Editing Munich (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Munich}}
{{for timeline|Timeline of Munich}}
[[File:Großes Stadtwappen München.svg|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Munich]]]]
[[File:Solang der alte Peter - Volksweise - Tegernseer Ländler - Kapelle Moar Jr. (1929).ogg|thumb|The unofficial city anthem of Munich, recorded in 1929]]

===Etymology===
Munch was a tiny 12th-century [[friar]] settlement, which was named ''zu den Munchen'' ("to the monks"). The Old High German ''Munche'' served as the bass for the modern German city name ''München''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780192602541}}</ref>

===Prehistory===
The river [[Isar]] was a prehistoric [[trade route]] and in the [[Bronze Age]] Munich was among the largest [[raft|raft port]]s in Europe.<ref name="Bernan Associates UNESCO">{{cite book |title=River Culture: Life as a dance to the rhythm of the waters |publisher=Bernan Associates UNESCO |year=2023 |page=616 |isbn=9789231005404}}</ref> Bronze Age settlements up to four millennia old have been discovered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/landkreismuenchen/feldkirchen-bauma-ausgabrung-1.5643281 |title=Feldkirchen: Bronzezeit-Funde auf dem Bauma-Parkplatz |date=23 August 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327202314/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/landkreismuenchen/feldkirchen-bauma-ausgabrung-1.5643281 |url-status=live}}</ref> Evidence of [[Celt]]ic settlements from the [[Iron Age]] have been discovered in areas around [[Ramersdorf-Perlach]].<ref>Klaus Schwarz: Atlas der spätkeltischen Viereckschanzen Bayerns – Pläne und Karten. München, 1959</ref>

===Roman period===
The ancient Roman road Via Julia, which connected [[Augsburg]] and [[Salzburg]], crossed over the Isar south of Munich, at the towns of [[Baierbrunn]] and [[Gauting]].<ref>Wolfgang Krämer: Geschichte der Gemeinde Gauting einschließlich der Hofmarken Fußberg und Königswiesen nebst Grubmühle, Reismühle und Gemeinde Stockdorf sowie der Schwaigen Kreuzing und Pentenried. Selbstverlag der Gemeinde Gauting, 1949.</ref> A Roman settlement north-east of Munich was excavated in the neighborhood of [[Denning (Munich)|Denning]].<ref>Willibald Karl (Hrsg.): Dörfer auf dem Ziegelland. Daglfing-Denning-Englschalking-Johanneskirchen-Zamdorf. Buchendorfer, München 2002, {{ISBN|978-3-934036-90-1}}.</ref>

===Post-Roman settlements===
Starting in the 6th century, the [[Baiuvarii]] populated the area around what is now modern Munich, such as in Johanneskirchen, Feldmoching, Bogenhausen and Pasing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/muenchen/stadtviertel/sensationsfund-die-ueberreste-der-ersten-pasinger-art-536059 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/https://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/muenchen/stadtviertel/sensationsfund-die-ueberreste-der-ersten-pasinger-art-536059 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |title=Sensationsfund: Die Überreste der ersten Pasinger |date=17 June 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeologie-muenchen.de/de/archaeologie-in-muenchen/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/http://www.archaeologie-muenchen.de/de/archaeologie-in-muenchen/ |archive-date=21 October 2021 |title=Archäologie in München – Archäologische Staatssammlung München}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The first known Christian church was built ca. 815 in Fröttmanning.<ref>Bernd Meier, Ludwig Maile: Heilig Kreuz Fröttmaning 815–1990. Kirchenverwaltung und Pfarrgemeinderat St. Albert, München 1990, S. 13–15.</ref>

===Origin of medieval town===

[[File:Stadtansicht 1572.jpg|thumb|left|Munich in the 16th century]]
[[File:Muenchen merian.jpg|thumb|left|Plan of Munich in 1642]]
The first medieval bridges across the river Isar were located in current city areas of Munich and [[Landshut]].<ref name="Bernan Associates UNESCO"/> The Duke of Saxony and Bavaria [[Henry the Lion]] founded the town of Munich in his territory to control the [[salt trade]], after having burned down the town of Föhring and its bridges over the Isar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Don't Call It Sprawl: Metropolitan Structure in the 21st Century |author1= William T. Bogart  |publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=2006| isbn= 9781139458719| page=161}}</ref> Historians date this event at about 1158.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth |author1=  John Freed  |publisher= Yale University Press | year=2016| isbn= 9780300221169| page=167}}</ref> The layout of Munich city, with five city gates and market place, resembled that of [[Höxter]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth |author1=  John Freed  |publisher= Yale University Press | year=2016| isbn= 9780300221169| page=168}}</ref>

