Editing Monsanto (section)

==History==
{{Further|Timeline of Monsanto}}

==="Pre-Pharmacia" Monsanto===
==== 1901 to WWII ====
In 1901, Monsanto was founded in St. Louis, Missouri, as a [[chemical company]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url = http://www.genengnews.com/gen-articles/biotech-firms-need-innovation-strategies/5563/ |title=Biotech Firms Need Innovation Strategies |last = Glick |first=J. Leslie |date=September 1, 2015 |work=[[Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News|Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News]] |access-date=September 29, 2015 |page = 11}}{{Open access}}</ref> The founder was [[John Francis Queeny]], who, at age 42, was a 30‑year veteran of the nascent pharmaceutical industry.<ref>[http://www.ja.org/nested/stlouis/John_Queeny.pdf] brief bio from Junior Achievement {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206123651/http://www.ja.org/nested/stlouis/John_Queeny.pdf|date=February 6, 2009}}</ref> He funded the firm with his own money and capital from a [[soft drink]] distributor. He used for the company name the maiden name of his wife, Olga Méndez Monsanto, who was a scioness of the [[Monsanto family]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ehrlich|1997|p=3}}</ref> 

The company's first products were commodity food additives, such as the [[artificial sweetener]] [[saccharin]], [[caffeine]] and [[vanillin]].<ref>Erik Simani, World Resources Institute. 2001. [http://pdf.wri.org/bell/case_1-56973-475-5_full_version_a_english.pdf The Monsanto Company: Quest for Sustainability]</ref>{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Our history – Early years|url=http://www.monsanto.com/whoweare/Pages/monsanto-history.aspx|publisher=Monsanto official website|access-date=September 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>Marc S. Reisch for Chemical & Engineering News. January 12, 1998 [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/hotarticles/cenear/980112/coal.html From Coal Tar to Crafting a Wealth of Diversity]</ref><ref>Robert Ancuceanu. [http://practica-farmaceutica.medica.ro/reviste_med/download/practica_farmaceutica/2011.2/PF_Nr-2_2011_Art-1.pdf Saccharin – urban myths and scientific data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515182436/http://practica-farmaceutica.medica.ro/reviste_med/download/practica_farmaceutica/2011.2/PF_Nr-2_2011_Art-1.pdf |date=May 15, 2014 }} Practica Farmaceutică 2011 4(2):69–72</ref><ref>{{cite book |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=uVq_AAAAQBAJ}} |title=Sweet Stuff: An American History of Sweeteners from Sugar to Sucralose | publisher=Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press |author=Warner, Deborah Jean |year=2011 |pages=182–190 |isbn=978-1-935623-05-2}}</ref>

Monsanto expanded to Europe in 1919 in a partnership with Graesser's Chemical Works at [[Cefn Mawr]], Wales. The venture produced vanillin, [[aspirin]] and its raw ingredient [[salicylic acid]], and later [[rubber]] processing chemicals. 

In the 1920s, Monsanto expanded into basic industrial chemicals such as [[sulfuric acid]] and [[polychlorinated biphenyl|PCBs]]. Queeny's son [[Edgar Monsanto Queeny]] took over the company in 1928. 

In 1926 the company founded and incorporated a town called Monsanto in [[Illinois]] (now known as [[Sauget, Illinois|Sauget]]). It was formed to provide minimal regulation and low taxes for Monsanto plants at a time when local jurisdictions had most of the responsibility for environmental rules. It was renamed in honor of Leo Sauget, its first village president.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115984289083380869|title=Yes, in My Backyard: Tiny Sauget, Illinois, Likes Business Misfits|last=Spain|first=William|date=2006-10-03|work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=2017-12-22|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

In 1935, Monsanto bought the [[Swann Chemical Company]] in [[Anniston, Alabama]], and thereby entered the business of producing [[polychlorinated biphenyl|PCBs]].<ref name="CIA1">{{cite web|title=Poisoned by PCBs: 'A Lack of Control'|url=http://www.chemicalindustryarchives.org/dirtysecrets/anniston/2.asp|website=Chemical Industry Archives|access-date=November 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210110457/http://www.chemicalindustryarchives.org/dirtysecrets/anniston/2.asp|archive-date=December 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Head">{{cite journal |last1=Head|first1=Thomas R. III|title=PCBs—The Rise and Fall of an Industrial Miracle|journal=Natural Resources & Environment|date=Spring 2005|page=18|url=http://www.americanbar.org/tools/digitalassetabstract.html/content/dam/aba/publishing/natural_resources_environment/environ_mo_premium_nr_nre_spring05_Head.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208230006/http://www.americanbar.org/tools/digitalassetabstract.html/content/dam/aba/publishing/natural_resources_environment/environ_mo_premium_nr_nre_spring05_Head.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-08 |url-status=live|access-date=November 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Montague">{{cite web |last1=Montague|first1=Peter|title=How We Got Here – Part 1: The History of Chlorinated Diphenyl (PCB's)|url=http://www.hudsonwatch.net/rachels01.html|website=HudsonWatch.net}}</ref>

