Editing Monarchy of Canada (section)

==International and domestic aspects==
{{Further|Commonwealth realm#Relationship of the realms}}
[[File:Commonwealth realm map.svg|thumb|{{Legend|#000080|Commonwealth realms}}{{Legend|#5961e6|Overseas territories of Commonwealth realms}} <hr/> The 15 realms of which King Charles III is the reigning sovereign]]

The monarch is shared in a [[personal union]] with 14 other [[Commonwealth realm]]s within the 56-member [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As he resides<ref>{{Harvnb|MacLeod|2012|p=34}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/king-charles-canada-connection-1.6588807 |last=Tasker |first=John Paul |title='This great country': An inside look at Charles's 50-year romance with Canada |date=21 September 2022 |publisher=CBC News |accessdate=13 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313205245/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/king-charles-canada-connection-1.6588807 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{UN_Population|ref}} in the United Kingdom, [[viceroy]]s (the [[governor general of Canada]] in the federal sphere and a [[Lieutenant governor (Canada)|lieutenant governor]] in each province) represent the sovereign in Canada and are able to carry out most of the royal governmental duties, even when the monarch is in the country{{#tag:ref|For instance, Governor General [[Jules Léger]] ended the second session of the [[30th Canadian Parliament]] on 17 October 1977, while Queen Elizabeth II was in Ottawa to deliver the Speech from the Throne at the opening of the third session on 18 October. Governor General [[Adrienne Clarkson]] granted royal assent to four bills on 19 May 2005,<ref>{{Citation |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/AnnualStatutes/index2005.html |author=Government of Canada |title=2005 Annual Statutes |date=15 March 2017 |publisher=King's Printer for Canada |accessdate=13 March 2024}}</ref> while Queen Elizabeth II was touring Saskatchewan and Alberta to mark the 100th anniversary of those provinces joining Confederation.|group=n|name=ViceDuties}} Nevertheless, the monarch can carry out Canadian constitutional and ceremonial duties abroad.{{#tag:ref||group=n|name=RoyVis}}{{#tag:ref|For example, Queen Elizabeth II was in the United Kingdom when she signed the [[Flag of Canada#Proclamation|proclamation of the National Flag of Canada]] in 1965.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/publications/archivist-magazine/015002-2021-e.html |url-status=dead |last=Grace |first=John |editor-last=Library and Archives Canada |title=Conserving the Proclamation of the Canadian Flag |journal=The Archivist |date=1990 |publisher=National Archives of Canada |accessdate=16 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021133944/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/publications/archivist-magazine/015002-2021-e.html |archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref> King George VI was in the United Kingdom when, as king of Canada, he [[Canadian declaration of war on Germany|declared war on Germany]] in 1939.<ref>{{Citation |last=Creighton |first=Donald |title=The Forked Road: Canada 1939–1957 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart |date=1976 |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.lawtimesnews.com/20060501549/Headline-News/War-power-and-the-Royal-Prerogative |url-status=dead |last=Brode |first=Patrick |title=War power and the Royal Prerogative |journal=Law Times |date=1 May 2006 |publisher=Thomson Reuters Canada Ltd. |accessdate=2 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122075404/http://www.lawtimesnews.com/20060501549/Headline-News/War-power-and-the-Royal-Prerogative |archive-date=22 November 2012}}</ref>|group=n|name=RoyDuties}}

