Editing Moscow (section)

==Etymology==
The city's name is thought to be derived from the [[Moskva River]].<ref name="Vasmer">{{Vasmer|Москва}}</ref><ref name="Smol">{{cite book |last1=Smolitskaya |first1=G.P. |title=Toponimicheskyi slovar' Tsentral'noy Rossii |script-title=ru:Топонимический словарь Центральной России |date=2002 |pages=211–2017 |language=ru }}</ref> Theories of the origin of the name of the river have been proposed.

The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root *''mŭzg''-/''muzg''- from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''{{PIE|meu}}''- "wet",<ref name="Smol" /><ref name="Trubach">{{cite book |editor-last=Trubachyov |editor-first=O.N. |editor-link=Oleg Trubachyov |title=Etimologicheskyi slovar' slavyanskikh yazykov |script-title=ru:Этимологический словарь славянских языков |date=1994 |at=V. 20: pp. 19–20, 197, 202–203; V. 21: pp. 12, 19–20, 76–79 |language=ru }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pokorny |first1=Julius |author-link=Julius Pokorny |title=Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch |chapter=meu |chapter-url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/U/P1312.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310064838/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/U/P1312.html |archive-date=10 March 2016 }}</ref> so the name ''Moskva'' might signify a river at a wetland or marsh.<ref name="Vasmer" /> Its [[cognate]]s include {{langx|ru|музга}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|muzga}} "pool, puddle", {{langx|lt|mazgoti}} and {{langx|lv|mazgāt}} "to wash", {{langx|sa|májjati}} "to drown", {{langx|la|mergō}} "to dip, immerse".<ref name="Vasmer" /><ref name="Trubach" /> In many Slavic countries Moskov is a surname, most common in Russia, [[Bulgaria]], [[Ukraine]] and [[North Macedonia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://forebears.io/surnames/moskov |title=Moskov Surname Meaning, Origins & Distribution |website=forebears.io |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010136/https://forebears.io/surnames/moskov |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, there are similarly named places in [[Poland]] like [[Mozgawa]].<ref name="Vasmer" /><ref name="Smol" /><ref name="Trubach" /> According to a [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] hypothesis, the [[Volga Finns|Merya]] and [[Muromians|Muroma]] people, who were among the pre-Slavic tribes which inhabited the area, called the river ''Mustajoki'' "Black river", and the name of the river derives from this term.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarkiainen |first=Kari |title=Ruotsin itämaa |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |year=2010 |isbn=978-951-583-212-2 |location=Helsinki |page=19 }}</ref> Other theories, having little or no scientific basis, are rejected by linguists.<ref name="Vasmer" /><ref name="Smol" />

The Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *{{lang|orv|Москы}}, *{{lang|orv-Latn|Mosky}},<ref name=Vasmer/><ref name=Smol/> hence it was one of a few Slavic [[wikt:Category:Proto-Slavic v-stem nouns|''ū''-stem nouns]]. As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing a morphological transformation at the early stage of the development of the language, as a result, the first written references in the 12th century were {{lang|orv|Московь}}, {{lang|orv-Latn|Moskovĭ}} ([[accusative case]]), {{lang|orv|Москви}}, {{lang|orv-Latn|Moskvi}} ([[locative case]]), {{lang|orv|Москвe/Москвѣ}}, {{lang|orv-Latn|Moskve/Moskvě}} ([[genitive case]]).<ref name=Vasmer/><ref name=Smol/> From the latter forms came the modern Russian form {{lang|ru|Москва}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|Moskva}}, which is a result of [[morphological leveling|morphological generalization]] with the numerous Slavic [[wikt:Category:Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns|''ā''-stem nouns]]. The form ''Moskovĭ'' has left traces in other languages, including {{langx|en|Moscow}}; {{langx|de|Moskau}};<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Translations for "Moscow" in the English » German Dictionary |url=https://en.pons.com/translate/english-german/Moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=PONS Online Dictionary |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214204724/https://en.pons.com/translate/english-german/Moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> {{langx|fr|Moscou}};<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=French translation of 'Moscow' |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-french/moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Collins Dictionary |archive-date=2 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002012940/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-french/moscow |url-status=live }}</ref> {{langx
|pt|Moscou, Moscovo}};<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Translation of Moscow – English–Portuguese dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-portuguese/moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}</ref> and {{langx|es|Moscú}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Translation of Moscow – English–Spanish dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-spanish/moscow |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Cambridge Dictionary }}</ref>

Moscow has acquired [[epithet]]s, such as The ''[[Moscow, third Rome|Third Rome]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yegorov |first=Oleg |date=30 March 2017 |title=Why do Russians call Moscow the Third Rome? |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2017/03/30/why-do-russians-call-moscow-the-third-rome_730921 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Russia Beyond |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220353/https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2017/03/30/why-do-russians-call-moscow-the-third-rome_730921 |url-status=live }}</ref> Moscow is one of twelve [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero Cities]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Hero City |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/glossary/12 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=President of Russia |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518155739/http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/glossary/12 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[demonym]] for a Moscow resident is rendered as ''Muscovite'' in English.