In 1936, Monsanto acquired Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories in [[Dayton, Ohio]], to acquire the expertise of [[Charles Allen Thomas]] and Carroll A. Hochwalt. The acquisition became Monsanto's Central Research Department.<ref name="Landau">Ralph Landau, [http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4548&page=338 "Charles Allen Thomas," ''Memorial Tributes''], vol. 2, National Academy of Engineering</ref>{{rp|340–341}} Thomas spent the rest of his career at Monsanto, serving as President (1951–1960) and Board Chair (1960–1965). He retired in 1970.<ref name="Bird">David Bird, [https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/31/obituaries/charles-thomas-ex-chairman-of-monsanto.html "Charles Thomas, Ex-Chairman of Monsanto" (obituary)], ''The New York Times'', March 31, 1982.</ref> In 1943, Thomas was called to a meeting in Washington, D.C., with [[Leslie Groves]], commander of the [[Manhattan Project]], and [[James Bryant Conant|James Conant]], president of [[Harvard University]] and chairman of the [[National Defense Research Committee]] (NDRC).<ref name="Building">''Dayton Daily News''. September 18, 1983 [http://www.daytonhistorybooks.com/building_the_bomb_in_oakw.html "Building the Bomb in Oakwood"].</ref> They urged Thomas to become co-director of the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos with [[J. Robert Oppenheimer|Robert Oppenheimer]], but Thomas was reluctant to leave Dayton and Monsanto.<ref name="Building" /> He joined the NDRC, and Monsanto's Central Research Department began to conduct related research.<ref>Harvey V. Moyer, ed., [http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/4367751-nEJIbm/4367751.pdf Polonium. TID-5221], Atomic Energy Commission U.S.A., July 1956</ref>{{rp|vii}} To that end, Monsanto operated the [[Dayton Project]], and later [[Mound Laboratories]], and assisted in the development of the first [[nuclear weapons]].<ref name="Building" />

==== Post-WWII ====
In 1946, Monsanto developed and marketed "All" laundry detergent, which it sold to [[Lever Brothers]] in 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adage.com/article/adage-encyclopedia/unilever-lever-brothers/98749/ |title=Unilever (Lever Brothers Co.) &#124; AdAge Encyclopedia of Advertising – Advertising Age |publisher=Adage.com |date=September 15, 2003}}</ref> In 1947, its [[styrene]] factory was destroyed in the [[Texas City Disaster]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Fire on the Grandcamp| url=http://www.texascity-library.org/disaster/first.php| publisher=Moore Memorial Public Library| location=Texas City, TX| date=n.d.| access-date=October 21, 2015| archive-date=June 24, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624233433/http://www.texascity-library.org/disaster/first.php}}</ref> In 1949, Monsanto acquired [[American Viscose Corporation]] from [[Courtaulds]]. In 1954, Monsanto partnered with German chemical giant [[Bayer]] to form [[Mobay]] and market [[polyurethane]]s in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wallace|first1=Cynthia Day|title=Legal control of the multinational enterprise: national regulatory techniques and the prospects for international controls|date=1982|publisher=Nijhoff|location=The Hague|isbn=978-90-247-2668-4|page=188}}</ref>

Monsanto began manufacturing [[DDT]] in 1944, along with some 15 other companies. This insecticide was used to kill [[malaria]]-transmitting mosquitoes, but  it was banned in the United States in 1972 due to its harmful environmental impacts.

In 1977, Monsanto stopped producing PCBs; Congress banned PCB production two years later.<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/pubs/about.htm Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)]. EPA.gov (June 28, 2006).</ref><ref name="ATSDR" />

====1960s and 1970s====
In the mid‑1960s, [[William Standish Knowles]] and his team invented a way to selectively synthesize [[enantiomers]] via [[asymmetric hydrogenation]]. This was the first method for the [[Catalysis|catalytic]] production of pure [[Chirality (chemistry)|chiral]] compounds.<ref>William S. Knowles. [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/knowles-lecture.pdf ASYMMETRIC HYDROGENATIONS]. Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2001</ref> Knowles' team designed the "first industrial process to chirally synthesize an important compound"—[[L-dopa|L‑dopa]], which is used to treat [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yun |first=O. |date=November 22, 2005 |title=Profile of William S. Knowles |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |pages=16913–16915 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507546102 |pmc=1287994 |pmid=16286647 |issue=47|bibcode=2005PNAS..10216913Y |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2001, Knowles and [[Ryōji Noyori]] won the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. In the mid-1960s, chemists at Monsanto developed the [[Monsanto process]] for making [[acetic acid]], which until 2000 was the most widely used production method. In 1964, Monsanto chemists invented [[AstroTurf]] (initially ChemGrass).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astroturf.com/1964/06/|title=June – 1964 – AstroTurf|access-date=June 15, 2015|archive-date=July 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714075949/http://www.astroturf.com/1964/06/}}</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s, Monsanto was a producer of [[Agent Orange]] for [[United States Armed Forces]] operations in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]], and settled out of court in a lawsuit brought by veterans in 1984.<ref name="EncNatSec">"Agent Orange" entry in Encyclopedia of United States National Security, edited by Richard J. Samuel. SAGE Publications, 2005. {{ISBN|9781452265353}}</ref>{{rp|6}} In 1968, it became the first company to start mass production of (visible) [[light-emitting diode]]s (LEDs), using [[gallium arsenide]] [[phosphide]]. From 1968 to 1970, sales doubled every few months. Their products (discrete LEDs and seven-segment numeric displays) became industry standards. The primary markets then were [[Calculator|electronic calculators]], [[Watch|digital watches]] and digital clocks.<ref name="Schubert">{{Cite book|author=E. Fred Schubert|title=Light-Emitting Diodes|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|chapter=1|isbn=978-0-8194-3956-7}}</ref> Monsanto became a pioneer of [[optoelectronics]] in the 1970s.

