Editing Moncton (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Moncton}}
{{For timeline}}
{{See also|List of historic places in Moncton, New Brunswick}}
Acadians settled the head of the [[Bay of Fundy]] in the 1670s.<ref>Boudreau 12</ref> The first reference to the "Petcoucoyer River" was on the De Meulles map of 1686.<ref>Boudreau 16</ref> Settlement of the [[Petitcodiac River|Petitcodiac]] and [[Memramcook]] river valleys began about 1700, gradually extending inland and reaching the site of present-day Moncton in 1733. The first [[Acadian]] settlers in the Moncton area established a marshland farming community and chose to name their settlement ''Le Coude'' ("The Elbow"),<ref name="Moncton Article">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Medjuck, Sheva |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/moncton/ <!--Bot repaired link--> |title=Moncton |date=March 13, 2007 |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=July 4, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415111626/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/moncton/ |archive-date=April 15, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> an allusion to the 90° bend in the river near the site of the settlement.
[[File:Fort Beauséjour - Fort Cumberland National Historic Site.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fort Beauséjour]]. in 1755, the [[France|French]] fort was captured by British forces under the command of [[Robert Monckton]].]]
In 1755, nearby [[Fort Beauséjour]] was captured by British forces under the command of Lt. Col. [[Robert Monckton]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Parks Canada – Fort Beauséjour – Fort Cumberland National Historic Site of Canada – Natural Wonders & Cultural Treasures – Cultural Heritage |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/nb/beausejour/natcul/index_E.asp |publisher=[[Parks Canada]] |access-date=July 9, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208184944/http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/nb/beausejour/natcul/index_e.asp |archive-date=February 8, 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Beaubassin region including the [[Memramcook]] and [[Petitcodiac river]] valleys subsequently fell under English control.<ref>Larracey 30</ref> Later that year, Governor [[Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)|Charles Lawrence]] issued a decree ordering the [[History of Acadia|expulsion of the Acadian]] population from [[Nova Scotia]] (including recently captured areas of Acadia such as Le Coude). This action came to be known as the "[[Great Upheaval]]".<ref name="History of Acadia">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-acadia/ <!--Bot repaired link--> |title=Acadia, History of |date=March 13, 2007 |encyclopedia=[[Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=July 19, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220213617/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-acadia/ |archive-date=February 20, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The reaches of the upper Petitcodiac River valley then came under the control of the Philadelphia Land Company (one of the principals of which was [[Benjamin Franklin]].) In 1766, [[Pennsylvania German]] settlers arrived to reestablish the preexisting farming community at Le Coude.<ref>Larracey 32</ref> The Settlers consisted of eight families: Heinrich Stief ([[Steeves]]), Jacob Treitz (Trites), Matthias Sommer (Somers), Jacob Reicker (Ricker), Charles Jones (Schantz),<ref>[http://www.onelibrary.com/genealogy/reports/Charles-Jones-of-Philadelphia-and-Monckton.pdf The German Origins of Charles Jones, aka Johann Carl Schantz, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Monckton, New Brunswick] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508195702/http://www.onelibrary.com/genealogy/reports/Charles-Jones-of-Philadelphia-and-Monckton.pdf |date=May 8, 2016 }} By Rick Crume, with genealogical research by Dawn Edlund, November 2008</ref> George Wortmann (Wortman), Michael Lutz (Lutes), and George Koppel (Copple). There is a plaque dedicated in their honour at the mouth of Hall's Creek.<ref name="Pennsylvania Deutsch Settlers">{{cite web |url=http://tourism.moncton.ca/Travel_Trade/General_Information/The_History_of_Moncton.htm |title=The History of Moncton |year=2008 |work=Tourism Moncton |access-date=October 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115021223/http://tourism.moncton.ca/Travel_Trade/General_Information/The_History_of_Moncton.htm |archive-date=January 15, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> They renamed the settlement "The Bend".<ref name="Moncton Article" /> The Bend remained an agricultural settlement for nearly 80 more years. Even by 1836, there were only 20 households in the community. At that time, the Westmorland Road became open to year-round travel and a regular mail coach service was established between [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] and [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]]. The Bend became an important transfer and rest station along the route. Over the next decade, lumbering and then shipbuilding became important industries in the area.

