Editing Music of India (section)

==History==
{{main | Music in ancient India }}
[[File:Dancing_girl.jpg|thumb|''[[Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)|Dancing Girl]]'' sculpture from the [[Indus Valley civilization]] (c. 4,500 years ago)]]
[[File:Nimbu Bhoj cave, harper.jpg|thumb|Nimbu Bhoj cave, [[Pachmarhi]], India, date uncertain, possibly 2nd millennium B.C. - 1st millennium B.C.<ref name="Dubey">{{Cite book |last=Dubey-Pathak |first=Meenakshi |title=Studien zur Musikarchäologie I. Saiteninstrumente im archäologischen Kontext |date=2000 |publisher=Verlag Marie Leidorf |editor-last=Ellen Hickmann |series=Orient-Archäologie, Band 6 (Orient Department of the ''German Archaeological Institute'', Berlin) |location=Rahden/Westphalia |pages=22–23, 29 |chapter=Musical Depictions in the Rock-Paintings of the Pachmarhi Hills in Central India |isbn=9783896466365 |quote=A painting in the Nimbu Bhoj shelter shows...the male figure is playing a string harp...Fig. 2 Harper and family... |editor-last2=Ricardo Eichmann |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/saiteninstrument0000ictm/page/20/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref><ref name="Meshk">{{Cite book |last=Meshkeris |first=Veronika |title=Studien zur Musikarchäologie I. Saiteninstrumente im archäologischen Kontext |date=2000 |publisher=Verlag Marie Leidorf |editor-last=Ellen Hickmann |series=Orient-Archäologie, Band 6 (Orient Department of the ''German Archaeological Institute'', Berlin) |location=Rahden/Westphalia |pages=74, 75, 83 |chapter=Musical Phenomena of Convergency in Eurasian Rock Art |isbn=9783896466365 |quote=plate VII, figures 5, 6 and 7... Then, in the late Bronze Age and Iron Age (2nd-1st mill. B.C.) the attention of the painters shifted from imaginary images to ritual participants...development of musical culture is confirmed by the appearance of different musical instruments...the bowed harp and hourglass drum (Plate VII, 5-7, India)... |editor-last2=Ricardo Eichmann |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/saiteninstrument0000ictm/page/82/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref> Bronze Age harper playing an [[arched harp]]. Digital drawing, recreating cave painting.]]

=== Pre-history ===
====Paleolithic====
The 30,000-year-old [[paleolithic]] and [[neolithic]] cave paintings at the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO world heritage site]] at [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] in Madhya Pradesh show a type of dance.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Dance in Indian Painting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC |year=1982|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-153-9|pages=12–19}}</ref> [[Mesolithic]] and [[chalcolithic]] cave art of [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|Bhimbetka]] illustrates musical instruments such as [[Gong]]s, [[Lyre|Bowed Lyre]], [[daf]] etc.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC&q=Varadpande|title=History of Indian Theatre|last=Varadpande|first=Manohar Laxman|date=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-8170172215|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Varadpande|first=Manohar Laxman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC&q=Varadpande|title=History of Indian Theatre|date=1987|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170172215|pages=55, illustration no 10|language=en}}</ref>

====Neolithic====
[[Chalcolithic]] era (4000 BCE onward) narrow bar shaped polished stone [[Celt (tool)|celts]] like music instruments, one of the earlier musical instrument in India, were excavated at [[Sankarjang]] in the [[Angul]] district of [[Odisha]].<ref>[http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-014.pdf]    {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029204543/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-014.pdf|date=29 October 2009}}</ref> There is historical evidence in the form of sculptural evidence, i.e. musical instruments, singing and dancing postures of damsels in the Ranigumpha Caves in [[Khandagiri]] and [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] at [[Bhubaneswar]].

==== Indus River Valley Civilization ====
[[Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)|Dancing Girl sculpture]] (2500 BCE) was found from the [[Indus Valley civilization]] (IVC) site.<ref name="national">{{cite web|title=Collections:Pre-History & Archaeology|publisher=National Museum, New Delhi|url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=44&id=1&lk=dp1|access-date=3 February 2014|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106145719/http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=44&id=1&lk=dp1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e--vDQAAQBAJ&q=aesthetics+of+the+dancing+girl+mohenjodaro&pg=PA34|title=Origin of Indians and their Spacetime|last=Nalapat|first=Suvarna|date=2013|publisher=D C Books|isbn=978-9381699188|language=en}}</ref><ref name="singh">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8131711200|page=162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=dancing+girl+harappa&pg=PA162|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="jane">{{cite book|last1=McIntosh|first1=Jane R.|title=The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1576079072|pages=281, 407|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=dancing+girl|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref> There are IVC-era paintings on pottery of a man with a [[dhol]] hanging from his neck and a woman holding a drum under her left arm.<ref name="shodh1">[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13634/8/08_chapter%202.pdf origin of Indian music and arts]. Shodhganga.</ref>