Between 1968 and 1974, the company sponsored the [[PGA Tour]] event in Pensacola, Florida, which was renamed the [[Pensacola Open|Monsanto Open]].

In 1974, [[Harvard University]] and Monsanto signed a 10-year [[Medical research#Privately .28industry.29 funded biomedical research|research grant]] to support the cancer research of [[Judah Folkman]], which became the largest such arrangement ever made; medical inventions arising from that research were the first for which Harvard allowed its faculty to submit [[patent application]].<ref name=NASbio>[[Patricia K. Donahoe]]. [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/folkman-judah.pdf Judah Folkman: 1933–2008. A Biographical Memoir] National Academy of Sciences, 2014</ref><ref name=HarvardBIo>Harvard Medical School [http://fa.hms.harvard.edu/files/memorialminute_folkman_judah.pdf Bio at Harvard Medical School]</ref>

====1980 to 1989: Becoming an agribiotech company====
Monsanto scientists were among the first to genetically modify a plant cell, publishing their results in 1983.<ref name=pbn/> Five years later the company conducted the first field tests of [[genetically modified crops]]. Increasing involvement in [[agricultural biotechnology]] dates from the installment of Richard Mahoney as Monsanto's [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] in 1983.<ref name=":0" /> This involvement increased under the leadership of [[Robert B. Shapiro|Robert Shapiro]], appointed CEO in 1995, leading ultimately to the disposition of product lines unrelated to agriculture.<ref name=":0" />

In 1985, Monsanto acquired [[G.D. Searle, LLC|G.D. Searle & Company]], a [[life sciences]] company that focused on pharmaceuticals, agriculture and animal health. In 1993, its Searle division filed a patent application for [[celecoxib|Celebrex]],<ref>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/patexclnew.cfm?Appl_No=020998&Product_No=003&table1=OB_Rx Orange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations]. accessdata.fda.gov</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5466823A/en|title=Substituted pyrazolyl benzenesulfonamides}}</ref> which in 1998 became the first selective [[COX-2 inhibitor|COX‑2 inhibitor]] to be approved by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/98/20998.cfm |title=Drug Approval Package: Celebrex (Celecoxib) NDA# 20-998 |publisher=Accessdata.fda.gov}}</ref> Celebrex became a [[blockbuster drug]] and was often mentioned as a key reason for [[Pfizer]]'s acquisition of Monsanto's pharmaceutical business in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Frank, Robert |author2=Hensley, Scott |name-list-style=amp |title=Pfizer to Buy Pharmacia For $60 Billion in Stock|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB1026684057282753560|work=The Wall Street Journal |date=July 16, 2002}}</ref>

====1990 to 1999: Moving into the seed market & industry consolidation====
In 1994, Monsanto introduced a [[Recombinant DNA|recombinant]] version of [[bovine somatotropin]], brand-named Posilac.<ref name = MG>{{cite web | url = http://www.monsantodairy.com/about/general_info/index.html | title = General information – Posilac| year = 2007 | publisher = Monsanto | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080101123956/http://www.monsantodairy.com/about/general_info/index.html| archive-date = January 1, 2008}}</ref> Monsanto later sold this business to [[Eli Lilly and Company]].

In 1996, Monsanto purchased [[Agracetus]], the biotechnology company that had generated the first transgenic cotton, soybeans, peanuts and other crops, and from which Monsanto had been licensing technology since 1991.<ref>{{Cite press release|title = WR Grace Sells Agracetus to Monsanto for $150M|url = http://www.biotechprofiles.com/companyfiles/madisonnetwork/c81a944349224f0984a586f89719edb6.pdf|date = April 8, 1996|publisher = W. R. Grace|via = BiotechProfiles<!--http://www.biotechprofiles.com/companyprofile/Monsanto.aspx--><!--found in archive.org-->|access-date = August 11, 2012|archive-date = November 5, 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111105040555/http://biotechprofiles.com/companyfiles/madisonnetwork/c81a944349224f0984a586f89719edb6.pdf}}</ref>

In 1997, Monsanto divested [[Solutia]], a company created to carry off the responsibility for Monsanto's PCB business and associated liabilities, along with some related organic chemical production.

Monsanto first entered the [[maize]] seed business when it purchased 40% of [[DEKALB Genetics Corporation|Dekalb]] in 1996; it purchased the remainder of the corporation in 1998.<ref name=":1">{{cite press release |title=Justice Department Approves Monsanto's Acquisition of Dekalb Genetics Corporation |date=November 30, 1998 |url=https://www.justice.gov/atr/public/press_releases/1998/2103.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040218013852/http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/press_releases/1998/2103.htm |archive-date=February 18, 2004 |publisher=United States Department of Justice}}</ref> In 1997, the company first published an annual report citing Monsanto's Law, a biotechnological take on [[Moore's law|Moore's Law]], indicating its future directions and exponential growth in the use of biotechnology. In the same year, Californian [[Genetically modified organism|GMO]] company '''Calgene''' was acquired.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=25968 |title = Stocks|website = [[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/1997/04/01/deals/monsanto/|title=Monsanto buys Calgene - Apr. 1, 1997 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> In 1998, Monsanto purchased [[Cargill]]'s international seed business, which gave it access to sales and distribution facilities in 51 countries.<ref name=":1" /> In 2005, it finalized the purchase of [[Seminis Inc]], a leading global vegetable and fruit seed company, for $1.4 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Monsanto closes $1.4 billion buy of Seminis |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/2005/03/21/daily37.html |access-date=2018-01-06 |work=St. Louis Business Journal |date=March 23, 2005}}</ref> This made it the world's largest conventional seed company.