Henry built a new toll bridge, customs house and a coin market closer to his home somewhat upstream at a settlement around the area of modern old town Munich. This new toll bridge most likely crossed the Isar where the Museuminsel and the modern Ludwigsbrücke is now located.<ref>Peter Klimesch: Münchner Isarinseln – Geschichte, Gegenwart und Zukunft. (Zum nördlichen Teil der Museumsinsel mit dem Vater-Rhein-Brunnen.) In: Ralf Sartori (Hrsg.): Die neue Isar, Band 4. München 2012. {{ISBN|978-3-86520-447-9}}.</ref>

[[Otto of Freising]] protested to his nephew, [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick Barbarosa]] (d. 1190). However, on 14 June 1158, in [[Augsburg]], the conflict was settled in favor of Duke Henry. The ''[[Augsburg Arbitration]]'' mentions the name of the location in dispute as ''forum apud Munichen''. Although Bishop Otto had lost his bridge, the arbiters ordered Duke Henry to pay a third of his income to the Bishop in Freising as compensation.<ref>Wolf-Armin Freiherr von Reitzenstein (2006), "München", Lexikon bayerischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. Oberbayern, Niederbayern, Oberpfalz (in German), München: C. H. Beck, p. 171, {{ISBN|978-3-406-55206-9}}
</ref><ref>Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch. Hrsg. von Manfred Niemeyer. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2012, S. 420.
</ref><ref>Fritz Lutz: Oberföhring. Zur 75-Jahrfeier der Eingemeindung Oberföhrings. Buchendorf: Buchendorfer Verlag 1988.</ref>

The 14th June 1158 is considered the official founding day of the city of Munich. Archaeological excavations at Marienhof Square (near [[Marienplatz]]) in advance of the expansion of the S-Bahn (subway) in 2012 discovered shards of vessels from the 11th century, which prove again that the settlement of Munich must be older than the Augsburg Arbitration of 1158.<ref>Archaeological Showcase at the Münchner Stadtmuseum: Discoveries from the Marienhof excavations (2011/2012). 7 November 2021.</ref><ref>Ausgrabungen und Dokumentation – Vergangenheit aus dem Boden. Zweite Stammstrecke München. Deutsche Bahn Website, 5 May 2021</ref> The old [[St. Peter's Church, Munich|St. Peter's Church]] near Marienplatz is also believed to predate the founding date of the town.<ref>Christian Behrer: Das Unterirdische München. Stadtkernarchäologie in der bayerischen Landeshauptstadt. Buchendorfer Verlag, München 2001, {{ISBN|3-934036-40-6}}, Kap. 4.2.1: St. Peter, S. 61–83.</ref>

In 1175, Munich received city status and fortification. In 1180, after Henry the Lion's fall from grace with Emperor Frederick Barbarosa, including his trial and exile, [[Otto I of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto I Wittelsbach]] became Duke of Bavaria, and Munich was handed to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|Bishop of Freising]]. In 1240, Munich was transferred to [[Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto II Wittelsbach]] and in 1255, when the [[Duchy of Bavaria]] was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of [[Upper Bavaria]].

Duke [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]], a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income.

On 13 February 1327, a large fire broke out in Munich that lasted two days and destroyed about a third of the town.<ref>Bayerischer Architekten- und Ingenieurverein (Hrsg.): München und seine Bauten. BoD – Books on Demand, 2012, S. 48/49</ref>

In 1349, the [[Black Death]] ravaged Munich and Bavaria.<ref>Wie die Pest die Münchner dahinraffte – Süddeutsche Zeitung (12. Dezember 2018), 13 December 2018</ref>

The growth of Munich was supplemented by its location on top of a gravel bed, where the Isar branched into [[Munich City Streams]], which in turn provided power for many mills and industries within Munich.

In the 15th century, Munich underwent a revival of [[Gothic art]]s: the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest [[gothic architecture|Gothic]] church – the [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] – now a cathedral, was constructed in only 20 years, starting in 1468.

===Capital of reunited Bavaria===
[[File:Antiquarium, Münchner Residenz.jpg|thumbnail|280px|right|The Renaissance ''Antiquarium'' of the Residenz]]
When Bavaria was reunited in 1506 after a brief [[War of the Succession of Landshut|war]] against the Duchy of [[Bavaria-Landshut|Landshut]], Munich became its capital. The arts and politics became increasingly influenced by the court.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} The [[Renaissance]] movement beset Munich and the Bavarian branch of the [[House of Wittelsbach]] under Duke [[Albert V, Duke of Bavaria|Albrecht V]] who bolstered their prestige by conjuring up a lineage that reached back to [[classical antiquity]]. In 1568 Albrecht V built the Antiquarium to house the [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen|Wittelsbach collection of Greek and Roman antiquities]] in the [[Residenz, Munich|Munich Residenz]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=88}}</ref> Albrecht V appointed the composer [[Orlando di Lasso]] as director of the court orchestra and tempted numerous Italian musicians to work at the Munich court, establishing Munich as a hub for late [[Renaissance music]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=90}}</ref> During the rule of [[William V, Duke of Bavaria|Duke William V]] Munich began to be called the "German Rome" and William V began presenting Emperor [[Charlemagne]] as ancestor of the Wittelsbach dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=88}}</ref>