The evolution of the role of the governor general from being both a representative of the sovereign and an "agent of the British government" who " in matters deemed to be of 'imperial' concern... acted on the instructions of the British [[Colonial Office]]"<ref>{{Cite web |title=1. PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/marleaumontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?Language=E&Print=1&Sec=Ch01&Seq=3#:~:text=At%20the%20time%20of%20Confederation,of%20the%20British%20Colonial%20Office. |website=HOUSE OF COMMONS PROCEDURE AND PRACTICE |publisher=Parliament of Canada |access-date=April 24, 2024}}</ref> to being solely a representative of the monarch developed with a rise in [[Canadian nationalism]] following the end of the [[First World War]] culminating in the passage of the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] in 1931.<ref name=MacLeod9>{{Harvnb|MacLeod|2015|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/statute-of-westminster| last1=McIntosh| first1=Andrew| last2=Hillmer| first2=Norman| last3=Foot| first3=Richard |title=Statute of Westminster, 1931 |date=29 April 2020 |encyclopedia=The canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Canada |accessdate=10 March 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310185849/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/statute-of-westminster |url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, the Crown has had both a shared and a separate character: the sovereign's role as monarch of Canada has been distinct from his or her position as monarch of any other realm,{{#tag:ref|The sovereign has [[#Foreign visits|carried out foreign relations as the representative uniquely of Canada]]. |group=n |name=RoyVis}}{{Refn|<ref name=evolve/><ref name=Trepanier28>{{Harvnb|Trepanier|2004|p=28}}</ref><ref name=Torrance34>{{Harvnb|Torrance|2022a |p=34}}</ref><ref name=OCCanThrone>{{Citation |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/op-ed/Succeeding+Canadian+throne/7651371/story.html| last1=Bowden| first1=James| first2=Philippe| last2=Lagassé |title=Succeeding to the Canadian throne |date=6 December 2012 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |access-date=6 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130110062651/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/opinion/op-ed/Succeeding+Canadian+throne/7651371/story.html |archive-date=10 January 2013}}</ref>}} including the United Kingdom.{{#tag:ref|The [[English Court of Appeal]] ruled in 1982, while "there is only one person who is the Sovereign within the British Commonwealth [...] in matters of law and government the Queen of the United Kingdom, for example, is entirely independent and distinct from the Queen of Canada."<ref name=HCA>{{Cite court |litigants=R v Foreign Secretary, Ex parte Indian Association (as referenced in High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill [1999] HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998) |vol=QB 892 at 928 |court=English Court of Appeal |date=June 1999 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1999/30.html |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116214251/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1999/30.html |url-status=live}}</ref> |group=n |name=ECApp}}{{Refn|<ref name=DCHCrown>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/101/102-eng.cfm |last=Department of Canadian Heritage |title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The crown in Canada |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=19 February 2009 |archive-date=27 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827092532/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/101/102-eng.cfm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Romney273>{{Cite book |last=Romney |first=Paul |title=Getting it wrong: how Canadians forgot their past and imperilled Confederation |publisher=University of Toronto Press |date=1999 |location=Toronto |page=[https://archive.org/details/gettingitwrongho0000romn/page/273 273] |url=https://archive.org/details/gettingitwrongho0000romn |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-8020-8105-6}}</ref><ref name=Buchan1969>{{Harvnb|Buchan|1969|p=94}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Aird|1985|p=3}}</ref>}} Only Canadian federal [[Minister of the Crown|ministers of the Crown]] may advise the sovereign on any and all matters of the Canadian state,{{#tag:ref|In 1997, then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom [[Tony Blair]] intended to offer a [[life peer]]age to Canadian businessman [[Conrad Black]]. However, citing the 1919 [[Nickle Resolution]], the Canadian Cabinet advised the Queen not to grant Black such an honour. If Blair had not yielded, the Queen would have been in the situation of having to grant an honour on the advice of her British Prime Minister and to object to the same as Queen of Canada on the advice of then-Canadian Prime Minister [[Jean Chrétien]]. |group=n |name=Black}}{{Refn|<ref name=Romney273/><ref name=Buck2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/TheQueensroleinCanada.aspx |author=The Royal Household |title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > The Queen's role in Canada |publisher=Queen's Printer |access-date=15 May 2009 |archive-date=20 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220102227/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/TheQueensroleinCanada.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=King of Canada |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |page=21 |date=9 November 1945 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yK0uAAAAIBAJ&pg=6362,1637716&hl=en |access-date=14 October 2010 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531153311/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yK0uAAAAIBAJ&pg=6362,1637716&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last1=Dawson| first1=R. MacGregor| last2=Dawson| first2=W. F. |title=Democratic Government in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |date=1989 |location=Toronto, Buffalo, London |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOSN8PsTOFwC&q=monarchy%20canada&pg=PA66 |edition=5 |isbn=978-0-8020-6703-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=F. R. |title=The End of Dominion Status |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=38 |date=January 1944 |pages=34–49 |doi=10.2307/2192530 |issue=1 |jstor=2192530 |publisher=American Society of International Law| s2cid=147122057}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2009/Donovan.pdf |last=Donovan |first=David |title=The Governor General and Lieutenant Governors: Canada's Misunderstood Viceroys |date=2009 |page=3 |publisher=Canadian Political Science Association |access-date=29 January 2013 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916152850/https://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2009/Donovan.