In 1999, Monsanto sold off NutraSweet Co.<ref name=":0" /> In December of the same year, Monsanto agreed to merge with [[Pharmacia & Upjohn]], in a deal valuing the transaction at $27 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deogun |first1=Nikhil |last2=Langreth |first2=Robert |last3=Burton |first3=Thomas M. |title=Pharmacia & Upjohn, Monsanto Boards Approve $27 Billion Merger of Equals |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945650774971796642 |access-date=2018-01-06 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=December 20, 1999}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barboza |first=David |date=December 20, 1999 |title=Monsanto and Pharmacia to Join, Creating a Pharmaceutical Giant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/20/business/monsanto-and-pharmacia-to-join-creating-a-pharmaceutical-giant.html?ref=monsantocompany |access-date=2018-06-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> The agricultural division became a wholly owned subsidiary of the "new" Pharmacia; Monsanto's medical research division, which included products such as Celebrex.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barboza |first1=David |title=Monsanto and Pharmacia to Join, Creating a Pharmaceutical Giant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/20/business/monsanto-and-pharmacia-to-join-creating-a-pharmaceutical-giant.html |access-date=2018-01-06 |work=The New York Times |date=December 20, 1999}}</ref>

===="Pre-Pharmacia" Monsanto overview====

{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa"
|-
! style="background:#F0F2F5" | Illustration of the company's mergers, acquisitions, [[Corporate spin-off|spin-offs]] and historical predecessors:
|-
|
{{cladeR | style=font-size:90%;line-height:110% |thickness=0
|label1='''Pharmacia Corp.'''<br/><small>Acquired by [[Pfizer]], 2002</small>
|1={{cladeR
   |label1=[[Pharmacia & Upjohn]]
   |1={{cladeR
      |label1=[[Pharmacia]]<br/><small>(Merged 1995)</small>
      |1={{cladeR
         |label1=Kabi Pharmacia
         |1={{cladeR
            |label1=Pharmacia Biotech
            |1={{cladeR
               |2=LKB-produkter AB<br/><small>(Acq 1968)</small>
               |1=PL Laboratories
               }}
            |2=Kabi Vitrum<br/><small>(Acq 1990)</small>
            }}
         |2=[[Farmitalia]]<br/><small>(Acq 1993)</small>
         }}
      |2=[[Upjohn]]<br/><small>(Merged 1995)</small>
      }}
   |label2=Monsanto
   |2={{clade sequential |reverse=yes |inverse=yes
                  |8=[[Cargill]]<br/><small>(Seed div, Acq 1998)</small>
                  |7=[[DeKalb Genetics Corporation]]<br/><small>(Acq 1998)</small>
                  |6=[[Agracetus]]<br/><small>(Acq 1996)</small>
                  |5=[[G. D. Searle & Company]]<br/><small>(Acq 1985)</small>
                  |4=American Viscose<br/><small>(Acq 1949)</small>
                  |3=Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories<br/><small>(Acq 1936)</small>
                  |2=[[Swann Chemical Company]]<br/><small>(Acq 1935)</small>
                  |1=Monsanto<br/><small>(Est 1901)</small>
      }} 
   }} 
}}

|}

==="Post-Pharmacia" Monsanto===
====2000 to 2009: Birth of the "new" Monsanto====
In 2000, Pharmacia spun off its agro-biotech subsidiary into a new company,<ref name=":0" /> the "new Monsanto",<ref>{{cite news |title=Monsanto Raises $700 Million in IPO |date=October 18, 2000 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-oct-18-fi-38228-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |agency=Bloomberg News}}</ref> focused on four key agricultural crops—soybeans, maize, wheat and cotton.<ref name="economist-new-monsanto">{{cite magazine |title=Genetically modified company |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2002/08/15/genetically-modified-company |access-date=September 26, 2018 |magazine=[[The Economist]] |date=August 15, 2002}}</ref> Monsanto agreed to indemnify Pharmacia against potential liabilities from judgments against [[Solutia]]. As a result, the new Monsanto continued to be a party to numerous lawsuits over the prior Monsanto. Pharmacia was bought by [[Pfizer]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/15/business/pfizer-said-to-buy-large-drug-rival-in-60-billion-deal.html|title=Pfizer Said to Buy Large Drug Rival in $60 Billion Deal |last=Sorkin |first=Andrew Ross |date=2002-07-15 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2017-12-22 |language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>Staff, CNN/Money. April 16, 2003 [https://money.cnn.com/2003/04/16/news/companies/pfizer_pharma/ It's official: Pfizer buys Pharmacia ]</ref>

In 2005, Monsanto acquired Emergent Genetics and its Stoneville and NexGen cotton brands. Emergent was the third-largest U.S. cotton seed company, with about 12% of the U.S. market. Monsanto's goal was to obtain "a strategic cotton germplasm and traits platform".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seedtoday.com/articles/monsanto_to_acquire_emergent_genetics__stoneville_and_nexgen_cotton_brands-25250.html |title=Monsanto to Acquire Emergent Genetics, Stoneville and NexGen Cotton Brands |publisher=Seed Today |date=February 17, 2005  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015161004/http://www.seedtoday.com/articles/monsanto_to_acquire_emergent_genetics__stoneville_and_nexgen_cotton_brands-25250.html |archive-date=October 15, 2013}}</ref>