Duke William V further cemented the Wittelsbach rule by commissioning the [[Jesuit]] [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|Michaelskirche]]. He had the sermons of his Jesuit court preacher [[Jeremias Drexel]] translated from Latin into German and published them to a greater audience.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=92}}</ref> William V was addressed with the epithet "the Pious" and like his contemporary Wittelsbach dukes promoted himself as "father of the land" (''Landesvater''), encouraged pilgrimages and [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Marian devotions]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=101}}</ref> William V had the [[Hofbräuhaus]] built in 1589. It would become the prototype for [[beer hall]]s across Munich. After [[World War II]] the Residenze, the Hofbräuhaus, the [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]], and the [[St. Peter's Church, Munich|Peterskirche]] were reconstructed to look exactly as they did before the [[Nazi Party]] seized power in 1933.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Landscape, Tourism, and Meaning |author1=Charles E. Greer |author2=Daniel C. Knudsen |author3=Michelle M. Metro-Roland |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=9781317108139 |page=69}}</ref>

[[File:Marcktzumuenchen.png|thumb|right|[[Marienplatz]], Munich, about 1650]]
[[File:Mun flags frauenkirche.jpg|thumb|upright|Banners with the colours of Munich (left) and Bavaria (right) with the [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] in the background]]
The [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]] was founded in Munich in 1609. In 1623, during the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648), Munich became an electoral residence when Duke [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian I]] was invested with the [[prince-elector|electoral dignity]], but in 1632 the city was occupied by King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Manual of Dates |date = 1877 |edition=5th |chapter= Munich |author=George Henry Townsend |publisher=Frederick Warne & Co. |hdl = 2027/wu.89097349427?urlappend=%3Bseq=667 |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89097349427?urlappend=%3Bseq=667 |via=HathiTrust}}</ref>

In 1634 Swedish and Spanish troops advanced on Munich. Maximilian I published a plague ordinance to halt an epidemic escalation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coping with Life During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) |author1=  Sigrun Haude  |publisher=  Brill| year=2021| isbn= 9789004467385| page=104}}</ref> The [[bubonic plague]] nevertheless ravaged Munich and the surrounding countryside in 1634 and 1635.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coping with Life During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) |author1=  Sigrun Haude  |publisher=  Brill| year=2021| isbn= 9789004467385| page=105}}</ref> During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) troops again converged on Munich in 1647 and precautions were taken, so as to avoid another epidemic.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coping with Life During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) |author1=  Sigrun Haude  |publisher=  Brill| year=2021| isbn= 9789004467385| pages=108–109}}</ref>

Under the regency of the Bavarian electors, Munich was an important centre of [[Baroque]] life, but also had to suffer under [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] occupations in 1704 and 1742.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} When Elector [[Maximilian III Joseph]] died in 1745, the succession empowered the [[Count palatine|Palatinate]] branch within the [[House of Wittelsbach]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 Volumes] |author1=Brian A. Pavlac | author2= Elizabeth S. Lott |publisher= ABC-CLIO| year=2019| isbn=9781440848568| page=85}}</ref>

In 1777 Bavarian lands were inherited by [[Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria|Karl Theodor]]. The new duke was disliked by the citizens of Munich for his supposedly enlightened ideas. In 1785 Karl Theodor invited Count Rumford [[Benjamin Thompson]] to take up residency in Munich and implement stringent social reforms. The poor were forced to live in newly built [[workhouses]]. The Bavarian army was restructured, with common soldiers receiving better food and reassurances that they would be treated humanely by officers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 |author1=  Yair Mintzker  |publisher=  Cambridge University Press| year=2012| isbn=9781108577755| page=113}}</ref> Munich was the largest German city to lose [[fortification]] in the 1790s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 |author1=  Yair Mintzker  |publisher=  Cambridge University Press| year=2012| isbn=9781108577755| page=106}}</ref> In 1791 Karl Theodor and Count Rumford started to demolish Munich's fortifications.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 |author1=  Yair Mintzker  |publisher=  Cambridge University Press| year=2012| isbn=9781108577755| page=112}}</ref> After 1793 Munich's citizens, including house servants, carpenters, butchers, merchants, and court officials, seized the opportunity, building new houses, stalls, and sheds outside the city walls.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 |author1=  Yair Mintzker  |publisher=  Cambridge University Press| year=2012| isbn=9781108577755| page=113}}</ref>

After making an alliance with Napoleonic France, the city became the capital of the new [[Kingdom of Bavaria]] in 1806 with Elector [[Maximillian IV Joseph]] becoming its first king. The state parliament (the ''[[Landtag]]'') and the new [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|archdiocese of Munich and Freising]] were also located in the city.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