===Vedic and ancient era===
[[Vedas]] (c. 1500 – c. 800 BCE [[Vedic period]])<ref>see e.g. MacDonell 2004, pp 29–39; ''Sanskrit literature'' (2003) in Philip's Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-09</ref><ref>see e.g. Radhakrishnan and Moore, 1957,; Witzel, Michael, "Vedas and {{IAST|Upaniṣads}}", in: {{Harvnb|Flood|2003|p=68}}; MacDonell 2004, pp 29–39; ''Sanskrit literature'' (2003) in Philip's Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-09</ref><ref>Sanujit Ghose (2011). "[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/230/ Religious Developments in Ancient India]" in ''Ancient History Encyclopedia''.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin D. Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/37 37]–39}}</ref> document rituals with performing arts and play.<ref name="var1" />{{Sfn|Maurice Winternitz|2008|pp=181–182}} For example, [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] ({{circa}}800–700 BCE) has [[shloka|verses]] in chapter 13.2 written in the form of a play between two actors.<ref name="var1">ML Varadpande (1990), History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Abhinav, {{ISBN|978-8170172789}}, p. 48</ref> ''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]'' or ''taal'' is an ancient music concept traceable to [[Vedas|Vedic]] era texts of [[Hinduism]], such as the ''[[Samaveda]]'' and methods for singing the Vedic hymns.{{Sfn|Sorrell|Narayan|1980|pp=3–4}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|year=2012|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-61117-108-2|pages=63–64}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=William Alves|title=Music of the Peoples of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fkJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA266|year=2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-133-71230-5|page=266}}</ref> [[Smriti]] (500 BCE to 100 BCE ) post-vedic [[Hindu texts]]{{Sfn|Patrick Olivelle |1999 |pages=xxiii}}<ref>Jan Gonda (1970 through 1987), A History of Indian Literature, Volumes 1 to 7, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-447-02676-5}}</ref><ref>Teun Goudriaan and Sanjukta Gupta (1981), Hindu Tantric and Śākta Literature, A History of Indian Literature, Volume 2, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-447-02091-6}}, pp. 7–14</ref> include [[Valmiki]]'s [[Ramayana]] (500 BCE to 100 BCE) which mentions dance and music (dance by [[Apsara]]s such as [[Urvashi]], [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]], [[Menaka]], [[Tilottama]] [[Panchāpsaras]], and [[Ravana]]'s wives excelling in ''nrityageeta'' or "singing and dancing" and ''nritavaditra'' or "playing musical instruments"), music and singing by [[Gandharva]]s, several [[string instrument]]s ([[Veena|vina]], [[Santoor|tantri]], [[Rudra veena|bīn]], [[Vipanchi veena|vipanci]] and ''vallaki'' similar to ''veena''), [[wind instrument]]s ([[shankha]], [[venu]] and ''venugana'' – likely a mouth organ made by tying several flutes together), [[raga]] (including ''kaushika'' such as ''raag kaushik dhwani''), [[vocal register]]s (seven ''[[svara]]'' or ''sur'', ''ana'' or ''[[Shruti (music)|ekashurti]]'' drag note, ''murchana'' the [[Scale (music)|regulated rise and fall]] of voice in ''[[Matra (music)|matra]]'' and ''tripramana'' three-fold ''[[Tala (music)#Description|teen taal]]'' ''[[Tempo#Musical vocabulary|laya]]'' such as ''[[drut]]'' or quick, ''[[Madhya laya|madhya]]'' or middle, and ''[[vilambit]]'' or slow), poetry recitation in [[Bala Kanda]] and also in [[Uttara Kanda]] by [[Lava (Ramayana)|Luv]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] in ''[[Marga Sangeet|marga]]'' style.<ref name="rama1">Ananda W. P. Guruge, 1991, [https://archive.org/details/trent_0116402264364/page/180 <!-- quote=ramayana mentions musical instruments. --> The Society of the Ramayana], pp. 180–200.</ref> 
 