Also in 2005, Monsanto purchased [[Seminis]], the California-based world leader in vegetable seed production, for $1.4 billion.<ref name=wsj0612>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304458604577490600217020934|title=Monsanto Digs Into Seeds|publisher=The Wall Street|author=Ian Berry Journal|date=2012-06-26}}</ref> Seminis developed new vegetable varieties using advanced cross-pollination methods. Monsanto indicated that Seminis would continue with non-GM development, while not ruling out GM in the longer term.<ref name="economist-seminis">{{cite magazine |title=Lord of the seeds |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2005/01/27/lord-of-the-seeds |access-date=September 26, 2018 |magazine=The Economist |date=January 27, 2005}}</ref>

In June 2007, Monsanto purchased [[Delta & Pine Land Company of Mississippi|Delta and Pine Land Company]], a major cotton seed breeder, for $1.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web | title = Monsanto Company Completes Acquisition of Delta and Pine Land Company, Seeks Approval of Related Divestitures | date = June 1, 2007 | url = http://news.thomasnet.com/companystory/524921}}</ref> As a condition for approval from the [[U.S. Department of Justice|Department of Justice]], Monsanto was obligated to divest its Stoneville cotton business, which it sold to [[Bayer]], and to divest its NexGen cotton business, which it sold to [[Americot]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpj.com/archives/2007/jun07/jun11/Monsantoreachesagreementwit.cfm |title=Monsanto reaches agreement with Department of Justice to acqui |publisher=Hpj.com |date=June 7, 2007 |access-date=August 14, 2012 |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015100816/http://www.hpj.com/archives/2007/jun07/jun11/Monsantoreachesagreementwit.cfm  }}</ref> Monsanto also exited the pig-breeding business by selling Monsanto Choice Genetics to [[Newsham Genetics]] LC in November, divesting itself of "any and all swine-related patents, patent applications, and all other intellectual property".<ref name=r1>{{cite book|last=Twine|first=Richard|title=Animals As Biotechnology: Ethics, Sustainability and Critical Animal Studies |url={{Google books |plainurl=y |id=C6osZJLbJ3cC|page=108}} |publisher=Earthscan |year=2010 |pages=108– |isbn=978-1-84977-635-6}}</ref>{{rp|108}} In 2007, Monsanto and [[BASF]] announced a long-term agreement to cooperate in the research, development, and marketing of new plant biotechnology products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corporate.basf.com/de/investor/veranstaltungen/termine/070321_interview.htm?id=V00-Eq3z_CNjlbcp.*0 |title=BASF-Gruppe: Interview Dr. Jürgen Hambrecht zur Zusammenarbeit mit Monsanto |publisher=Corporate.basf.com |date=March 21, 2007 |access-date=June 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124043448/http://www.corporate.basf.com/de/investor/veranstaltungen/termine/070321_interview.htm?id=V00-Eq3z_CNjlbcp.*0 |archive-date=November 24, 2012 }}</ref>

In 2008, Monsanto purchased Dutch seed company [[De Ruiter]] Seeds for €546 million,<ref>{{cite news |title=De Ruiter Seeds Acquisition |date=March 31, 2008 |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/deruiter-monsanto-idINWNAS636420080331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306172450/http://in.reuters.com/article/deruiter-monsanto-idINWNAS636420080331 |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> and sold its POSILAC bovine somatotropin brand and related business to [[Elanco]] Animal Health, a division of [[Eli Lilly & Co]], in August for $300 million plus "additional contingent consideration".<ref>{{cite web |title=Eli Lilly and Company to Acquire Monsanto's POSILAC Brand Dairy Product and Related Business |date=August 20, 2008 |url=http://monsanto.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=629  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603213428/http://monsanto.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=629 |archive-date=June 3, 2010 }}</ref>

====2010 to 2017: Further growth, Syngenta====
In 2012, Monsanto purchased for $210 million [[Precision Planting Inc.]], a company that produced computer hardware and software designed to enable farmers to increase yield and productivity through more precise planting.<ref>Berry, Ian (May 23, 2012) [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304707604577422162132896528 Monsanto to Buy Planting Technology Company] ''The Wall Street Journal'', Retrieved July 16, 2014</ref>

Monsanto purchased San Francisco–based [[The Climate Corporation|Climate Corp]] for $930 million in 2013.<ref name=gillam2013>{{cite news |title=Monsanto posts deeper fourth-quarter loss, unveils acquisition |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-monsanto-results-idUSBRE9910J520131002 <!--Internet Archive holds versions--> |publisher=Reuters |date=October 2, 2013 |author=Gillam, Carey |access-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924185532/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/02/us-monsanto-results-idUSBRE9910J520131002 |url-status=live }}</ref> Climate Corp makes local weather forecasts for farmers based on data modelling and historical data; if the forecasts were wrong, the farmer was compensated.<ref name = BloombergVance>Vance, Ashlee (October 2, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004035010/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-10-02/monsanto-buys-climate-corporation-for-930-million-bringing-big-data-to-the-farm Monsanto's Billion-Dollar Bet Brings Big Data to the Farm] Bloomberg Business Week, Technology, Retrieved July 16, 2014</ref>

In May 2013, a worldwide protest against Monsanto corporation, called [[March Against Monsanto]], was held in over 400 cities.<ref>Associated Press. May 25, 2013, [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/25/march-against-monsanto-gmo-protest_n_3336627.html?ncid=txtlnkushpmg00000029&ir=Business Protesters Rally Against U.S. Seed Giant And GMO Products]. ''[[The Huffington Post]]''. Retrieved May 25, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/28/science/a-race-to-save-the-orange-by-altering-its-dna.html?pagewanted=all |title=A Race to Save the Orange by Altering Its DNA |last=Harmon |first=Amy |date=2013-07-27 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2017-12-22 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A second protest took place in May 2014.