The establishment of Bavarian state sovereignty profoundly affected Munich. Munich became the center of a modernizing kingdom, and one of the king's first acts was the [[secularization]] of Bavaria. He had dissolved all [[monasteries]] in 1802 and once crowned, Maximilian Joseph generated state revenues by selling off church lands. While many monasteries were reestablished, Maximilian Joseph I succeeded in controlling the right to brew beer (''Braurecht''). The king handed the brewing monopoly to Munich's wealthiest brewers, who in turn paid substantial taxes on their beer production. In 1807 the king abolished all ordinances that limited the number of apprentices and [[journeymen]] a brewery could employ. Munich's population had swelled and Munich brewers were now free to employ as many workers as they needed to meet the demand.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500 |author1=Alexander Cowan |author2=Jill Steward |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9781409479604 |pages=136–137}}</ref> In October 1810 a beer festival was held on the meadows just outside Munich to commemorate the wedding of the crown prince and princess [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]. The parades in regional dress (''Tracht'') represented the diversity of the kingdom. The fields are now part of the [[Theresienwiese]] and the celebrations developed into Munich's annual [[Oktoberfest]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Regional Dress: Between Tradition and Modernity |author1=Sara Hume |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2022 |isbn=9781350147997 |pages=169–170}}</ref>

The Bavarian state proceeded to take control over the beer market, by regulating all taxes on beer in 1806 and 1811. Brewers and the beer taverns (''Wirtshäuser'') were taxed, and the state also controlled the quality of beer while limiting the [[Competition (economics)|competition]] among breweries.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500 |author1=Alexander Cowan |author2=Jill Steward |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9781409479604 |page=140}}</ref> In 1831 the king's government introduced a cost-of-living allowance on beer for lower-ranking civil servants and soldiers. Soldiers stationed in Munich were granted a daily allowance for beer in the early 1840s.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500 |author1=Alexander Cowan |author2=Jill Steward |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9781409479604 |page=149}}</ref> By the 1850s beer had become essential [[staple food]] for Munich's working and lower classes. Since the Middle Ages beer had been regarded as nutritious ''liquid bread'' (''fließendes Brot'') in Bavaria. But Munich suffered from poor [[Sanitation|water sanitation]] and as early as the 1700s beer came to be regarded as the ''fifth element''. Beer was essential in maintaining [[public health]] in Munich and in the mid-1840s Munich police estimated that at least 40,000 residents relied primarily on beer for their nutrition.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500 |author1=Alexander Cowan |author2=Jill Steward |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9781409479604 |pages=143–144}}</ref>

[[File:Justizpalast Munich.jpg|thumb|The [[Justizpalast (Munich)|Palace of Justice]] in Baroque Revival style]]
In 1832 [[Peter von Hess]] painted the [[Greek War of Independence]] at the order of King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]]. Ludwig I had the [[Königsplatz, Munich|Königsplatz]] built in neoclassicism as a matter of ideological choice. [[Leo von Klenze]] supervised the construction of a [[Propylaea_(Munich) |Propylaea]] between 1854 and 1862.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Historical Memory in Greece, 1821–1930: Performing the Past in the Present |author1=Christina Koulouri |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2022 |isbn=9781000638653|pages=}}</ref>

During the early to mid-19th century, the old fortified city walls of Munich were largely demolished due to population expansion.<ref>Brigitte Huber: Mauern, Tore Bastionen. München und seine Befestigungen. Hrsg.: Historischer Verein von Oberbayern. Volk Verlag, München 2015, {{ISBN|978-3-86222-182-0}}</ref> The first Munich railway station was built in 1839, with a line going to [[Augsburg]] in the west. By 1849 a newer Munich Central Train Station ([[München Hauptbahnhof]]) was completed, with a line going to [[Landshut]] and [[Regensburg]] in the north.<ref>Bernhard Ücker: Die bayrische Eisenbahn 1835–1920. Süddeutscher Verlag, München, {{ISBN|3-7991-6255-0}}</ref><ref>Siegfried Bufe: Hauptbahn München–Regensburg. Bufe Fachbuchverlag, Egglham 1997, {{ISBN|3-922138-61-6}}.</ref> In 1825 [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]] had ascended to the throne and commissioned leading architects such as [[Leo von Klenze]] to design a series of public museums in [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style. The grand building projects of Ludwig I gave Munich the endearment "Isar-Athen" and "Monaco di Bavaria".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |pages=6–7}}</ref> Between 1856 and 1861 the court gardener [[Carl von Effner]] landscaped the banks of the river [[Isar]] and established the ''Maximilian Gardens''. From 1848 the ''[[Münchner Neueste Nachrichten]]'' was published as a regional newspaper in Munich. In 1857 the construction of the [[Maximilianeum]] was begun.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Thinking the Contemporary Landscape |author1= Christophe Girot | author2= Dora Imhof |publisher= Princeton Architectural Press |year=2016 |isbn= 9781616895594 |pages=56}}</ref>