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>}} of which the sovereign, when not in Canada, is kept abreast by weekly communications with the federal viceroy.<ref name=Heard>{{Citation |first=Andrew |last=Heard |title=Canadian Independence |date=1990 |place=Vancouver |publisher=Simon Fraser University |url=https://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html |access-date=25 August 2010 |archive-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221150147/http://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution and, in Canada, became a Canadian,{{Refn|<ref name=Valpy1109/><ref name=MacLeod3>{{Harvnb|MacLeod|2015|p=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ops.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=48c8c59c-c1b6-442d-aa4e-bfb86287269f |author=Saskatchewan Office of the Provincial Secretary |title=About OPS > Protocol Office > Protocol in Practice > The Crown |publisher=Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan |access-date=16 May 2009 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060815/http://www.ops.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=48c8c59c-c1b6-442d-aa4e-bfb86287269f |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Forsey>{{Cite journal |last=Forsey |first=Helen |title=As David Johnson Enters Rideau Hall&nbsp;... |journal=The Monitor |publisher=Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives |location=Ottawa |date=1 October 2010 |url=http://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/monitor/david-johnson-enters-rideau-hall |access-date=23 January 2011 |archive-date=3 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203201325/http://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/monitor/david-johnson-enters-rideau-hall |url-status=live}}</ref>}} or "domesticated",<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallory |first=J.R. |title=Seals and Symbols: From Substance to Form in Commonwealth Equality |journal=The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=281–291 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Montreal |date=August 1956 |doi=10.2307/138434 |jstor=138434 |issn=0008-4085}}</ref> establishment, though it is still often denoted as "British" in both legal and common language,<ref name=Valpy1109/> for reasons historical, political, and of convenience.
[[File:Airbus CC-150 Polaris at Yellowknife Airport.jpg|thumb|A [[Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft|Royal Canadian Air Force Royal Flight]], used to transport [[William, Prince of Wales|the Duke]] and [[Catherine, Princess of Wales|Duchess of Cambridge]] during their [[2011 royal tour of Canada]].]]
This division is illustrated in a number of ways: The sovereign, for example, holds [[Title and style of the Canadian monarch|a unique Canadian title]] and,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Style and Titles Act, 1985 |url=http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-r-12/latest/rsc-1985-c-r-12.html |publisher=CanLII |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606013514/http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-r-12/latest/rsc-1985-c-r-12.html |archive-date=6 June 2009}}</ref> when he and other members of the royal family are acting in public specifically as representatives of Canada, they use, where possible, Canadian symbols, including the country's [[Flag of Canada|national flag]], [[#Symbols, associations, and awards|unique royal symbols]], [[Uniforms of the Canadian Forces|armed forces uniforms]],{{Refn|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Oliver |title=Aye, aye, Ma'am |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=29 June 2010 |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/aye-aye-maam/article1623623  |access-date=30 June 2010 |location=Toronto |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916152901/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/aye-aye-maam/article1623623  |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=John |first=Ward |title=Prince Charles joins in national Remembrance Day ceremonies |newspaper=The Telegram |date=12 November 2009 |url=http://www.thetelegram.com/index.cfm?sid=302415&sc=507 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114231806/http://www.thetelegram.com/index.cfm?sid=302415&sc=507 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 November 2009 |access-date=30 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Deachman |first=Bruce |title=Royals arrive in Ottawa in final leg of cross-Canada tour |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=9 November 2009 |url=http://www.canada.com/entertainment/Prince+Charles+honours+Canada+navy+last+stop/2203180/story.html |access-date=30 June 2010 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531145651/http://www.canada.com/entertainment/Prince+Charles+honours+Canada+navy+last+stop/2203180/story.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Royal Respect for Canada's Vimy Heroes |journal=Canadian Monarchist News |volume=Summer 2007 |issue=26 |page=4 |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |location=Toronto |date=2007 |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf |access-date=30 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625225416/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2008}}</ref>}} and the like, as well as Canadian Forces aircraft or other Canadian-owned vehicles for travel.<ref name=GMtravel>{{Cite news |last=Paperny |first=Anna Mehler |title=Behind the royal tour, a businesslike Usher of the Black Rod |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |page=1 |date=26 June 2011 |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/behind-the-royal-tour-a-businesslike-usher-of-the-black-rod/article2076516  |access-date=30 June 2011 |location=Toronto |archive-date=1 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701022243/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/behind-the-royal-tour-a-businesslike-usher-of-the-black-rod/article2076516  |url-status=dead}}</ref> Once in Canadian airspace, or arrived at a Canadian event taking place abroad, the [[Canadian secretary to the King]], officers of the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] (RCMP), and other Canadian officials will take over from whichever of their other realms' counterparts were previously escorting the King or other member of the royal family.<ref name=GMtravel/><ref name=Macleans>{{Cite magazine |last=Treble |first=Patricia |title=The Queen's man on the ground |magazine=Maclean's |issue=July 2010 |publisher=Rogers Communications |location=Toronto |date=8 July 2010 |url=http://www.macleans.ca/2010/07/08/the-queens-man-on-the-ground |issn=0024-9262 |access-date=10 July 2010 |archive-date=14 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714163244/http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/07/08/the-queens-man-on-the-ground  |url-status=live}}</ref>