Monsanto tried to acquire Swiss agro-biotechnology rival [[Syngenta]] for US$46.5 billion in 2015, but failed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2015/08/26/monsanto-drops-46-5-billion-offer-for-syngenta-stock-buyback-double-earnings-market-rout/#1b56f8803894|title=Monsanto Drops $46.5B Bid For Syngenta, Paving Way For Stock Buyback Amid Market Rout|last=Gara|first=Antoine|website=Forbes|access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref> In that year Monsanto was the world's biggest supplier of seeds, controlling 26% of the global seed market (Du Pont was second with 21%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fwi.co.uk/arable/dow-dupont-merger-could-create-global-farm-supply-giant.htm |title=Dow-DuPont merger could create global farm supply giant |last=Jones |first=David |date=2015-12-10 |website=Farmers Weekly |language=en-GB |access-date=2016-09-07}}</ref> Monsanto was the only manufacturer of [[white phosphorus]] for military use in the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbo.gov/utils/view?id=aa766891fe32cf9ae7f87f3c7d3611a3|title=Department of the Army Justification and Approval for Other Than Full and Open Competition |website= www.fbo.gov |language=en-US |date= January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220080213/https://www.fbo.gov/utils/view?id=aa766891fe32cf9ae7f87f3c7d3611a3|archive-date=2016-12-20}}</ref>

===="Post-Pharmacia" Monsanto overview====

{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa"
|-
! style="background:#F0F2F5" | Chart of Monsanto's mergers, acquisitions, [[Corporate spin-off|spin-offs]] and historical predecessors:
|-
|
{{cladeR | style=font-size:90%;line-height:110% |thickness=0
|label1='''Monsanto Inc.'''<!-- LEVEL 1-->
|1={{cladeR
   |1={{clade sequential |inverse=yes |reverse=yes
               |1=Monsanto<br/><small>(Spun off from [[Pharmacia & Upjohn]] 2000)</small>
               |2=Emergent Genetics<br /><small>(Acq 2005)</small>
               |3=[[Seminis]]<br /><small>(Acq 2005)</small>
               |4=Icoria, Inc.<br /><small>(Selected assets, Acq 2005)</small>
               |5=[[Delta & Pine Land Company of Mississippi|Delta & Pine Land Company]]<br /><small>(Acq 2007)</small>
               |6=Monsanto's Asia subsidiaries<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/devgen-acquire-rice-sunflower-sorghum-and-pearl-millet-businesses-india-and-other-asia|title=Devgen to Acquire Rice, Sunflower, Sorghum and Pearl Millet Businesses in India and Other Asian Countries From Monsanto|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043048/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/devgen-acquire-rice-sunflower-sorghum-and-pearl-millet-businesses-india-and-other-asia|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><br /><small>(Sold to Devgen, 2007)</small>
               |7=Monsanto Choice Genetics<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/newsham-genetics-acquiring-monsanto-choice-genetics|title=Newsham Genetics Acquiring Monsanto Choice Genetics|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521211934/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/newsham-genetics-acquiring-monsanto-choice-genetics|archive-date=May 21, 2016}}</ref><br /><small>(Sold to Newsham Genetics, 2007)</small>
               |8=De Ruiter Seeds<br /><small>(Acq 2008)</small>
               |9=Agroeste Sementes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-company-acquires-agroeste-sementes-brazilian-corn-seed-company|title=Monsanto Company Acquires Agroeste Sementes, a Brazilian Corn Seed Company|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101508/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-company-acquires-agroeste-sementes-brazilian-corn-seed-company|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><br /><small>(Acq 2008)</small>
               |10=Monsanto's Dairy Product Business<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/eli-lilly-and-company-acquire-monsantos-posilac-brand-dairy-product-and-related-busine|title=Eli Lilly and Company to Acquire Monsanto's POSILAC Brand Dairy Product and Related Business|work=monsanto.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701071236/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/eli-lilly-and-company-acquire-monsantos-posilac-brand-dairy-product-and-related-busine|archive-date=July 1, 2017}}</ref><br /><small>(Sold to [[Eli Lilly & Co]], 2008)</small>
               |11={{clade sequential |reverse=yes
                   |1=Aly Participacoes Ltda<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-company-invest-technologies-sugarcane-acquisitions-canavialis-and-alellyx|title=Monsanto Company to Invest in Technologies for Sugarcane With Acquisitions of CanaVialis and Alellyx|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105524/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-company-invest-technologies-sugarcane-acquisitions-canavialis-and-alellyx|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><br /><small>(Acq 2008)</small>
                   |2=CanaVialis S.A.
                   |3=Alellyx S.A.
                   }}
               |12=Monsanto's Global Sunflower Assets<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/syngenta-acquire-monsantos-global-sunflower-assets|title=Syngenta to Acquire Monsanto's Global Sunflower Assets|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103914/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/syngenta-acquire-monsantos-global-sunflower-assets|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><br /><small>(Sold to [[Syngenta]], 2009)</small>
               |13=Divergence, Inc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-acquires-agricultural-technology-leader-divergence-inc|title=Monsanto Acquires Agricultural Technology Leader Divergence, Inc.|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027014432/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-acquires-agricultural-technology-leader-divergence-inc|archive-date=October 27, 2015}}</ref><br /><small>(Acq 2011)</small>
               |14=Beeologics<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-acquires-targeted-pest-control-technology-start|title=Monsanto Acquires Targeted-Pest Control Technology Start-Up|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070435/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-acquires-targeted-pest-control-technology-start|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><br /><small>(Acq 2011)</small>
               |15=Precision Planting Inc.<br /><small>(Acq 2012)</small>
               |16={{cladeR
                   |1=[[The Climate Corporation|Climate Corp]]<br /><small>(Acq 2013)</small>
                   |2=640 Labs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/climate/climate-corporation-acquires-640-labs-team-bolster-industry-leading-data-scien|title=The Climate Corporation Acquires 640 Labs, Team to Bolster Industry-Leading Data Science Capabilities|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130313/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/climate/climate-corporation-acquires-640-labs-team-bolster-industry-leading-data-scien|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><br /><small>(Acq 2014)</small>
                   }}
               |17=Agradis, Inc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/corporate/monsanto-acquires-select-assets-agradis-inc-support-work-agricultural-biolog|title=Monsanto Acquires Select Assets of Agradis, Inc. to Support Work in Agricultural Biologicals|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016115328/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/corporate/monsanto-acquires-select-assets-agradis-inc-support-work-agricultural-biolog|archive-date=October 16, 2016}}</ref><br /><small>(Select assets, Acq 2013)</small>
               |18=Rosetta Green Ltd<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/corporate/monsanto-acquires-plant-trait-developer-rosetta-green|title=Monsanto Acquires Plant Trait Developer Rosetta Green|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072243/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/corporate/monsanto-acquires-plant-trait-developer-rosetta-green|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><br /><small>(Acq 2013)</small>
      }}