The community's turning point came when [[Joseph Salter]] took over (and expanded) a shipyard at the Bend in 1847. The shipyard grew to employ about 400 workers. The Bend subsequently developed a service-based economy to support the shipyard and gradually began to acquire all the amenities of a growing town.<ref>Larracey 45</ref> The prosperity engendered by the wooden [[shipbuilding industry]] allowed The Bend to incorporate as the town of Moncton in 1855. Although the town was named for Monckton,<ref name="Moncton Article" /> a clerical error at the time the town was incorporated resulted in the misspelling of its name, which has remained to the present day. Moncton's first mayor was the shipbuilder Joseph Salter.

In 1857, the [[European and North American Railway]] opened its line from Moncton to nearby [[Shediac]]. This was followed in 1859 by a line from Moncton to [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]].<ref name="Canadian Biography">{{cite book |first=George W. |last=Brown |title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcana02toro |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcana02toro/page/727 727]|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1966 |isbn=0-8020-3142-0}}</ref> At about the time of the railway's arrival, the popularity of steam-powered ships forced an end to the era of wooden shipbuilding. The Salter shipyard closed in 1858. The resulting industrial collapse caused Moncton to surrender its civic charter in 1862.<ref name="Moncton Article" />
[[File:Intercolonial Railway Logo People.jpg|thumb|left|The city's economy was revitalized when it was selected as the headquarters for the [[Intercolonial Railway|Intercolonial Railway of Canada]] in 1871]]
Moncton's economic depression did not last long; a second era of prosperity came to the area in 1871, when Moncton was selected to be the headquarters of the [[Intercolonial Railway of Canada]] (ICR).<ref name="Moncton Article" /> The arrival of the ICR in Moncton was a seminal event for the community. For the next 120 years, the history of the city was firmly linked with the railway's. In 1875,<ref name="Moncton Article" /> Moncton reincorporated as a town, and a year later, the ICR line to [[Quebec]] opened. The railway boom that emanated from this and the associated employment growth allowed Moncton to achieve city status on April 23, 1890.<ref>Larracey 25</ref>

[[File:Gare des Chemins de fer nationaux du Canada, Moncton (Nouveau-Brunswick).jpg|thumb|The Canadian National Railway station in 1927]]
Moncton grew rapidly during the early 20th century, particularly after provincial lobbying helped the city become the eastern terminus of the massive [[National Transcontinental Railway]] project in 1912.<ref name="National Transcontinental Railway">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-transcontinental-railway/ <!--Bot repaired link--> |title=National Transcontinental Railway |date=March 13, 2007 |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=July 19, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144717/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-transcontinental-railway/ |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1918, the federal government merged the ICR and the [[National Transcontinental Railway]] (NTR) into the newly formed [[Canadian National Railways]] (CNR) system.<ref name="National Transcontinental Railway"/> The ICR shops became CNR's major locomotive repair facility for the Maritimes and Moncton became the headquarters for CNR's Maritime division.<ref>Larracey 28</ref> The [[Eatons|T. Eaton Company's]] catalogue warehouse moved to the city in the early 1920s, employing over 700 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Company Histories: Eaton's |url=http://www.civilization.ca/cpm/catalog/cat2403e.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125054741/http://www.civilization.ca/cpm/catalog/cat2403e.html |archive-date=January 25, 2008 |publisher=[[Virtual Museum of Canada]]|access-date=January 24, 2009}}</ref> Transportation and distribution became increasingly important to Moncton's economy in the mid-20th century. The first scheduled air service out of Moncton was established in 1928. During the [[Second World War]], the [[Canadian Army]] built a large military supply base in the city to service the Maritime military establishment. The CNR continued to dominate the economy of the city; railway employment in Moncton peaked at nearly 6,000 workers in the 1950s before beginning a slow decline.<ref>Larracey 46</ref>
[[File:Aliant Turm.JPG|thumb|left|The Aliant tower symbolizes Moncton's position in Atlantic Canada as a communications and transportation hub]]
Moncton was placed on the [[Trans-Canada Highway]] network in the early 1960s after [[New Brunswick Route 2|Route 2]] was built along the city's northern perimeter. Later, the [[New Brunswick Route 15|Route 15]] was built between the city and [[Shediac]].<ref>Larracey 52</ref> At the same time, the [[Petitcodiac River Causeway]] was constructed.<ref name="Moncton Article" /> The [[Université de Moncton]] was founded in 1963<ref>{{cite web |title=Musée acadien de l'Université de Moncton – Canada – |url=http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Instruments/Anglais/maum_c_txt01_en.html |publisher=virtualmuseum.ca |access-date=July 9, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702082139/http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Instruments/Anglais/maum_c_txt01_en.html |archive-date=July 2, 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and became an important resource in the development of Acadian culture in the area.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Moncton |url=http://agora.virtualmuseum.ca/Agora/ViewLoitLo.do?method=preview&lang=EN&id=229 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721235712/http://agora.virtualmuseum.ca/Agora/ViewLoitLo.do?method=preview&lang=EN&id=229 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 21, 2012 |date=March 13, 2006 |work=Government of [[New Brunswick]] |access-date=February 16, 2008}}</ref>