The sovereign similarly only draws from Canadian funds for support in the performance of his duties when in Canada or acting as King of Canada abroad; Canadians do not pay any money to the King or any other member of the royal family, either towards personal income or to support royal residences outside of Canada.<ref name=2010TourFAQ>{{Cite web| author1=Government of Canada |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://royaltour.gc.ca/faq-eng.cfm |website=2010 Royal Tour |access-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621033614/http://royaltour.gc.ca/faq-eng.cfm |archive-date=21 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=CCC>{{Cite periodical| first1=Sean| last1=Palme| first2=John| last2=Aimers| author2-link=John Aimers |title=The Cost of Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: $1.10 per Canadian |date=Autumn 2002 |periodical=Canadian Monarchist News |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/new/docs/costofcrown.html |access-date=15 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619203100/http://www.monarchist.ca/new/docs/costofcrown.html |archive-date=19 June 2008}}</ref>

There are five aspects to the monarchy of Canada: constitutional (such as the use of the [[royal prerogative]] in summoning and dissolving parliament, granting [[royal assent]]), national (delivering the [[Speech from the Throne]] and the [[Royal Christmas Message]], distributing honours, decorations, and medals, and partaking in [[Remembrance Day#Canada|Remembrance Day]] ceremonies), international (the monarch being head of state in other Commonwealth realms, and being the [[head of the Commonwealth]]), religious (the words ''[[by the grace of God]]'' in the [[Title and style of the Canadian monarch|monarch's title]], the ''[[Act of Settlement, 1701]]'', requiring the sovereign to be Anglican, and the monarch encouraging people "to tolerate, accept, and understand cultures, beliefs, and faiths different from our own"), and the welfare and service monarchy (seen in members of the [[#Royal family and house|royal family]] founding charities and supporting others, fundraising for charity, and [[List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage|giving royal patronage to civil and military organizations]]).<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf| editor-last1=Lagassé| editor-first1=Philippe| editor-last2=MacDonald| editor-first2=Nicholas A. |title=The Crown in the 21st Century| last1=Hazell| first1=Robert| last2=Morris| first2=Bob |series=If the Queen Has No Reserve Powers Left, What Is the Modern Monarchy For? |journal=Review of Constitutional Studies |volume=22 |issue=1 |date=2017 |pages=13–27 |publisher=Centre for Constitutional Studies |location=Edmonton |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816131152/https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Succession and regency===
{{Further|Succession to the British throne|Succession to the Throne Act, 2013}}
{{Multiple image
| total_width=260
| image1   =Gerrit van Honthorst (c.1590-1592-1656) - Electress Sophia (1630–1714), Princess Palatine, Consort of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover - 493063 - National Trust.jpg
| caption1 =[[Sophia of Hanover|Sophia, Electress of Hanover]], from whom heirs to the throne must directly descend
| image2   =Prince of Wales in Normandy 2024.jpg
| caption2 =[[William, Prince of Wales]], heir apparent to the Canadian throne
}}

As in the other [[Commonwealth realms]], the current [[heir apparent]] to [[Thrones of Canada|the Canadian throne]] is [[William, Prince of Wales]], who is followed in the line of succession by his eldest child, [[Prince George of Wales|Prince George]].