By the time [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]] became king in 1864, he remained mostly aloof from his capital and focused more on his fanciful castles in the Bavarian countryside, which is why he is known the world over as the 'fairytale king'. Ludwig II tried to lure [[Richard Wagner]] to Munich, but his plans for an opera house were declined by the city council. Ludwig II nevertheless generated a windfall for Munich's craft and construction industries. In 1876 Munich hosted the first German Art and Industry Exhibition, which showcased the northern [[Neo-Renaissance]] fashion that came to be the [[German Empire]]'s predominant style. Munich based artists put on the German National Applied Arts Exhibition in 1888, showcasing [[Baroque Revival architecture]] and [[Rococo Revival]] designs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=8}}</ref>
[[File:München Jugendstil 1.jpg|thumb|right|Jugendstil style house at Leopoldstr. 77, [[Münchner Freiheit]]]]

In 1900 [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] moved to Munich, where he was appointed as a professor of physics. In 1901 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth of Radiology |author1= Gerd Rosenbusch | author2= Annemarie de Knecht-van Eekelen | publisher= Springer International Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=9783319976617 |page=115}}</ref>

The Prince Regent [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria|Luitpold]]'s reign from 1886 to 1912 was marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=9}}</ref> At the dawn of the 20th century Munich was an epicenter for the [[Jugendstil]] movement, combining a liberal magazine culture with progressive [[industrial design]] and architecture. The German art movement took its name from the Munich magazine ''Die Jugend'' (''The Youth'').<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=11}}</ref> Prominent Munich Jugendstil artists include [[Hans Eduard von Berlepsch-Valendas]], [[Otto Eckmann]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=12}}</ref> [[Margarethe von Brauchitsch]], [[August Endell]], [[Hermann Obrist]], [[Wilhelm von Debschitz]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=15}}</ref> and [[Richard Riemerschmid]]. In 1905 two large department stores opened in Munich, the Kaufhaus Oberpollinger and the [[Hermann Tietz|Warenhaus Hermann Tietz]], both having been designed by the architect [[Max Littmann]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=25}}</ref> In 1911 the [[expressionist]] group [[Der Blaue Reiter]] was established in Munich. Its founding members include [[Gabriele Münter]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=German Cities and Bourgeois Modernism, 1890-1924 |author1=Maiken Umbach |publisher=BOUP Oxford |year=2009 |isbn=9780199557394 |page=120}}</ref>

===World War I to World War II===
Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the [[Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)|Allied blockade of Germany]] led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In 1916, the 'Bayerische Motoren Werke' ([[BMW]]) produced its first [[aircraft engine]] in Munich.<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Business Strategy |author1= Alain Verbeke  |publisher= Vahlen |year=2014 |isbn=9783800648702 |pages=02}}</ref> The public limited company BMW AG was founded in 1918, with [[Camillo Castiglioni]] owning one third of the share capital. In 1922 BMW relocated its headquarters to a factory in Munich.<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Business Strategy |author1= Alain Verbeke  |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107355279 |pages=237}}</ref>

After World War I, the city was at the centre of substantial political unrest. In November 1918, on the eve of the German revolution, [[Ludwig III of Bavaria]] and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican [[List of Ministers-President of Bavaria|premier of Bavaria]] [[Kurt Eisner]] in February 1919 by [[Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley]], the [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]] was proclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the Murder of Eisner to the "Räterepublik Baiern" (Soviet Republic of Bavaria) {{!}} bavarikon |url=https://www.bavarikon.de/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=www.bavarikon.de |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408162236/https://www.bavarikon.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The November 1918 revolution ended the reign of the Wittelsbach in Bavaria.<ref name="City Halls and Civic Materialism">{{Cite book |title=City Halls and Civic Materialism |author1=Jeremy White | author2= Swati Chattopadhyay |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year=2010 |isbn=9781317802280 |pages=85}}</ref> In ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] described his political activism in Munich after November 1918 as the "Beginning of My Political Activity". Hitler called the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic "the rule of the Jews".<ref>{{Cite book |title=In Hitler's Munich: Jews, the Revolution, and the Rise of Nazism |author=Michael Brenner |publisher= Princeton University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9780691191034 |pages=3}}</ref> In 1919 [[Bavaria Film]] was founded and in the 1920s Munich offered film makers an alternative to Germany's largest film studio, [[Babelsberg Studio]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The A to Z of German Cinema |author1=Robert C. Reimer | author2= Carol J. Reimer |publisher= Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781461731863 |pages=51}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 119-1486, Hitler-Putsch, München, Marienplatz.jpg|thumb|Unrest during the [[Beer Hall Putsch]]]]
In 1923 [[Gustav von Kahr]] was appointed Bavarian prime minister and immediately planned for the expulsion of all Jews who did not hold German citizenship. Chief of Police [[Ernst Pöhner]] and [[Wilhelm Frick]] openly indulged in antisemitism, while Bavarian judges praised people on the political right as patriotic for their crimes and handed down mild sentences.<ref>{{Cite book |title=In Hitler's Munich: Jews, the Revolution, and the Rise of Nazism |author1= Michael Brenner |publisher=  Princeton University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9780691191034 |pages=23}}</ref> In 1923, Adolf Hitler and his supporters, who were concentrated in Munich, staged the [[Beer Hall Putsch]], an attempt to overthrow the [[Weimar Republic]] and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the [[Nazi Party]] (NSDAP).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Wexler |first2=Ellen |title=Before He Rose to Power, Adolf Hitler Staged a Coup and Went to Prison |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/adolf-hitler-coup-prison-beer-hall-putsch-180983207/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120005731/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/adolf-hitler-coup-prison-beer-hall-putsch-180983207/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Munich was chosen as capital for the [[Free State of Bavaria]] and acquired increased responsibility for administering the city itself and the surrounding districts. Offices needed to be built for bureaucracy, so a 12-story office building was erected in the southern part of the historic city centre in the late 1920s.<ref name="City Halls and Civic Materialism"/>