The late 1970s and the 1980s were a period of economic hardship for the city as several major employers closed or restructured.<ref>Larracey 62</ref> The [[Eatons]] catalogue division, CNR's locomotive shops facility and [[CFB Moncton]] closed during this time,<ref name="Moncton Article4">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/mo/Moncton.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208164412/http://www.bartleby.com/65/mo/Moncton.html|archive-date=December 8, 2007|title=Moncton |date=March 13, 2001 |encyclopedia=[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]], Sixth Edition |access-date=July 19, 2007}}</ref> throwing thousands of citizens out of work.<ref name="Greater Moncton Garisson">{{cite web|url=http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/cfb_gagetown/branch/monctn_e.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040317005939/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/cfb_gagetown/branch/monctn_e.asp|archive-date=March 17, 2004|title=CFB Gagetown Support Detachment Moncton |date=September 12, 2006 |work=[[Department of National Defence (Canada)|Department of National Defence]] |access-date=July 15, 2007}}</ref>

The city diversified in the early 1990s with the rise of information technology, led by [[call centre]]s that made use of the city's [[bilingual]] workforce.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wickens |first=Barbara |date=October 27, 1997 |title=When cheaper is better |magazine=[[Maclean's]] |issue=43 |volume=110 |page=10 }}</ref> By the late 1990s, retail, manufacturing and service expansion began to occur in all sectors and within a decade of the closure of the CNR locomotive shops Moncton had more than made up for its employment losses. This dramatic turnaround in the city's fortunes has been termed the "Moncton Miracle".<ref>{{cite web |title=Turner and Drake newsletter: Spring 1994 |url=http://www.turnerdrake.com/newsresearch/newsletters.asp |publisher=Turner Drake & Partners Ltd |access-date=July 19, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717004956/http://www.turnerdrake.com/newsresearch/newsletters.asp |archive-date=July 17, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The community's growth has accelerated since the 1990s. The confidence of the community has been bolstered by its ability to host major events such as the [[Francophonie#Summits|Francophonie Summit]] in 1999, a [[Rolling Stones]] concert in 2005, the [[Memorial Cup]] in 2006, and both the [[IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics]] and a neutral site regular season CFL football game in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Organization internationale de la Francophonie: Choronologie |url=http://www.francophonie.org/doc/doc-historique/chronologie-oif.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307170154/http://www.francophonie.org/doc/doc-historique/chronologie-oif.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2008 |publisher=[[Francophonie]]|access-date=January 24, 2009 |page=2 |language=fr}}</ref> Positive developments include the [[Atlantic Baptist University]] (later renamed [[Crandall University]]) achieving full university status and relocating to a new campus in 1996, the Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport opening a new terminal building and becoming a designated international airport in 2002,<ref name="AirportHistory">{{cite web|title=GMIA Home |publisher=[[Greater Moncton International Airport]] |url=http://www.gmia.ca/english/corp/history.asp |access-date=July 15, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107010058/http://www.gmia.ca/english/corp/history.asp |archive-date=November 7, 2004 }}</ref> and the opening of the new [[Gunningsville Bridge]] to Riverview in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunningsville Bridge opens to traffic (05/11/19) |url=http://www.gnb.ca/cnb/news/tran/2005e1581tr.htm |publisher=Communications New Brunswick |date=November 19, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514164213/http://www.gnb.ca/cnb/news/tran/2005e1581tr.htm |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2002, Moncton became Canada's first officially bilingual city.<ref name="Bilingual">{{cite news|title=Moncton votes to become Canada's first bilingual city |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/moncton-votes-to-become-canada-s-first-bilingual-city-1.333298 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |date=August 7, 2002 |access-date=June 25, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016000635/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2002/08/07/moncton_biling020807.html |archive-date=October 16, 2006 }}</ref> In the 2006 census, it was designated a [[Census Metropolitan Area]] and became New Brunswick's largest metropolitan area.<ref name=statcan2006CMA>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=305__&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=Moncton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|title=2006 Community Profiles|work=[[Statistics Canada]]|year=2006|access-date=July 20, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208232043/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=305__&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=Moncton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|archive-date=December 8, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>