====Demise of the Crown and accession====
{{Main|Demise of the Crown}}
Upon the death of the monarch, there is an immediate and automatic succession by the late sovereign's heir;{{Refn|<ref name=OCCanThrone/><ref name=NPdeath>{{Citation |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/what-happens-to-canada-should-the-queen-die-the-behind-the-scenes-plans-for-the-death-of-queen-elizabeth-ii |last=Hopper |first=Tristin |title=What happens to Canada should Queen Elizabeth II die: The behind-the-scenes plans |date=5 January 2017 |newspaper=National Post |publisher=Post Media |access-date=25 April 2017 |archive-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607194828/http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/what-happens-to-canada-should-the-queen-die-the-behind-the-scenes-plans-for-the-death-of-queen-elizabeth-ii |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Thomson Irvine, "Demise of the Crown: An Historical Review of the Law in Canada" (2018) 12 ''Journal of Parliamentary and Political Law'' 695.</ref>}} hence the phrase, "[[The king is dead, long live the king!|the King is dead. Long live the King]]".<ref>{{Cite book| last1=Charters| first1=Claire| first2=Andrew| last2=Erueti |title=Māori property rights and the foreshore and seabed: the last frontier |publisher=Victoria University Press |date=2008 |location=Melbourne |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OmYBwtKRw4C |isbn=978-0-8647-3553-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Shree Govind |title=Democracy in India |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |date=2000 |location=Delhi |pages=51–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFs0YSkA4ckC |isbn=978-3-4734-7305-2}}</ref> No confirmation or further ceremony is necessary. The federal [[Cabinet of Canada|cabinet]] and [[Public Service of Canada|civil service]] follow the ''Manual of Official Procedure of the Government of Canada'' in carrying out various formalities around the transition.<ref name=Torrance37>{{Harvnb|Torrance|2022a |p=37}}</ref>

By custom, the accession of a new monarch is publicly  [[Proclamation|proclaimed]] by the governor general-[[King's Privy Council for Canada|in-council]], who meet at [[Rideau Hall]] immediately upon the previous monarch's death.<ref name=Torrance37/> Since the adoption of the Statute of Westminster it has been considered "constitutionally inappropriate" for Canada's accession proclamations to be approved by a British order-in-council,<ref name=Torrance34/> as the monarch has, since then, assumed the Canadian throne according to Canadian law. For the accession of Charles III, the first since the creation of the [[Canadian Heraldic Authority]] in 1989, the [[Chief Herald of Canada|Chief Herald]] read the royal proclamation aloud. If Parliament is in session, the Prime Minister will announce the demise of the Crown there and [[Motion (parliamentary procedure)|move]] for a [[Joint address (Canada)|joint address]] of sympathy and loyalty to the new monarch.<ref name=Torrance37/>
[[File:Queen Elizabeth Ottawa parade mosbo6.jpg|thumb|A memorial procession in [[Ottawa]] before the national commemoration ceremony for the death of Queen [[Elizabeth II]]]]