   |label2=American Seeds, Inc.
   |2={{clade sequential |inverse=yes |reverse=yes
               |10=Diener Seeds<ref name="monsanto.com">{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsantos-american-seeds-inc-announces-five-acquisitions-support-locally-oriented-busi|title=Monsanto's American Seeds, Inc. Announces Five Acquisitions to Support Locally-Oriented Business Model|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904005219/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsantos-american-seeds-inc-announces-five-acquisitions-support-locally-oriented-busi|archive-date=September 4, 2015}}</ref><br /><small>(Seed marketing and sales businesses, Acq 2006)</small>
               |9=Sieben Hybrids<ref name="monsanto.com"/><br /><small>(Acq 2006)</small>
               |8=Kruger Seed Company<ref name="monsanto.com"/><br /><small>(Acq 2006)</small>
               |7=Trisler Seed Farms<ref name="monsanto.com"/><br /><small>(Acq 2006)</small>
               |6=Campbell Seed<br /><small>(Seed marketing and sales business, Acq 2006)</small>
               |5=Gold Country Seed, Inc.<ref name="monsanto.com1">{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsantos-american-seeds-inc-announces-two-strategic-acquisitions-support-locally-orie|title=Monsanto's American Seeds, Inc. Announces Two Strategic Acquisitions to Support Locally-Oriented Business Model|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101519/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsantos-american-seeds-inc-announces-two-strategic-acquisitions-support-locally-orie|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><br /><small>(Acq 2006)</small>
               |4=Heritage Seeds<ref name="monsanto.com1"/><br /><small>(Acq 2006)</small>
               |3=NC+ Hybrids, Inc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-adds-nc-hybrids-american-seeds-inc-bolstering-regional-seed-company-approach-|title=Monsanto Adds NC+ Hybrids to American Seeds, Inc., Bolstering Regional Seed Company Approach to Serve Farmers|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104304/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-adds-nc-hybrids-american-seeds-inc-bolstering-regional-seed-company-approach-|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><br /><small>(Acq 2005)</small>
               |2=Specialty Hybrids<ref name="monsanto.com2">{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/new-additions-american-seeds-inc-accelerate-growth-monsantos-regional-seed-company-app|title=New Additions to American Seeds, Inc. Accelerate Growth in Monsanto's Regional Seed Company Approach|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121153712/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/new-additions-american-seeds-inc-accelerate-growth-monsantos-regional-seed-company-app|archive-date=January 21, 2017}}</ref><br /><small>(Acq 2005)</small>
               |1={{cladeR
                  |5=Fontanelle Hybrids<ref name="monsanto.com2"/><br /><small>(Acq 2005)</small>
                  |4=Stewart Seeds<ref name="monsanto.com2"/><br /><small>(Acq 2005)</small>
                  |3=Trelay Seeds<ref name="monsanto.com2"/><br /><small>(Acq 2005)</small>
                  |2=Stone Seeds<ref name="monsanto.com2"/><br /><small>(Acq 2005)</small>
                  |1=Channel Bio Corp<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-forms-american-seeds-inc-investment-vehicle-regional-seed-companies|title=Monsanto Forms American Seeds, Inc., an Investment Vehicle for Regional Seed Companies|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105817/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-forms-american-seeds-inc-investment-vehicle-regional-seed-companies|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><br /><small>(Acq 2004)</small>
                  }}
      }}

   |label3=International Seed Group, Inc.
   |3={{cladeR
               |1=Poloni Semences<ref name="monsanto.com3">{{cite web|url=http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-forms-holding-company-invest-international-fruit-and-vegetable-seed-companies|title=Monsanto Forms Holding Company to Invest in International Fruit and Vegetable Seed Companies|work=monsanto.com|access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105827/http://news.monsanto.com/press-release/monsanto-forms-holding-company-invest-international-fruit-and-vegetable-seed-companies|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><br /><small>(Acq 2007)</small>

               |2=Charentais melon breeding company<ref name="monsanto.com3"/><br /><small>(Acq 2007)</small>
      }}
   }}
}}
|}

