Editing Monterey, California (section)

== History ==

=== Ohlone period ===
[[File:Indio de Monterey.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Rumsen people|Rumsen tribe]] of [[Ohlone|Ohlone people]] have inhabited the area for centuries.]]
Long before the arrival of Spanish explorers, the [[Rumsen people|Rumsen]] [[Ohlone]] tribe, one of seven linguistically distinct Ohlone groups in California, inhabited the area now known as Monterey.<ref>{{cite book|last=Henson|first=Paul|title=The Natural History of Big Sur|year=1996|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-20510-9|author2=Donald J. Usner |edition= illus. by Valerie A. Kells|page=265}}</ref> [[List_of_Ohlone_villages#Monterey_Bay_area|Ohlone villages]] in the area included Ichxenta ([[Point Lobos State Reserve|Point Lobos]]), Calendaruc, Wacharon ([[Moss Landing, California|Moss Landing]]), and Rumsien ([[Carmel-by-the-Sea]]), among others. They subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering food on and around the biologically rich [[Monterey Peninsula]]. 

Researchers have found a number of shell [[midden]]s in the area and, based on the archaeological evidence, concluded the Ohlone's primary marine food consisted of various types of [[mussel]]s and [[abalone]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Gary S. |last=Breschini |author2=Trudy Haversat |title=Archaeological Investigations at CA-MNT-149, In the Del Monte Forest, Monterey County, California |url=http://www.californiaprehistory.com/reports01/rep0023.html |access-date=June 22, 2012 |year=1986 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015180657/http://www.californiaprehistory.com/reports01/rep0023.html |archive-date=October 15, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of midden sites have been located along about {{convert|12|mi}} of rocky coast on the Monterey Peninsula from the current site of Fishermans' Wharf in Monterey to Carmel.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Breschini|first=Gary S.|title=Radiocarbon Dating and Cultural Models on the Monterey Peninsula, California|url=http://www.pcas.org/assets/documents/V38N1a.pdf|author2=Trudy Haversat|journal=Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly|volume=38|number=1|date=Winter 2002|access-date=June 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712020614/http://www.pcas.org/assets/documents/V38N1a.pdf|archive-date=July 12, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Spanish period ===
[[File:GaspardeZugnigayAcevedo (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey]], namesake of [[Monterey Bay]], and thus the city and county]]
The city is named after [[Monterey Bay]]. The bay's name was given by [[Sebastián Vizcaíno]] in 1602. He anchored in what is now Monterey harbor on December 16, and named it ''Puerto de Monterrey'', in honor of the [[Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey|Conde de Monterrey]], then the viceroy of [[New Spain]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Gudde | first = Erwin G. | title = California Place Names | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1949 | location = Berkeley, Calif. | page = 222 | asin = B000FMOPP4  }}</ref> Monterrey is an alternate spelling of [[Monterrei]], a municipality in the [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia region]] of [[Spain]] from which the viceroy and his father (the Fourth Count of Monterrei) originated. Some variants of the city's name are recorded as Monte Rey and Monterey.<ref name=CGN>{{California's Geographic Names|926}}</ref> Monterey Bay had been described earlier by [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] as La Bahia de los Pinos (Bay of the Pines).<ref name=HISTORY/> Despite the explorations of Cabrillo and Vizcaino, and despite Spain's frequent trading voyages between Asia and Mexico, the Spanish did not make Monterey Bay into a settled permanent harbor before the 18th century because it was too exposed to rough ocean currents and winds.

