Editing Monmouth College (section)

==History==
[[File:Construction of Wallace Hall, Monmouth College, 1908.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|Construction of Wallace Hall, 1908. Its entrance is modeled after the east portico of the ancient [[Erechtheion]] of the [[Acropolis of Athens|Athenian Acropolis]]. The building houses historic classrooms that played a part in educating all living alumni.]]

Monmouth College was founded on April 18, 1853, by the Second Presbytery of Illinois of the [[Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church]]. Founded as '''Monmouth Academy''', the school became Monmouth College after receiving a charter from the state legislature on September 3, 1856. The college remains affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA) and is a member of the [[Associated Colleges of the Midwest]], a consortium of small, private liberal arts colleges.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.acm.edu/about_us/index.html|title = About us|access-date = October 8, 2015|website = The Associated Colleges of the Midwest (ACM)}}</ref> The college's motto "Lux" ("Light") appears on its seal.

The first president, David Wallace built two mission churches in [[Massachusetts]] before assuming the Monmouth presidency.

Founded on the eve of the [[American Civil War]], the college immediately faced a crisis. The college's campus was still under construction while virtually the entire male student body left for military service. Two hundred and thirty-two students, faculty members, and trustees served in the Civil War. A quarter of them were wounded and one in eight was killed.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://archive.org/details/monmouthcollegei00monm|title = Monmouth College in the War of the Rebellion|publisher = Monmouth College Oracle|date = May 30, 1911|page = 6|access-date = February 7, 2014}}</ref> Two were awarded the [[Medal of Honor]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.cmohs.org/recipient-detail/389/duncan-james-k-l.php|title = DUNCAN, JAMES K. L.|access-date = August 29, 2014|website = Congressional Medal of Honor Society}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.monmouthcollege.edu/information/newsEvents/newsDetails.aspx?Channel=%2FChannels%2FCampus+Wide&WorkflowItemID=6eec3267-7d6d-4387-afff-90d148d85ec1|title = MC student hero remembered on 150th anniversary of Civil War battle|date = September 3, 2011|access-date = October 8, 2015|website = Monmouth College|last = Rankin|first = Jeff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.cmohs.org/recipient-detail/1025/palmer-george-h.php|title = PALMER, GEORGE H.|access-date = August 29, 2014|website = Congressional Medal of Honor Society}}</ref> and [[Abner C. Harding]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000188|title = Harding, Abner Clark – Biographical Information|access-date = October 16, 2015|website = Biographical Directory of the United States Congress}}</ref> a college trustee who raised a regiment composed largely of Monmouth College students, was commissioned a brigadier general for his leadership in the defense of [[Fort Donelson]] in 1863.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000188|title = Harding, Abner Clark, (1807–1874)|access-date = October 16, 2015|website = Biographical Directory of The United States Congress}}</ref> President Wallace, believing that the college "must educate, whether there be peace or war," kept classes in session for what was then a primarily female student body.

Monmouth was founded as a [[Mixed-sex education|coeducational]] college where women and men had equal access to courses. When [[veteran]]s returning to the college decided to form [[Fraternities and sororities|fraternities]], a group of women was determined not to be outdone, and in 1867 established the first fraternity for women, known today as [[Pi Beta Phi]].<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/bairdsmanualame00bairgoog|page = [https://archive.org/details/bairdsmanualame00bairgoog/page/n514 473]|title = Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities|access-date = October 16, 2015|publisher = G. Banta Company, 1920|year = 1920}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.pibetaphi.org/pibetaphi/About_Us/History/History_of_Pi_Beta_Phi/|title = History of Pi Beta Phi|access-date = October 16, 2015|website = Pi Beta Phi Fraternity For Women|publisher = Pi Beta Phi}}</ref> Three years later, another well-known women's fraternity, [[Kappa Kappa Gamma]], was founded at Monmouth.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/bairdsmanualame00bairgoog|page = [https://archive.org/details/bairdsmanualame00bairgoog/page/n505 464]|title = Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities|access-date = October 16, 2015|via = books.google|publisher = G. Banta Company, 1920|year = 1920}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.kappakappagamma.org/Kappa/About_Us/In_the_Beginning/|title = In The Beginning|access-date = October 16, 2015|website = Kappa Kappa Gamma}}</ref>

Monmouth College had gained national stature by 1911 as shown by its US government classification where 59 colleges and universities ranked higher and 244 ranked lower (out of a total of 345 top colleges).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/how-did-the-federal-government-rate-your-college-a-century-ago/83411|title = How Did the Federal Government Rate Your College a Century Ago?|date = August 6, 2014|access-date = October 16, 2015|website = The Chronicle Of Higher Education}}</ref>

[[World War II]] posed a crisis to the institution similar to that of the Civil War, as male students began enlisting in the service within a month of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and soon only a handful remained on campus. Through an arrangement with the U.S. Navy Department, the college survived by becoming a U.S. Naval Flight Preparatory School, and later offered a V-5 Navy Academic Refresher Unit program for officers. Courses were taught by Monmouth's liberal arts faculty. The Navy later adopted portions of Monmouth's curriculum for training programs nationwide. More than 2,000 Navy men went through Monmouth College, a number of whom would re-enroll at the college after the war funded by the [[G.I. Bill]].

