Editing Mumbai (section)

== Etymology ==
The name ''Mumbai'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: {{lang|mr|मुंबई}}) originated from ''Mumbā'' or ''Mahā-Ambā''—the name of the patron Hindu goddess ([[kuladevata|Kula Devata]]) [[Mumbadevi]] of the native [[Koli people|Koli]] community<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2010 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |last=Mukund Kule |title=मुंबईचं श्रद्धास्थान |location=Maharashtra |trans-title=Mumba'īcaṁ Shrad'dhāsthān |language=mr |access-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617083828/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>—and from ''ā'ī'', meaning "mother" in the [[Marathi language]], which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra.<ref name="james customs" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bapat |first=Jyotsna |year=2005 |title=Development projects and critical theory of environment |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa |url-access=limited |isbn=978-0-7619-3357-1 |publisher=Sage |page=[https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa/page/n6 6]}}</ref> According to certain accounts, the Koli community, which hails from [[Kathiawar]] and [[Central Gujarat]], is believed to have introduced their deity Mumba from Kathiawar ([[Gujarat]]), where her worship continues to this day.<ref name="munshi" /><ref name="rnmehta" /> However, other sources disagree that Mumbai's name was derived from the goddess Mumba.<ref name="rnmehta" />

[[File:Mumbadevi temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Mumba Devi Temple]], from whom the city of Mumbai may derive its name.]]
The oldest known names for the city are ''Kakamuchee'' and ''Galajunkja''; these are sometimes still used.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patel|Masselos|2003|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=130}}</ref> Portuguese writer [[Gaspar Correia]] recorded the name "Bombaim" after 1512 in his ''Lendas da Índia'' (''Legends of India'').<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="et6yh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA102 102]}}</ref> While some [[English-speaking world|Anglophone]] authors have suggested this name possibly originated as an alleged [[Galician-Portuguese]] phrase ''bom baim'', meaning "good little bay",<ref name="Shirodkar 1998 7">{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=7}}</ref> such suggestions lack any scientific basis.<ref name="jpm2">Machado, José Pedro, "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa", Livros Horizonte, 2003, verbete "Bombaim", volume&nbsp;I, pp. 265/266.</ref> Portuguese linguist [[:pt:José Pedro Machado|José Pedro Machado]] attributes that interpretation to a deficient knowledge of the Portuguese language of these authors, mixing up the Portuguese word "bom" with the English "bay", from the English version of the name.<ref name="jpm2" /> In 1516, Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] used the name ''Tana-Maiambu'': ''Tana'' appears to refer to the adjoining town of [[Thane]] and ''Maiambu'' to ''Mumbadevi''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=2}}</ref> The form ''Bombaim'' is still commonly used in Portuguese.<ref name="ety" />

Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: ''Mombayn'' (1525), ''Bombay'' (1538), ''Bombain'' (1552), ''Bombaym'' (1552), ''Monbaym'' (1554), ''Mombaim'' (1563), ''Mombaym'' (1644), ''Bambaye'' (1666), ''Bombaiim'' (1666), ''Bombeye'' (1676), ''Boon Bay'' (1690)<ref name="ety">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA103 103]}}</ref><ref name="etyh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA104 104]}}</ref> and ''Bon Bahia''.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Keay |author-link= John Keay |year=2000 |title=India, a History |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |location=New York, United States |isbn=978-0-00-638784-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |page=348 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |archive-date= 1 January 2016}}</ref> After the [[English overseas possessions|English]] gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was [[anglicise]]d as ''Bombay''.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=6|Ref=bom}}</ref> Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial [[dewan]] or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the ''Mirat-i Ahmedi'' (1762) referred to the city as ''Manbai''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=3}}</ref>

The French traveller [[Louis Rousselet]], who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his book ''L'Inde des Rajahs'', which was first published in 1877: "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne bai", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or [[Mumba Devi Temple|Mumba Devi]], and that she still ... possesses a temple".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rousselet |first1=Louis |title=L'Inde des Rajahs |date=1877 |publisher=Librairie Hachette et cie, Paris |page=[https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous/page/7 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as ''Mumbai'' or ''Mambai'' in Marathi, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], and as ''Bambai'' in [[Hindi]].<ref name="Christopher Beam">{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |title=Why Did Bombay Become Mumbai? How the city got renamed |author=Christopher Beam |date=1 December 2008 |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=Slate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615105241/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> The Government of India officially changed the English name to ''Mumbai'' in November 1995.<ref>{{harvnb|Hansen|2001|p=1}}</ref> This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirrored [[renaming of cities in India|similar name changes across the country]] and particularly in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091218/4692758299134963929.htm |author=Nitin Chavan |work=[[Sakal]] |title=शिवसेना आमदाराची नामांतर एक्स्प्रेस |trans-title=Shivsēnā Âmadārācī Nāmāntar Express |language=mr |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=16 June 2015 |location=Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002023/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091218/4692758299134963929.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> According to ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' magazine, "they argued that 'Bombay' was a corrupted English version of 'Mumbai' and an unwanted legacy of British colonial rule."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |work=Slate |date=1 December 2008 |first=Christopher |last=Beam |title=Why did Bombay become Mumbai? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615105241/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> ''Slate'' also said "The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region."<ref>{{cite news |work=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/mumbai_what_about_bombay.html |title=Mumbai? What about Bombay? |first=Christopher |last=Beam |date=12 May 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420043035/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/mumbai_what_about_bombay.html |archive-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> While Mumbai is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and by some Indians from other regions,<ref name="24change">{{cite news |title=From Bombay to Mumbai: 24 ways the city has changed |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-from-bombay-to-mumbai-24-ways-the-city-has-changed-1909096 |first=Ruchi |last=Kumar |date=28 October 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602205513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-from-bombay-to-mumbai-24-ways-the-city-has-changed-1909096 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="mummaharashtra1">{{cite web |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html |title=Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra |publisher=[[Fodor's]] |access-date=24 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119201349/http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html |archive-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> mention of the city by a name other than ''Mumbai'' has been controversial.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0 |title=Mumbai vs Bombay |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2009 |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0 |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Fruit+And+Nut:+Another+'Bombay'+controversy+brewing/1/65447.html |title=Fruit And Nut: Another 'Bombay' controversy brewing? |work=India Today |date=8 October 2009 |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005120437/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Fruit+And+Nut%3A+Another+%27Bombay%27+controversy+brewing/1/65447.html |archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>

=== People from Mumbai ===
A resident of Mumbai is called ''Mumbaikar'' ({{IPA|mr|ˈmumbəikəɾ|pron}}) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], in which the suffix ''-kar'' means a 'resident of'. The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai.<ref name="Mumbaikar">{{harvnb|Hansen|2001|p=}}</ref> Older terms such as ''Bombayite'' are also used.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vir Sanghvi |title=The Angry Bombay-ite |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-angry-bombay-ite/story-0bQZZ6gJQxGeVyotqUVGIO.html |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 April 2006 |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415200748/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-angry-bombay-ite/story-0bQZZ6gJQxGeVyotqUVGIO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3 Mumbaikars Who Are Changing The City All By Themselves |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/the-better-india/3-mumbaikars-who-are-changing-the-city-all-by-themselves_a_21477899/ |website=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415200746/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/the-better-india/3-mumbaikars-who-are-changing-the-city-all-by-themselves_a_21477899/ |url-status=live }}</ref>