Despite Monterey's limited use as a maritime port, the encroachments of other Europeans near California in the 18th century prompted the Spanish monarchy to try to better secure the region. As a result, it commissioned the Portola exploration and Alta California mission system. In 1769, the first European land exploration of [[Alta California]], the Spanish [[Portolá expedition]], traveled north from [[San Diego, California|San Diego]]. They sought Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey, which he had described as "a fine harbor sheltered from all winds" 167 years earlier.{{sfn|Rolle|1987|pp=51–52}} The explorers failed to recognize the place when they came to it on October 1, 1769. The party continued north as far as [[San Francisco Bay]] before turning back. On the return journey, they camped near one of Monterey's lagoons on November 27, still not convinced they had found the place Vizcaíno had described.{{sfn|Rolle|1987|pp=52–53}} [[Franciscan]] missionary [[Juan Crespí]] noted in his diary, "We halted in sight of the Point of Pines (recognized, as was said, in the beginning of October) and camped near a small lagoon which has rather muddy water, but abounds in pasture and firewood."<ref>{{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Herbert E. |pages=240–241 |year=1927 |title=Fray Juan Crespi: Missionary Explorer on the Pacific Coast, 1769–1774 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000288788 |publisher=HathiTrust Digital Library |access-date=May 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322103835/http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000288788 |archive-date=March 22, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> 
[[File:Father Serra Celebrates Mass at Monterey by Léon Trousset.jpg|thumb|left|Saint [[Junípero Serra]] celebrating mass in Monterey in 1770.]]
[[Gaspar de Portolá]] returned by land to Monterey the next year, having concluded that he must have been at Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey after all. The land party was met at Monterey by [[Junípero Serra]],{{sfn|Rolle|1987|p=54}} who traveled by sea. Portolá erected the [[Presidio of Monterey]] to defend the port and, on June 3, 1770, Serra founded the Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo inside the presidio enclosure. Portolá returned to Mexico, replaced in Monterey by Captain [[Pedro Fages]], who had been third in command on the exploratory expeditions. Fages became the second governor of Alta California, serving from 1770 to 1774.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Paddison, Joshua|year=1999|title=A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush|publisher=Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA|isbn=978-1-890771-13-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed00josh/page/23 23]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed00josh/page/23}}</ref>
[[File:William Smyth The Presidio and Pueblo of Monterey (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Presidio of Monterey, California|Presidio of Monterey]] was built in 1771 by [[Pedro Fages]], on a site selected by [[Miguel Costansó]] in 1770.]]
Serra's missionary aims soon came into conflict with Fages and the soldiers, so he relocated and built a new mission in [[Mission San Carlos Borromeo|Carmel]] the next year to gain greater independence from Fages. The existing wood and [[adobe]] church remained in service to the nearby soldiers and became the [[Royal Presidio Chapel]].

Monterey became the capital of the "Province of Both Californias" in 1777, and the chapel was renamed the [[Royal Presidio Chapel]]. The original church was destroyed by fire in 1789 and replaced by the present [[sandstone]] structure. It was completed in 1794 by Indian labor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/ca/ca28.htm |title=Early History of the California Coast Travel Itinerary: Royal Presidio Chapel |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=January 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305061936/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/ca/ca28.htm |archive-date=March 5, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1840, the chapel was rededicated to the patronage of [[Saint Charles Borromeo]]. The cathedral is the oldest continuously operating parish and the oldest stone building in California. It is also the oldest (and smallest) serving cathedral along with [[St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans|St. Louis Cathedral]] in [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]. It is the only existing presidio chapel in California and the only surviving building from the original Monterey Presidio.<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web |url= http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=121&resourceType=Building|title= Royal Presidio Chapel |access-date= June 22, 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121008221656/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=121&resourceType=Building |archive-date= October 8, 2012 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
[[File:The city of Monterey, California 1842 (NYPL Hades-118665-54791) (cropped).tif|thumb|right|Monterey served as the capital of [[Alta California]] from 1770 until 1849,<ref>[https://www.library.ca.gov/california-history/previous-ca-capitals/ California State Library - Previous Capitols — and Capitals — of California]</ref> hosting its only official port-of-entry and the [[Provincial deputation in Spanish America|provincial legislature]].]]
The city was originally the only port of entry for all taxable goods in California. All shipments into California by sea were required to go through the [[Old Customhouse (Monterey, California)|Custom House]], the oldest governmental building in the state and California's Historic Landmark Number One.<ref>{{cite web   |url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=954   |title=California State Parks: Custom House   |access-date=June 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406092045/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=954   |archive-date=April 6, 2012 |url-status=live   }}</ref> Built in three phases, the Spanish began construction of the Custom House in 1814, the Mexican government completed the center section in 1827, and the United States government finished the lower end in 1846.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.planetware.com/monterey/custom-house-us-ca-mnch.htm |title= Custom House, Monterey |access-date= June 22, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120320073614/http://www.planetware.com/monterey/custom-house-us-ca-mnch.htm |archive-date= March 20, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>

