Editing Monopoly (game) (section)

==History==
{{Further|History of Monopoly|l1=History of ''Monopoly''}}

===Early history===
[[File:BoardGamePatentMagie.png|thumb|left|170px|Lizzie Magie's 1904 board design, ''[[The Landlord's Game]]'', was a predecessor of ''Monopoly'']]
The history of ''Monopoly'' can be traced back to 1903,<ref name="NYT-20150213" /><ref>Sawyer, Keith. [https://sawyerpodcast.com/monopoly-invention-through-collaboration "Monopoly: Invention Through Collaboration."] ''[[The Science of Creativity (podcast)|The Science of Creativity]]'' (April 15, 2024)</ref> when American anti-monopolist [[Lizzie Magie]] created a game called ''[[The Landlord's Game]]'' that she hoped would explain the [[Georgism|single-tax]] theory of [[Henry George]] as laid out in his book ''[[Progress and Poverty]]''.  It was intended as an educational tool to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private [[monopoly|monopolies]]. She took out a patent in 1904. Her game was self-published beginning in 1906.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orbanes |first=Philip E. |url=https://archive.org/details/monopoly00phil/page/22 |title=Monopoly: The World's Most Famous Game & How it Got that Way |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-306-81489-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/monopoly00phil/page/22 22] |author-link=Philip Orbanes}}</ref><ref name="atlas obscura">[https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/column-secrets-of-monopoly The Hidden Worlds of Monopoly From Atlantic City to high fashion to Karl Marx, the most recognizable board game has had serious cultural impact.] by Adrienne Raphel January 5, 2024, Atlas Obscura website.</ref>

Magie created two sets of rules: an anti-monopolist set in which all were rewarded when wealth was created, and a monopolist set in which the goal was to create monopolies and crush opponents.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 11, 2015 |title=The secret history of Monopoly: the capitalist board game's leftwing origins |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/apr/11/secret-history-monopoly-capitalist-game-leftwing-origins}}</ref><ref name="atlas obscura"/>

Several variant board games, based on her concept, were developed from 1906 through the 1930s; they involved both the process of buying land for its development, and the sale of any undeveloped property. Cardboard houses were added, and rents increased as they were added to a property. Magie patented the game again in 1923.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pilon |first=Mary |title=The Monopolists: Obsession, Fury, and the Scandal Behind the World's Favorite Board Game |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc |isbn=978-1-60819-963-1 |location=New York, London |pages=30–41, 67–79, 84–89}}</ref>

According to an advertisement placed in ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', Charles Todd of [[Philadelphia]] recalled the day in 1932 when his childhood friend Esther Jones and her husband, [[Charles Darrow]], came to his house for dinner. After the meal, the Todds introduced Darrow to ''The Landlord's Game'', which they then played several times. The game was entirely new to Darrow, and he asked the Todds for a written set of the rules. After that night, Darrow went on to utilize it to distribute the game himself as ''Monopoly''.{{sfn|Pilon|2015|pp=90–92, 132–133}} Darrow used [[oil cloth]] to create a game board which is now in the collection of [[The Strong National Museum of Play]] after a $146,500 bid at [[Sotheby's]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mrt.com/entertainment/article/a-look-behind-the-scenes-at-the-national-toy-hall-19856190.php|title=They made 36 million Corn Poppers. Here's how they pick the right ones for the Toy Hall of Fame|last=Thompson|first=Carolyn|work=[[Midland Reporter-Telegram]]|via=[[Associated Press]]|date=October 23, 2024|access-date=October 28, 2024}}</ref>

The [[Parker Brothers]] bought the game's [[copyright]]s from Darrow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brady |first=Maxine |title=The Monopoly Book |date=1974 |publisher=David McKay Co |isbn=0-679-20292-7 |location=New York |page=18}}</ref> When the company learned Darrow was not the sole inventor of the game, it bought the rights to Magie's patent for $500.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chokshi |first=Niraj |date=September 12, 2019 |title=A New Monopoly Game Celebrates Women, but What About the One Behind the Original? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/12/us/ms-monopoly-lizzie-magie.html |access-date=July 27, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Parker Brothers began marketing the game on November 5, 1935.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Most Popular Game in History Almost Didn't Pass 'Go' |url=https://time.com/3546303/monopoly-1935/ |access-date=June 20, 2020 |magazine=Time}}</ref> Cartoonist [[F. O. Alexander]] contributed the design.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pilon |first=Mary |date=January 2015a |title=Monopoly Was Designed to Teach the 99% About Income Inequality |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/monopoly-was-designed-teach-99-about-income-inequality-180953630/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> U.S. patent number ''US 2026082 A'' was issued to Charles Darrow on December 31, 1935, for the game board design and was assigned to Parker Brothers Inc.<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=2026082 |status=patent |title=Board Game Apparatus |gdate=1935-12-31 |pridate= |inventor=[[Charles Darrow]] |assign1=[[Parker Bros.|Parker Brothers Inc.]]}}</ref> The original version of the game in this format was based on the streets of [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]].

