Editing Mount Kilimanjaro (section)

==Toponymy==
The origin and meaning of the name Kilimanjaro is disputed. Although the [[Chagga people]] of the [[Kilimanjaro Region]] have no name for the  mountain, they call its two peaks ''Kipoo'' and ''Kimawenze''. The peaks' names—usually rendered Kibo and Mawenzi—mean "spotted" in reference to Kibo's snow and "broken top" due to Mawenzi's jagged peak. "Kilimanjaro" may originate from the Chagga calling the mountain unclimbable—''kilemanjaare'' or ''kilemajyaro''—and explorers misinterpreting this as its name. This [[Chaga languages|Kichagga language]] etymology relies on ''kileme'', "that which defeats", or ''kilelema'', "that which has become difficult or impossible". The ''-jaro'' could be derived from ''njaare'', a bird, or ''jyaro'', a [[Caravan (travellers)|caravan]].{{Sfn|Hutchinson|1965|p=65}}

Early Western etymologies used a compound [[Swahili language|Swahili]] origin, with ''kilima'' translated as "mountain".{{Sfn|Hutchinson|1965|p=65}} In 1860, [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]] wrote that the [[Swahili people|Swahilis]] used the name Kilimanjaro and that it meant either "mountain of greatness" or "mountain of caravans", with a  translation of ''njaro'' as greatness or ''jaro'' as "caravans".{{Sfn|Hutchinson|1965|p=65}}{{Sfn|Krapf|Ravenstein|1860|p=255}} In 1885, Scottish explorer [[Joseph Thomson (explorer)|Joseph Thomson]] reported "white mountain" as an alternative, with ''njaro'' denoting whiteness.{{Sfn|Hutchinson|1965|p=65}}{{Sfn|Thomson|1887}} This Swahili etymological approach is criticized as ''kilima'' is a [[diminutive]] of ''mlima'' (mountain) and actually means "hill". However, ''mlima'' may have been misreported as ''kilima'' via conflation with the two peaks' names, ''Kipoo'' and ''Kimawenze''.{{Sfn|Hutchinson|1965|p=65}}

Krapf mentions an 1849 visit with a [[Kamba people|Wakamba]] chief that called the mountain ''Kima jajeu'', meaning "mountain of whiteness".{{Sfn|Hutchinson|1965|p=65}}{{Sfn|Krapf|Ravenstein|1860|p=544}} Another explanation is that ''jyaro'' may refer to a god or a deity that guarded the mountain from trespassers.{{Sfn|Hutchinson|1965|p=65}}

In the 1880s, the mountain became part of [[German East Africa]] and was called ''Kilima-Ndscharo'' in German.<ref>Briggs, Philip (1996). ''Guide to Tanzania'', 2nd edition. Bradt Guides.</ref> In 1889, [[Hans Meyer (geologist)|Hans Meyer]] reached the highest summit on Kibo, which he named ''Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze'' for [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm]].<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2003/Papers/110.pdf |title=German Contributions to the Cartography of South West and East Africa from Mid-19th Century to World War I |publisher=University of Technology Darmstadt |access-date=16 July 2015 |author=Demhardt, I. J. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717033853/http://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2003/Papers/110.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the [[Zanzibar Revolution]] and the formation of [[Tanzania]] in 1964, the summit was renamed Uhuru Peak: "Freedom Peak" in Swahili.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1965_files/AJ%201965%20320-330%20Dangar%20Alpine%20Notes.pdf |title=Dangar Alpine Notes |author=Dangar, D. F. O. |journal=The Alpine Journal |year=1965 |volume=70 |issue=310–311 |page=328 |access-date=2012-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032358/http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1965_files/AJ%201965%20320-330%20Dangar%20Alpine%20Notes.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1788958 |jstor=1788958 |title=Further Notes on the Kibo Inner Crater and Glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=106 |issue=5/6 |pages=210–216 |last1=Spink |first1=P. C. |year=1945 |bibcode=1945GeogJ.106..210S }}</ref>

{{wide image|File:The Kibo and Mawenzi Cones of Mt. Kilimanjaro.jpg|1000px|dir=rtl|Kilimanjaro's main peaks are Kibo (left) and Mawenzi (right), as named by the [[Chagga]]. They respectively mean "spotted" and "broken top".}}