On November 24, 1818, [[Argentine]] [[Buccaneer|corsair]] [[Hippolyte Bouchard]] [[Argentine Invasion of Monterey|landed]]  {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from the [[Presidio of Monterey, California|Presidio of Monterey]] in a hidden [[Creek (tidal)|creek]]. The fort's resistance proved ineffective, and after an hour of combat the [[Flag of Argentina|Argentine flag]] flew over it.{{sfn|De Marco|2002|p=180}} The Argentines took the city for six days, during which they stole the cattle and burned the fort, the artillery headquarters, the governor's residence and the Spanish houses. The town's residents were unharmed.{{sfn|De Marco|2002|pp=180–181}}

=== Mexican period ===
[[File:Augustin_Zamorano.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Agustín V. Zamorano]] established his Monterey [[printer (publishing)|print shop]] in 1834, becoming California's first publisher.]]
Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, but the civil and religious institutions of Alta California remained much the same until the 1830s, when the [[secularization]] of the missions converted most of the mission pasture lands into private land grant [[Ranchos of California|ranchos]]. In 1834, the [[San Carlos Cemetery (Monterey, California)|San Carlos Cemetery]] was officially opened and [[interred]] many of the early local families.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walton |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bEwDwAAQBAJ |title=Storied Land: Community and Memory in Monterey |date=December 2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22723-1 |language=en}}</ref> [[Agustín V. Zamorano]] established the first print shop in California, when he brought a [[printing press]] to Monterey, in the summer of 1834.<ref>[https://dh.scu.edu/exhibits/collections/show/139#? Zamorano Printing Press History]Santa Clara University Digital Collections.</ref><ref>Roxburghe Club of San Francisco, and Grabhorn Press. 1934. ''To Commemorate the Centennial of the Printing Press in California''. [San Francisco]: [Roxburghe Club of San Francisco].</ref>

During the Mexican period, the city was determined the site of District Court of the Territory of Alta California (''Juzgado de Distrito del Territorio de la Alta California''), since 1834, when Luis del Castillo Negrete, the appointed district judge (Juez de Distrito), took possession of the court; until 1836, when due to the rebellion led by [[Juan Bautista Alvarado]], the judge left the city for the territory of Baja California, which ''de facto'' disqualified that instance and would close definitively until 1841, with a decree by [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lima Estrada |first=Eduardo |title=OJEADA SOBRE LOS JUZGADOS DE DISTRITO DE ALTA CALIFORNIA Y NUEVO MÉXICO O CRÓNICA DE SU EXISTENCIA A PARTIR DE LOS ARCHIVOS |year=2025 |isbn=9798305184969 |pages=100-125 |language=es}}</ref> Subsequently, in 1842, the Superior Court (''Superior Tribunal de Justicia del Departamento de las Californias'') was installed, which had a short life, as it stopped functioning in 1845.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lima Estrada |first=Eduardo |title=El tribunal supremo del departamento de las californias. Reflexiones sobre la importancia de la estabilidad política en el establecimiento de las instituciones |url=https://www.te.gob.mx/blogEje/front/publicaciones/busqueda/846 |access-date=}}</ref>

Monterey was the site of the [[Battle of Monterey]] on July 7, 1846, during the [[Mexican–American War]]. It was on this date that [[John D. Sloat]], Commodore in the [[United States Navy]], raised the [[Flag of the United States|U.S. flag]] over the Monterey Custom House and claimed California for the United States.