Starting from the earliest known work [[Tholkappiyam]] (500 BCE), there are several references to music and ''Panns'' in the ancient pre-Sangam and [[Sangam literature]] starting from the earliest known work [[Tholkappiyam]] (500 BCE). Among Sangam literature, ''[[Mathuraikkanci]]'' refers to women singing ''sevvazhi pann'' to invoke the mercy of God during childbirth. In ''[[Tolkappiyam]]'', the five [[Sangam landscape|landscapes]] of the Sangam literature had each an associated ''Pann'', each describing the mood of the song associated with that landscape. Among the numerous ''panns'' that find mention in the ancient Tamil literature are, ''Ambal Pann'', which is suitable to be played on the flute, ''sevvazhi pann'' on the ''Yazh'' (lute), ''Nottiram'' and ''Sevvazhi'' expressing pathos, the captivating ''Kurinji pann'' and the invigorating ''Murudappann''. [[Pann]]({{langx|ta|பண்}}) is the melodic mode used by the [[Tamil people]] in [[Ancient Tamil music|their music]] since the ancient times.  The ancient ''panns'' over centuries evolved first into a [[pentatonic]] scale and later into the seven note Carnatic [[Swara|Sargam]]. But from the earliest times, Tamil Music is [[heptatonic]] and known as Ezhisai (ஏழிசை).<ref>Adiyarkunallar's commentary to the ''Aychiyarkkuravai'', the seventh book of [[Cilappatikaram]] gives the number of Srutis and how they were allotted among Seven notes. {{Harvnb|Rowell|2000|pp=138–144}}</ref>

[[sanskrit]] saint-poet [[Jayadeva]], who was the great composer and illustrious master of classical music, shaped ''Odra-Magadhi'' style music and had great influence on [[Odissi music|Odissi Sangita]].<ref name="bare_url_a"/><ref name="orissatourism"/>

[[Sharngadeva|Śārṅgadeva]] composed [[Sangita-Ratnakara]], one of the most important [[Sanskrit]] musicological texts from India,<ref name="Bod2013p116">{{cite book|author=Rens Bod|title=A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=321oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-164294-4|page=116}}</ref><ref name="Nijenhuis1977p12">{{cite book|author=Emmie te Nijenhuis|title=Musicological literature, Volume 6, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkUIAQAAIAAJ|year= 1977|publisher =Harrassowitz|isbn=978-3-447-01831-9|pages=12, 33–34}}, Quote: "The largest work that has for a long time been the most important source of information on the ancient period, is the famous Samgitaratnakara written by Sarngadeva in the first half of the thirteenth century."</ref> which is regarded as the definitive text in both [[Hindustani music]] and [[Carnatic music]] traditions of [[Indian classical music]].<ref name="MasseyMassey1996">{{cite book|author1=Reginald Massey|author2=Jamila Massey|author2-link=Jamila Massey|title=The Music of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yySNDP9XVggC&pg=PA42|  year= 1996|publisher= Abhinav Publications|isbn= 978-81-7017-332-8|pages=42–43}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rens Bod|title=A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=321oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116| year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-164294-4|page=116}}</ref>

[[Assamese people|Assamese]] poet [[Madhava Kandali]], writer of [[Saptakanda Ramayana]], lists several instruments in his version of ''"Ramayana"'', such as [[Pakhavaj|mardala]], khumuchi, bhemachi, dagar, gratal, ramtal, [[tabla|tabal]], [[anklet|jhajhar]], jinjiri, bheri mahari, [[Tokari geet|tokari]], dosari, [[kendara]], [[dotara]], [[Veena|vina]], [[Rudra veena|rudra-vipanchi]], etc. (meaning that these instruments existed since his time in the 14th century or earlier).<ref name="mus1">Suresh Kant Sharma and Usha Sharma, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ffe4dMu4p_gC&dq=ramayana+mentions+musical+instruments&pg=PA288 Discovery of North-East India], p. 288.</ref> The Indian system of [[Musical notation|notation]] is perhaps the world's oldest and most elaborate.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gaurishankar Hirachand | last=Ojha |title=Madhya Kalin Bharatiya Sanskriti}} pp. 193–194.</ref>

===Medieval era===
In the early 14th century under the [[Khiljis]], there were concerts and competitions between Hindustani and Carnatic musicians.<ref>Beale, T.W., [[An Oriental Biographical Dictionary]], p. 145</ref>

From the 16th century onwards, treatises written on music<ref name="bare_url_a"/><ref name="orissatourism"/> were [[Arts of Odisha#Music|Sangitamava Chandrika, Gita Prakasha, Sangita Kalalata and Natya Manorama]].

===Twentieth century===
In the early 1960s [[Jazz]] pioneers such as [[John Coltrane]] and [[George Harrison]] collaborated with Indian instrumentalists and started to use Indian instruments such as [[sitar]] in their songs. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, [[rock and roll]] fusions with Indian music were well known throughout [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. In the late 1980s, Indian-British artists fused Indian and Western traditions to make the [[Asian Underground]]. In the [[new millennium]], American [[hip hop music|hip-hop]] has featured Indian filmi and bhangra. [[wikt:mainstream|Mainstream]] [[hip-hop]] artists have sampled songs from [[Bollywood movies]] and have collaborated with [[List of Indian artists|Indian artists]], such as [[Timbaland]]'s "Indian Flute"

In 2010, [[Laura Marling]] and [[Mumford & Sons]] collaborated with the Dharohar Project.<ref name=dharo1/>