=== Sale to Bayer ===
In September 2016, Monsanto agreed to be acquired by [[Bayer]] for US$66 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bayers-all-cash-offer-values-monsanto-at-62-billion-1463981986|title=Bayer Makes $62 Billion Bid for Monsanto|last=Alessi|first=Christopher|date=May 23, 2016 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660|access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-37361556|title=Bayer confirms $66bn Monsanto takeover|date=September 14, 2016|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=June 5, 2018}}</ref> In an effort to receive regulatory clearance for the deal, Bayer announced the sale of significant portions of its current agriculture businesses, including its seed and herbicide businesses, to [[BASF]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bayer-to-sell-assets-to-basf-for-7-billion-subject-to-monsanto-acquisition-1507877275|title=Bayer to Sell Assets to BASF for $7 Billion Amid Scrutiny of Monsanto Megadeal|last1=Shevlin|first1=Anthony|date=2017-10-13|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2018-06-05|last2=Drozdiak|first2=Natalia|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-competition-bureau-asks-bayer-to-divest-some-canadian-assets-to-win/|title=Competition Bureau asks Bayer to divest some Canadian assets to win Monsanto deal approval|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref>

The deal was approved by the European Union on March 21, 2018,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-21/bayer-clears-eu-hurdle-for-monsanto-deal-with-basf-sale-pledge|title=Bayer Clears EU Hurdle for Monsanto Deal With BASF Sale|first=Aoife|last=White|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|location=[[New York City]]|date=March 21, 2018|access-date=March 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8c3d51d0-6349-11e8-90c2-9563a0613e56 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8c3d51d0-6349-11e8-90c2-9563a0613e56 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription|title=US set to approve Bayer-Monsanto deal with divestures|website=Financial Times|date=May 29, 2018|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-06-05|last1=Dye|first1=Jessica|last2=Shubber|first2=Kadhim}}{{subscription required}}</ref> and approved in the United States on May 29, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-29/bayer-wins-u-s-nod-for-monsanto-nearing-end-of-two-year-quest|title=Bayer Wins U.S. Approval for Monsanto After Two-Year Quest|date=2018-05-29|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2018-06-05|language=en}}</ref> The sale closed on June 7, 2018; Bayer announced its intent to discontinue the Monsanto name, with the combined company operating solely under the Bayer brand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/agribusiness-and-food/bayer-to-ditch-monsanto-name-after-closing-54bn-deal-1.3519972|title=Bayer to ditch Monsanto name after closing €54bn deal|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=2018-06-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/07/germanys-bayer-closes-monsanto-deal-plans-to-drop-us-companys-name.html|title=Germany's Bayer closes $63 billion Monsanto takeover, plans to drop US company's name|last=Daniels|first=Jeff|date=2018-06-07|work=CNBC|access-date=2018-06-19}}</ref>

Under the terms of merger, Bayer promised to maintain Monsanto's more than 9,000 U.S. jobs and add 3,000 new U.S. high-tech positions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bayer-monsanto-idINF9N0ZM02D|title=Bayer, Monsanto pledge U.S. R&D spending, jobs after merger|newspaper=Reuters |date=January 17, 2017|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>

The prospective merger parties said at the time the combined agriculture business planned to spend $16 billion on research and development over the next six years and at least $8 billion on research and development in United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/monsanto-shares-up-on-bayer-trump-promise-for-billions-in-u-s-investment-jobs|title = Monsanto Shares up on Bayer-Trump Promise for Billions in U.S. Investment, Jobs|website = [[Fox Business]]|date = January 13, 2017}}</ref>

Bayer would also establish its new global Seeds & Traits and North American commercial headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.missouripartnership.com/bayer-monsanto-complete-merger-establish-global-seeds-traits-north-american-headquarters-missouri/|title=Missouri Partnership &#124; Economic Development &#124; Bayer & Monsanto Complete Merger, Establish Global Seeds & Traits and North American Headquarters In Missouri|date=June 11, 2018|website=Missouri Partnership}}</ref>

The Bayer-Monsanto merger is widely considered to be one of the worst mergers in history, mostly due to the exposure to [[Roundup (herbicide)|Roundup]] litigation.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Farrell |first=Maureen |date=2023-12-06 |title=Years After Monsanto Deal, Bayer's Roundup Bills Keep Piling Up |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/business/monsanto-bayer-roundup-lawsuit-settlements.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206112824/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/business/monsanto-bayer-roundup-lawsuit-settlements.html |archive-date=December 6, 2023}}</ref><ref name=":02"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> By 2023, Bayer's market value had declined by over 60% since its 2016 merger, leaving the company's overall worth at less than half of what it paid to acquire Monsanto.<ref name=":4" />