In addition, many historic "firsts" occurred in Monterey. These include [[First theater in California]], brick house, publicly funded school, public building, public library, and printing press (which printed [[The Californian (1840s newspaper)|''The Californian'']], California's first newspaper.) Larkin House,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=larkin_house |title=Larkin House |access-date=March 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009023344/http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=larkin_house |archive-date=October 9, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> one of [[Monterey State Historic Park]]'s [[National Historic Landmark]]s, built in the Mexican period by [[Thomas Oliver Larkin]], is an early example of [[Monterey Colonial]] architecture. The [[Old Custom House (Monterey, California)|Old Custom House]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=custom_house |title=Custom House |access-date=March 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005154532/http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=custom_house |archive-date=October 5, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> the historic district and the Royal Presidio Chapel are also National Historic Landmarks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=presidio_chapel |title=Royal Presidio Chapel |access-date=March 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005093721/http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=presidio_chapel |archive-date=October 5, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Cooper-Molera Adobe is a [[National Trust for Historic Preservation|National Trust]] Historic Site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=cooper_molera_adobe|title=Cooper-Molera Adobe|access-date=March 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005154910/http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=cooper_molera_adobe|archive-date=October 5, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== American period ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Monterey.jpg|thumb|The 1846 [[Battle of Monterey]], part of the [[Conquest of California|U.S. conquest of California]], resulted in American forces capturing the capital of Mexican California.]]
[[Colton Hall]], built in 1849 by [[Walter Colton]], originally served as both a public school and a government meeting place. It hosted the [[California Constitutional Conventions|1849 Constitutional Convention]], where American and [[Californio]] delegates drafted the first [[Constitution of California]], in both English and Spanish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=colton_hall |title=Colton Hall |access-date= March 14, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071005154625/http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=colton_hall |archive-date= October 5, 2007 |url-status= live }}</ref>

Monterey hosted California's first constitutional convention in 1849, which composed the documents necessary to apply to the United States for [[statehood]]. Today Colton Hall houses a small museum, while adjacent buildings serve as the seat of local government, and the Monterey post office (opened in 1849).<ref name=CGN />

Pioneer [[Francis Doud]] built [[Doud House]] in the 1860s, situated at the present-day 117 Van Buren Street. The house is one of the earliest and most well-preserved examples of an early wood frame residences in Monterey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt5t1nf579/entire_text/|title=Finding aid of the Francis Doud Papers C058832|work=Online Archive California |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref> Monterey was incorporated in 1890.<ref name=CGN />
[[File:Oldest known image of Colton Hall (c. 1858) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Colton Hall]] hosted the [[California Constitutional Conventions|1849 Constitutional Convention]], which drafted the [[Constitution of California]].]]
[[Thomas Albert Work]] built several of the buildings in Monterey, including the three-story Del Mar hotel in 1895, at the corner of Sixteenth, and in 1900, bought into the First National Bank in Monterey, acquiring it in 1906. He was president of the bank for more than 20 years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Seavey|first= Kent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6B_wTaed_-UC&q=%22T.%20A.%20Work%22 |title=Pacific Grove |work=Arcadia|place= Pacific Grove, California|date=2005|pages=81–88|isbn= 9780738529646 |access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93053820/t-a-work/ |title= T. A. Work Starts Life As Driver Of Milk Wagon |work=Salinas Morning Post|place=Salinas, California|date=December 19, 1930|page=1|access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref>

Monterey had long been famous for the abundant fishery in Monterey Bay. That changed in the 1950s when the local fishery business collapsed due to [[overfishing]]. A few of the old fishermen's cabins from the early 20th century have been preserved as they originally stood along [[Cannery Row]].

The city has a noteworthy history as a center for California painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Such painters as [[Arthur Frank Mathews]], [[Armin Hansen]], [[Xavier Martinez]], [[Rowena Meeks Abdy]] and [[Percy Gray]] lived or visited to pursue painting in the style of either [[En plein air]] or [[Tonalism]].
[[File:Cannery Row (1938).jpg|thumb|[[Cannery Row]] was once one of the most productive fish canning hubs in the world, until its collapse in the 1950s due to overfishing.]]
Many noted authors have also lived in and around Monterey, including [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], [[John Steinbeck]], [[Ed Ricketts]], [[Robinson Jeffers]], [[Robert A. Heinlein]], and [[Henry Miller]].

More recently, Monterey has been recognized for its significant involvement in post-secondary learning of languages other than English and its major role in delivering translation and interpretation services around the world. In November 1995, California Governor [[Pete Wilson]] proclaimed Monterey "the Language Capital of the World".<ref name="lcow" />

On June 7, 2021, the [[macOS Monterey]] operating system was presented at Apple's [[Worldwide Developers Conference]] (WWDC2021) and named after the Monterey region.