelvic inflammatory disease|pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID)]], including [[endometritis]] and [[salpingitis]].<ref name=":0" /> Women may also experience bleeding after sex and it is also linked with [[infertility|tubal factor infertility]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manhart |first1=Lisa E. |title=''Mycoplasma genitalium'': An emergent sexually transmitted disease? |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |year=2013 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=779–792 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2013.08.003 |pmid=24275270}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Williams gynecology |others=Schorge, John O.,, Hoffman, Barbara L.,, Bradshaw, Karen D.,, Halvorson, Lisa M.,, Schaffer, Joseph I.,, Corton, Marlene M. |isbn=978-0-07-184908-1 |edition=Third |location=New York |pages=65 |oclc=944920918 |last1=Schorge |first1=John O. |last2=Halvorson |first2=Lisa M. |last3=Schaffer |first3=Joseph I. |last4=Corton |first4=Marlene M. |last5=Bradshaw |first5=Karen D. |last6=Hoffman |first6=Barbara L. |date=2016-04-22}}</ref> For men, the most common signs are painful urination or a watery discharge from the penis.<ref name="cnn.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/07/health/what-to-know-std-mg/index.html |title=What you should know about this 'new' STD - CNN |first=Kristine Thomason |last=Health.com |website=[[CNN]] |date=7 December 2015 |access-date=7 December 2015 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003021831/https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/07/health/what-to-know-std-mg/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

There is a consistent association of ''M. genitalium'' infection and female reproductive tract syndromes. ''M. genitalium'' infection was significantly associated with increased risk of preterm birth, spontaneous abortion, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. In addition, this pathogen may latently infect the [[chorionic villi]] tissues of pregnant women, thereby impacting pregnancy outcome.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Contini C, Rotondo JC, Magagnoli F, Maritati M, Seraceni S, Graziano A, Poggi A, Capucci R, Vesce F, Tognon M, Martini F |date=2018 |title=Investigation on silent bacterial infections in specimens from pregnant women affected by spontaneous miscarriage. |journal=J Cell Physiol |volume=234 |issue=1 |pages=100–9107 |doi=10.1002/jcp.26952 |pmid=30078192 |doi-access=free|hdl=11392/2393176 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Infertility risk is also strongly associated with infection with ''M. genitalium'', although evidence suggests it is not associated with male infertility.<ref name="pmid26311339">
{{cite journal |author1=C. Huang |author2=H.L. Zhu |author3=K.R. Xu |author4=S.Y. Wang |author5=L.Q. Fan |author6=W.B. Zhu |date=September 2015 |title=Mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Andrology |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=809–816 |doi=10.1111/andr.12078 |pmid=26311339 |s2cid=39834287 |doi-access=free}}
</ref> When ''M. genitalium'' is a co-infectious agent risk associations are stronger and statistically significant.<ref name="LisRowhani-Rahbar2015">{{cite journal |last1=Lis |first1=R. |last2=Rowhani-Rahbar |first2=A. |last3=Manhart |first3=L. E. |year=2015 |title=''Mycoplasma genitalium'' Infection and Female Reproductive Tract Disease: A Meta-Analysis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=418–426 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ312 |issn=1058-4838 |pmid=25900174 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=1773/26479}}</ref>

[[Polymerase chain reaction]] analyses indicated that it is a cause of acute [[non-gonococcal urethritis]] (NGU) and probably chronic NGU. It is strongly associated with persistent and recurring non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), responsible for 15 percent to 20 percent of [[Symptomatic treatment|symptomatic]] NGU cases in men.<ref>Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE. Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis. Clin InfeAIDSct Dis. 2015;61(3):418-426</ref> Unlike other mycoplasmas, the infection is not associated with [[bacterial vaginosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor-Robinson |first1=D. |title=''Mycoplasma genitalium'' – an up-date |journal=International Journal of STD & AIDS |year=2002 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=145–151 |doi=10.1258/0956462021924776 |pmid=11860689 |s2cid=11458681}}</ref> It is highly associated with the intensity of HIV infection.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weinstein |first1=Scott A |last2=Stiles |first2=Bradley G |title=Recent perspectives in the diagnosis and evidence-based treatment of |journal=Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy |year=2013 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=487–499 |doi=10.1586/eri.12.20 |pmid=22512757 |s2cid=207218803}}</ref> Some scientists are performing research to determine if Mgen could play a role in the development of [[prostate cancer|prostate]] and [[ovarian cancer]]s and [[lymphomas]] in some individuals. These studies have yet to find conclusive evidence to suggest a link.<ref name="ZareiRezania2013">{{cite journal |last1=Zarei |first1=Omid |last2=Rezania |first2=Simin |last3=Mousavi |first3=Atefeh |title=''Mycoplasma genitalium'' and Cancer: A Brief Review |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention |volume=14 |issue=6 |year=2013 |pages=3425–3428 |issn=1513-7368 |doi=10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.6.3425 |pmid=23886122 |doi-access=free}}</ref>