=== 1936–1970 ===
Parker Brothers began licensing the game for sale outside the United States in 1936. In 1941, the British [[Secret Intelligence Service]] had [[Waddingtons|John Waddington Ltd.]], the licensed manufacturer of the game in the United Kingdom, create a special edition for World War II [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] held by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brian McMahon |date=November 29, 2007 |title=How board game helped free POWs |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/LIVING/wayoflife/12/05/mf.waropoly/index.html |access-date=December 7, 2007 |archive-date=December 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208181506/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/LIVING/wayoflife/12/05/mf.waropoly/index.html |url-status=dead }} (originally on ''[[Mental floss]]'' magazine)</ref> Hidden inside these games were maps, [[compass]]es, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by fake charity organizations created by the British Secret Service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ki Mae Heussner |date=September 18, 2009 |title=Get Out of Jail Free: Monopoly's Hidden Maps |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/monopolys-hidden-escape-maps-free-pows/Story?id=8605905&page=3 |access-date=September 18, 2009 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref>

===1970s–1980s===
Economics professor [[Ralph Anspach]] published ''[[Anti-Monopoly]]'' in 1973, and was sued for [[trademark infringement]] by Parker Brothers in 1974. The case went to trial in 1976. Anspach won on appeals in 1979, as the [[United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit|9th Circuit Court]] determined that the trademark ''Monopoly'' was [[generic trademark|generic]] and therefore unenforceable.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=October 20, 2009 |title=How a Fight Over a Board Game Monopolized an Economist's Life |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125599860004295449}}</ref> The [[United States Supreme Court]] declined to hear the case, allowing the appellate court ruling to stand. This decision was overturned by the passage of Public Law 98-620 in 1984.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sji.gov/PDF/SJI_Authorization.pdf|title=Trademark Clarification Act of 1984}}</ref>{{sfn|Pilon|2015|p=241}} With that law in place, Parker Brothers and its parent company, [[Hasbro]], continue to hold valid trademarks for the game ''Monopoly''. However, ''Anti-Monopoly'' was exempted from the law and Anspach later reached a settlement with Hasbro and marketed his game under license from them.<ref name="anti-wsj" />

===Hasbro ownership===
Hasbro acquired Parker Bros. and thus ''Monopoly'' in 1991.<ref name="wsj" /> Before the Hasbro acquisition, Parker Bros. acted as a publisher, issuing only two versions at a time, a regular and deluxe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monopoly |url=https://www.firstversions.com/2016/04/monopoly.html |access-date=June 2, 2022 |website=www.firstversions.com}}</ref> Hasbro moved to create and license many other versions of ''Monopoly'' and sought public input in varying the game.<ref name="lat">{{Cite news |last=Rivenburg |first=Roy |date=June 6, 2005 |title=Still passing 'Go' |page=B5 |work=The Vindicator |agency=Los Angeles Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aqhIAAAAIBAJ&pg=1646,1276513&dq=monopoly+vote+1998+tokens&hl=en |access-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref> A new wave of licensed products began in 1994, when Hasbro granted a license to USAopoly to begin publishing a [[San Diego]] Edition of ''Monopoly'',<ref name=wsj /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannes |first=Tanya |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Board game inventors spill secrets |work=San Diego Union Tribune |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-board-game-inventors-spill-secrets-2011dec19-htmlstory.html |access-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref> which has since been followed by more than a hundred more licensees including Winning Moves Games (since 1995)<ref name="boston">{{Cite news |last=DeMarco |first=Peter |date=October 22, 2009 |title=The chairman of the board |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |publisher=The Globe Company |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/10/22/the_chairman_of_the_board/?page=full |access-date=December 4, 2018}}</ref> and Winning Solutions, Inc. (since 2000) in the United States.