Munich again became important to the Nazis when they took power in Germany in 1933. The party created its first [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration camp]] at [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]], {{cvt|16|km|0|abbr=off}} north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the ''Hauptstadt der Bewegung'' ("Capital of the Movement").<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2007 |title=NS-Wiege: "Hauptstadt der Bewegung" |url=https://www.br.de/themen/bayern/inhalt/geschichte/muenchen-stadtportraet-hauptstadt-der-bewegung100.html |publisher=Bayerischer Rundfunk |access-date=23 November 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123114838/https://www.br.de/themen/bayern/inhalt/geschichte/muenchen-stadtportraet-hauptstadt-der-bewegung100.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The NSDAP headquarters and the documentation apparatus for controlling all aspects of life were located in Munich. Nazi organizations, such as the [[National Socialist Women's League]] and the [[Gestapo]], had their offices along [[Brienner Straße (Munich)|Brienner Straße]] and around the [[Königsplatz, Munich|Königsplatz]]. The party acquired 68 buildings in the area and many ''Führerbauten'' ("''Führer'' buildings") were built to reflect a new aesthetic of power.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hitler's Munich: The Capital of the Nazi Movement |author=David Ian Hall |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |year=2021 |isbn=9781526704955 |pages=176}}</ref> Construction work for the [[Führerbau]] and the party headquarters (known as the [[Brown House, Munich|Brown House]]) started in September 1933.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hitler's Munich: The Capital of the Nazi Movement |author=David Ian Hall |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |year=2021 |isbn=9781526704955 |pages=178}}</ref> The ''[[Haus der Kunst]]'' (House of German Art) was the first building to be commissioned by Hitler. The architect [[Paul Troost]] was asked to start work shortly after the Nazis had seized power because "the most German of all German cities" was left with no exhibition building when in 1931 the [[Glaspalast (Munich)|Glass Palace]] was destroyed in an arson attack.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hitler's Munich: The Capital of the Nazi Movement |author=David Ian Hall |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |year=2021 |isbn=9781526704955 |pages=177}}</ref> The ''Red Terror'' that supposedly preceded Nazi control in Munich was detailed in Nazi publications; seminal accounts are that of Rudolf Schricker ''Rotmord über München'' published in 1934, and ''Die Blutchronik des Marxismus in Deutschland'' by Adolf Ehrt and Hans Roden.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Dachau and the SS: A Schooling in Violence |author= Christopher Dillon  |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2016 |isbn=9780192513342 |pages=}}</ref>

In 1930 ''Feinkost Käfer'' was founded in Munich, the ''Käfer'' catering business is now a world leading party service.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Case Studies on Food Experiences in Marketing, Retail, and Events | editor1= Adrienne Steffen | editor2= Susanne Doppler  |publisher=Elsevier Science |year=2020 |isbn=9780128177938 |pages=137}}</ref>

The city was the site where the 1938 [[Munich Agreement]] signed between the United Kingdom and the [[Third French Republic]] with [[Nazi Germany]] as part of the Franco-British policy of [[appeasement]]. The British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] assented to the German annexation of [[Czechoslovakia]]'s [[Sudetenland]] in the hopes of satisfying Hitler's territorial expansion.<ref>Cole, Robert A. "Appeasing Hitler: The Munich Crisis of 1938: A Teaching and Learning Resource," New England Journal of History (2010) 66#2 pp 1–30</ref>

The [[Munich-Riem Airport]] was completed in October 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2018 |title=Online archive of the old Munich-Riem Airport |url=https://flughafen-muenchen-riem.de/en/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Flughafen München |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120005732/https://flughafen-muenchen-riem.de/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 8 November 1939, shortly after the Second World War had begun, [[Georg Elser]] planted a bomb in the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich in an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, who held a political party speech. Hitler, however, had left the building minutes before the bomb went off.<ref>Moorhouse, Roger, Killing Hitler: The Third Reich and the Plots against the Führer. Jonathan Cape, 2006, pp. 36–58. {{ISBN|0-224-07121-1}}</ref> By mid 1942 the majority of Jews living in Munich and the suburbs had been deported.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Germans and the Holocaust |author1=Alan E. Steinweis |author2= Susanna Schrafstetter |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2015 |isbn=9781782389538|pages=113}}</ref>