Monmouth's chemistry department gained national prominence in the 1950s when longtime professor William S. Haldeman was recognized with a major award by the [[American Chemical Society]].<ref>{{cite journal|title = Midwest Award Winner Accents Importance of Graduate Work|journal = Chemical & Engineering News|volume = 28|issue = 47|pages = 4080–4081|date = November 20, 1950|doi = 10.1021/cen-v028n047.p4080}}</ref> The Steelman Report on Manpower for Research noted that Monmouth and four other small colleges—Hope, Juniata, St. Olaf and Oberlin—together had "produced more candidates for the doctor's degree in chemistry than Johns Hopkins, Fordham, Columbia, Tulane and Syracuse Universities combined."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112104107070;view=1up;seq=32|title = Manpower for research, Vol. 4 of Science and Public Policy: A Report to the President|last = Steelman|first = John R.|date = 11 October 1947|publisher = The President's Scientific Research Board|access-date = October 16, 2015}}</ref>

Beginning in the 1960s, a secularization movement changed the nature of the college. Concurrent with dwindling financial support from the United Presbyterian Church, the college removed the Church Synod's role in nominating and confirming trustees, thus allowing for the cultivation of new trustees with stronger business acumen and financial resources than those during the college's earlier days. The college otherwise maintained its covenant relationship with the Presbyterian Church.

During the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Conscription|military draft]] (and the ability to avoid the draft by enrolling in college) contributed to increases in college attendance throughout the U.S. Attendance at the college increased but then fell when the draft ended in the 1970s causing financial strain not unlike the losing of students to the Civil War had done in the then distant past.

In 1983, a donation from an alumnus committed $5 million to the endowment and launched a $15 million capital campaign, the largest gift in college history to that point.<ref>Meyer, Daniel. (2002) A Thousand Hearts’ Devotion: A History of Monmouth College, Monmouth College. pp. 122–147. {{ISBN|0-9720303-0-1}}</ref>

During the 1990s, enrollment began a steady increase that would see it more than double over the next two decades, from less than 600 in 1993 to 1,379 in 2009<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.pjstar.com/article/20090903/News/309039880|title = Monmouth College sees record enrollment|date = September 3, 2009|access-date = October 16, 2015|website = Journalstar}}</ref> and then decrease to 753 by 2021.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |year=2024 |title=U.S. News Best Colleges |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/monmouth-college-1725 |access-date=February 12, 2024 |work=U.S. News and World Report |language=En-us |no-pp=y}}</ref> The endowment grew from $23.6 million in 1993 to $87.2 million in 2013<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.nacubo.org/Research/NACUBO-Commonfund_Study_of_Endowments/Public_NCSE_Tables/Total_Market_Value_of_Endowments.html|title = Endowment market values and investment rates of return|access-date = October 16, 2015|publisher = National Association of College and University Business Officers|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906170041/http://www.nacubo.org/Research/NACUBO-Commonfund_Study_of_Endowments/Public_NCSE_Tables/Total_Market_Value_of_Endowments.html|archive-date = 2015-09-06|url-status = dead}}</ref> to over $115 million in 2020;<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Monmouth College {{!}} Data USA |url=https://datausa.io/profile/university/monmouth-college/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=datausa.io |language=en}}</ref> $75 million higher than the average for similar colleges.<ref name=":8" /> In 2021, the endowment stood at $146 million; $93.6 million more than average Baccalaureate colleges.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Monmouth College {{!}} Data USA |url=https://datausa.io/profile/university/monmouth-college/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=datausa.io |language=en}}</ref> Between 2002 and 2013, more than $120 million was invested in new construction and renovations to the campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://ou.monmouthcollege.edu/admissions/largest-freshman-class.aspx|title = Largest Freshman Class at 396|access-date = October 16, 2015|website = Monmouth College|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123646/https://ou.monmouthcollege.edu/admissions/largest-freshman-class.aspx|archive-date = March 4, 2016}}</ref>