The company held a national tournament on a chartered train going from Chicago to Atlantic City (see {{section link||U.S. National Championship}}) in 2003.<ref name=lat /> Also that year, Hasbro sued the maker of ''[[Ghettopoly]]'' for violation of trademarks and copyrights<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 22, 2003 |title=Hasbro sues 'Ghettopoly' creator |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3339899 |access-date=March 4, 2018}}</ref> and won.<ref name="Floss" /> In February 2005, the company sued RADGames over their Super Add-On accessory board game that fit in the center of the board.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 6, 2005 |title="Community Chest" of variations |page=B5 |work=The Vindicator |agency=Los Angeles Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aqhIAAAAIBAJ&dq=monopoly%20vote%201998%20tokens&pg=2083%2C1277599 |access-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref> The judge initially issued an injunction on February 25, 2005, to halt production and sales before ruling in RADGames's favor in April 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Decker |first=Susan |date=April 8, 2005 |title=The maker of Monopoly game loses court ruling |work=Houston Chronicle |agency=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.chron.com/business/article/The-maker-of-Monopoly-game-loses-court-ruling-1524635.php |access-date=December 4, 2018}}</ref>

The Speed Die was added to all regular Monopoly sets in 2008.<ref name=boston/> After polling their Facebook followers, Hasbro Gaming took the top house rules and added them to a House Rule Edition released in the fall of 2014 and added them as optional rules in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Italie |first=Leanne |date=April 4, 2014 |title=No rent from jail, bonus for snake eyes among 5 Monopoly house rules fans pick for new set |work=Star Tribune |agency=AP |url=http://www.startribune.com/hasbro-picks-5-house-rules-for-new-monopoly-set/253880661/ |access-date=December 4, 2018}}</ref> In January 2017, Hasbro invited internet users to vote on a new set of game pieces, with this new regular edition to be issued in March 2017.<ref name="CNNM">{{Cite news |last=Kavilanz |first=Parija |date=January 10, 2017 |title=Monopoly wants the internet to pick its next eight figurines |work=CNNMoney |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/01/10/technology/monopoly-tokens-vote/?iid=TL_Popular |access-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref>

On May 1, 2018, the Monopoly Mansion hotel agreement was announced by Hasbro's managing director for southeast Asia, Jenny Chew Yean Nee, with M101 Holdings Sdn Bhd. M101 has the five-star, 225-room hotel, then under construction, located at the M101 Bukit Bintang in [[Kuala Lumpur]] and with a 1920s [[The Great Gatsby|Gatsby]] feel. M101's Sirocco Group would manage the hotel when it opened in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bernama |date=March 2, 2018 |title=World's first Monopoly hotel to open in KL in 2019 |work=New Straits Times |url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/jom/2018/03/340477/worlds-first-monopoly-hotel-open-kl-2019 |access-date=December 21, 2018}}</ref>

Hasbro announced in March 2021 that it planned to update the Community Chest cards with ones that would be more socially aware, inviting fans of the game to vote on the new versions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bernama |date=March 18, 2021 |title=Time For Mr. Monopoly's Get Woke Moment |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanverdon/2021/03/18/time-for-mr-monopolys-get-woke-moment/?sh=135e93f32aa2 |access-date=May 8, 2021}}</ref> In April 2022, Hasbro announced another poll. This vote would see the reintroduction of one previously retired token in exchange for an existing token.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naylor |date=April 29, 2022 |title=Which Retired Token Will Return To Monopoly? – 2022 Throwback Token Vote |work=Rich Uncle Pennybags |url=https://richunclepennybags.co.uk/2022-throwback-token-vote |access-date=April 30, 2022}}</ref> The result would see the Thimble return and the T-Rex phased out by fall 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naylor |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Thimble Returns & T-Rex Extinct: The New Monopoly Token Line Up has been announced! |work=Rich Uncle Pennybags |url=https://richunclepennybags.co.uk/thimble-returns-t-rex-extinct-the-new-monopoly-token-line-up-has-been-announced |access-date=May 31, 2022}}</ref>

Hasbro revealed an overhaul in January 2025 for release on July 15, 2025, changing the box to a square, renovating the Banker's tray, and enlarging the tokens by roughly 20%. Oriental Avenue will be renamed to Rhode Island Avenue, another street in Atlantic City.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hall |date=Jan 7, 2025 |title=Monopoly getting a major overhaul in 2025, plus new expansions built for speed |work=Polygon |url=https://www.polygon.com/gaming/492505/monopoly-new-version-expansions-announced |access-date=Mar 23, 2025}}</ref>