[[File:Muenchen-Allach Dachau sub-camp 1945-04-30 Nr 18145 ushmm.jpg|thumb|Liberated survivors of the [[Munich-Allach concentration camp]] greet arriving U.S. troops, 30 April 1945]]
During the war, Munich was the location of multiple [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camps, including two ''Polenlager'' camps for [[Polish people|Polish]] youth,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000361|title=Außenkommando "Polenlager Ost" des Jugendgefängnisses München-Stadelheim|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=24 October 2023|language=de|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725120523/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000361|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000363|title=Außenkommando "Polenlager Süd" des Jugendgefängnisses München-Stadelheim|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=24 October 2023|language=de|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328231718/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000363|url-status=live}}</ref> and 40 subcamps of the [[Dachau concentration camp]], in which men and women of various nationalities were held.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html|title=Anlage zu § 1. Verzeichnis der Konzentrationslager und ihrer Außenkommandos gemäß § 42 Abs. 2 BEG|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423004151/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html|language=de|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=23 April 2009}}</ref> With up to 17,000 prisoners in 1945, the largest subcamp of Dachau was the [[Munich-Allach concentration camp]].

Munich was the base of the [[White Rose]], a student [[resistance movement]]. The group had distributed leaflets in several cities and following the 1943 [[Battle of Stalingrad]] members of the group [[stencil]]ed slogans such as "Down with Hitler" and "Hitler the Mass Murderer" on public buildings in Munich. The core members were arrested and executed after [[Sophie Scholl]] and her brother [[Hans Scholl]] were caught distributing leaflets on [[Munich University]] campus calling upon the youth to rise against Hitler.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Hitler Years: Disaster, 1940–1945 |author=Frank McDonough |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |year=2021 |isbn=9781250275134 |pages=}}</ref>

The city was heavily damaged by the [[bombing of Munich in World War II]], with 71 air raids over five years. US troops captured Munich on 30 April 1945.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/liberation-of-munich-april-30-1945 Liberation of Munich April 30, 1945 (Video)]</ref>

===Postwar===
In the aftermath of World War II, Germany and Japan were subject to [[US Military]] occupation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Japan and Germany Under the U.S. Occupation |author1= Masako Shibata  |publisher= Lexington Books| year=2005| isbn=9780739111499| page=1}}</ref> Due to Polish annexation of the [[Former eastern territories of Germany]] and [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|expulsion of Germans from all over Eastern Europe]], Munich operated over a thousand refugee camps for 151,113 people in October 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_und_Vertriebene|series=historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de|access-date=25 November 2023|title=Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene|author=Walter Ziegler|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125122609/https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_und_Vertriebene|url-status=live}}</ref> After US occupation Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous plan, which preserved its pre-war street grid, bar a few exceptions owing to then-modern traffic concepts. In 1957, Munich's population surpassed one million. The city continued to play a highly significant role in the [[West Germany|German]] economy, politics and culture, giving rise to its nickname ''Heimliche Hauptstadt'' ("secret capital") in the decades after World War II.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosenfeld |first=Gavriel D. |title=Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |isbn=0520219104 |location=Berkeley |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref> In Munich, the [[Bayerischer Rundfunk]] began its first television broadcast in 1954.<ref>Das Fernsehen kommt – 1953 bis 1969" (in German). BR. Retrieved 22 July 2017.</ref>

The [[Free State of Bavaria]] used the [[arms industry]] as kernel for its [[high tech]] development policy.<ref name="Making Competitive Cities">{{Cite book |title=Making Competitive Cities |editor1=Alan Murie | editor2= Sako Musterd |publisher=Wiley |year=2011 |isbn=9781444390421 |page=}}</ref> Since 1963, Munich has been hosting the [[Munich Security Conference]], held annually in the [[Hotel Bayerischer Hof, Munich|Hotel Bayerischer Hof]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Use of Force for State Power: History and Future |author1=Michael Warner |author2=John Childress |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=9783030454104 |page=223}}</ref> Munich also became known on the political level due to the strong influence of Bavarian politician [[Franz Josef Strauss]] from the 1960s to the 1980s. The [[Munich Airport]], which commenced operations in 1992, was named in his honor.<ref>Peter Siebenmorgen: Franz Josef Strauß, Ein Leben im Übermaß. Siedler, München 2015, {{ISBN|978-3-8275-0080-9}}.</ref>

In the early 1960s [[Dieter Kunzelmann]] was expelled from the [[Situationist International]] and founded an influential group called ''Subversive Aktion'' in Munich. Kunzelmann was also active in West Berlin, and became known for using situationist avant-garde as a cover for political violence.<ref>{{Cite book |title=After the Red Army Faction: Gender, Culture, and Militancy |author1=Charity Scribner  |publisher= Columbia University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780231538299 |page=65}}</ref>

[[Image:Villa Olímpica, Múnich, Alemania 2012-04-28, DD 01.JPG|thumb|right|A view from the Olympic Tower ([[Olympiaturm]]) of the adjacent [[Olympic Village, Munich|Olympic Village]]]]
Munich hosted the [[1972 Summer Olympics]]. After winning the bid in 1966 the [[Mayor of Munich]] [[Hans-Jochen Vogel]] accelerated the construction of the [[Munich U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] subway and the [[Munich S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] metropolitan commuter railway. In May 1967 the construction work began for a new U-Bahn line connecting the city with the [[Olympiapark (Munich)|Olympic Park]]. The Olympic Park subway station was built near the [[BMW Headquarters]] and the line was completed in May 1972, three months before the opening of the 1972 Summer Olympics. Shortly before the opening ceremony, Munich also inaugurated a sizable pedestrian priority zone between [[Karlsplatz (Stachus)|Karlsplatz]] and [[Marienplatz]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Munich 1972: Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games |author1=David Clay Large |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=9780742567399 |pages=90–91}}</ref> In 1970 the Munich city council released funds so that the iconic [[Gothic architecture|gothic]] facade and [[Rathaus-Glockenspiel|Glockenspiel]] of the [[Neues Rathaus (Munich)|''New City Hall'']] (Neues Rathaus) could be restored.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Munich 1972: Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games |author1=David Clay Large |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=9780742567399 |page=92}}</ref>

During the 1972 Summer Olympics 11 Israeli athletes were murdered by [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] terrorists in the [[Munich massacre]], when gunmen from the Palestinian "[[Black September (group)|Black September]]" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levitt |first1=Michael |title='The darkest day in Olympic history': Half a century later, the Munich massacre still casts a long shadow |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2022/09/05/the-darkest-day-in-olympic-history-half-a-century-later-the-munich-massacre-still-casts-a-long-shadow.html |access-date=26 October 2022 |publisher=Toronto Star |date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027003950/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2022/09/05/the-darkest-day-in-olympic-history-half-a-century-later-the-munich-massacre-still-casts-a-long-shadow.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The most deadly militant attack the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] has ever witnessed was the [[Oktoberfest bombing]]. The attack was eventually blamed on militant [[Neo-Nazism]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Routledge History of Terrorism |author1= Randall D. Law |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn= 9781317514862 |page=}}</ref>

[[File:Nockherberg München Paulaner Biergarten.jpg|thumb|The [[Nockherberg]] beer garden]]
Munich and its [[urban sprawl]] emerged as the leading German high tech region during the 1980s and 1990s. The urban economy of Munich became characterized by a dynamic [[labour market]], low unemployment, a growing [[service economy]] and high per capita income.<ref name="Making Competitive Cities"/> Munich is home of the famous [[Nockherberg]] Strong Beer Festival during the Lenten fasting period (usually in March). Its origins go back to the 17th/18th century, but has become popular when the festivities were first televised in the 1980s. The fest includes comical speeches and a mini-musical in which numerous German politicians are parodied by look-alike actors.<ref>Hannes Burger: 350 Jahre Paulaner-Salvator-Thomasbräu AG. 1634–1984. Jubiläums-Festschrift. Paulaner-Salvator-Thomasbräu AG, München 1984</ref>

In 2007 the [[ecological restoration]] of the river Isar in the urban area of Munich was awarded the Water Development Prize by the German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste (known as DWA in German). The renaturation of the Isar allows for the near natural development of the [[river bed]] and is part of Munich's [[flood protection]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Green City |author1=Jürgen Breuste |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |year=2022 |isbn=9783662639764 |page=211}}</ref> About 20 percent of buildings in Munich now have a [[green roof]]. Munich city council has been encouraging better [[stormwater]] management since the 1990s with regulations and subsidies.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Approaches to Water Sensitive Urban Design |author1=Ashok Sharma |author2=Don Begbie |author3=Ted Gardner |publisher=Elsevier Science |year=2018 |isbn=9780128128442 |page=573}}</ref>

On the fifth anniversary of the [[2011 Norway attacks]] an [[active shooter]] perpetrated a [[hate crime]]. The [[2016 Munich shooting]] targeted people of Turkish and Arab descent.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Washington's Dark Secret: The Real Truth about Terrorism and Islamic Extremism |author1= John Maszka |publisher= Potomac Books |year=2018 |isbn=9781640120242|page=26}}</ref>

Munich was one of the host cities for [[UEFA Euro 2020]], which was delayed for a year due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Germany]], and was a host city for [[UEFA Euro 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |date=11 January 2024 |title=EURO 2024 host cities: Venue guide {{!}} UEFA EURO 2024 |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/0273-14ac084902cc-9ef59ec61319-1000--euro-2024-host-cities-venue-guide/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=[[UEFA]] |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120005731/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/0273-14ac084902cc-9ef59ec61319-1000--euro-2024-host-cities-venue-guide/ |url-status=live }}</ref>