A period of [[mourning]] also follows, during which portraits of the recently deceased monarch are draped with black fabric and staff at government houses wear [[Armband#Mourning|black armbands]]. The ''Manual of Official Procedure of the Government of Canada'' states the [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]] is responsible for convening Parliament, tabling a resolution of loyalty and condolence from Parliament to the new monarch, and arranging for the motion to be seconded by the [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|leader of the official opposition]].<ref name=NPdeath/><ref name=Manu>{{Cite book |title=Manual of Official Procedure of the Government of Canada| last1=Davis| first1=Henry F.| last2=Millar| first2=André |location=Ottawa |publisher=Privy Council Office |date=1968 |page=575}}</ref> The prime minister will then move to adjourn Parliament.<ref name=NPdeath/><ref name=Manu/> The [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] keeps a regularly updated plan for a "broadcast of national importance", announcing the demise of a sovereign and covering the aftermath, during which all regular programming and advertising is cancelled and on-call commentators contribute to a 24-hour news mode.<ref name=NPdeath/> As funerals for Canada's sovereigns, as well as for their consorts, take place in the United Kingdom,<ref name=monarchs/> [[State funerals in Canada#Ceremonies for monarchs|commemoration services]] are conducted by the federal and provincial governments across Canada.<ref name=monarchs>{{Citation |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-six-royal-funerals-one-changing-canada-what-the-deaths-of-monarchs |last=Annett |first=Evan |title=Six royal funerals, one changing Canada: What the deaths of monarchs have revealed about us |date=17 September 2022 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |accessdate=4 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/what-provinces-will-have-holiday-for-queen-funeral-1.6581550 |title=Do Canadians get a holiday to mourn the Queen? It depends |date=13 September 2022 |publisher=CBC News |accessdate=4 April 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922032319/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/what-provinces-will-have-holiday-for-queen-funeral-1.6581550 |url-status=live}}</ref> Such ceremonies may also be held for other recently deceased members of the royal family. The day of the sovereign's funeral is likely to be a federal holiday.<ref name=NPdeath/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Do Canadians get a holiday to mourn the Queen? It depends |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/what-provinces-will-have-holiday-for-queen-funeral-1.6581550 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |work=CBC News |date=September 13, 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922032319/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/what-provinces-will-have-holiday-for-queen-funeral-1.6581550 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The new monarch is [[coronation of the British monarch|crowned]] in the United Kingdom in an ancient ritual but one not necessary for a sovereign to reign.{{#tag:ref|For example, [[Edward VIII]] was never crowned, yet was undoubtedly king during his short time on the throne. |group=n |name=EdVIII1}} Under the federal ''Interpretation Act'',<ref name=Torrance37/> officials who hold a federal office under the Crown are not affected by the death of the monarch, nor are they required to take the [[Oath of Allegiance (Canada)|Oath of Allegiance]] again.<ref>{{Cite canlaw| short title=Interpretation Act |abbr=RSC |date=1985 |chapter=I-21 |section=46(1). |link=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-21/page-3.html#h-279653}}</ref> In some provinces, though, those holding Crown offices must swear the Oath to the new sovereign.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://lt.gov.ns.ca/news-events/2023-02-02/175th-anniversary-responsible-government-nova-scotia |title=175th Anniversary of Responsible Government in Nova Scotia |date=2 February 2023 |publisher=King's Printer for Nova Scotia |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604205328/https://lt.gov.ns.ca/news-events/2023-02-02/175th-anniversary-responsible-government-nova-scotia |url-status=live}}</ref> All references in federal legislation to previous monarchs, whether in the masculine (e.g. ''His Majesty'') or feminine (e.g. ''The Queen''), continue to mean the reigning sovereign of Canada, regardless of his or her gender.<ref name= InterpAct>{{Cite canlaw| short title=Interpretation Act |abbr=RSC |date=1985 |chapter=I-21 |section=35(1): définitions. |link=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-21/page-3.html#h-279653}}</ref> This is because, in common law, [[Corporation sole#The Crown|the Crown never dies]]. After an individual accedes to the throne, he or she usually continues to reign until death.{{#tag:ref|The only Canadian monarch to abdicate, Edward VIII, did so with the authorization of the Canadian government granted in ''[[His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936|His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act, 1936]]'', and the ''[[Succession to the Throne Act, 1937]]'', later confirmed this in law. |group=n |name=EdVIII2}}

====Legal aspects of succession====
[[File:Act of Settlement 3323.jpg|thumb|A copy of the ''Act of Settlement, 1701'']]

The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the rules of succession to their respective crowns requires the unanimous consent of all the realms. Succession is governed by statutes, such as the ''[[Bill of Rights 1689|Bill of Rights, 1689]]'', the ''[[Act of Settlement, 1701]]'', and the ''[[Acts of Union, 1707]]''.
[[File:KingPrince1924.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister of Canada [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie King]] (left) and [[Edward VIII]] (right; when Prince of Wales) in [[Ottawa]], 1924. In 1936, [[Abdication of Edward VIII|Edward abdicated the Canadian throne]] and he and any of his descendants were removed from the line of succession by Order-in-Council PC 3144 and the ''[[Succession to the Throne Act, 1937]]''.]]

[[Edward VIII abdication crisis|King Edward VIII abdicated]] in 1936 and any possible future descendants of his were excluded from the line of succession.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/LegislativeSummaries/bills_ls.asp?ls=c53&Parl=41&Ses=1&source=library_prb&Language=E#a9 |author=Parliament of Canada |title=Legislative Summary of Bill C-53: Succession to the Throne Act, 2013 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125110823/http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/LegislativeSummaries/bills_ls.asp?ls=c53&Parl=41&Ses=1&source=library_prb&Language=E#a9 |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] at the time, wishing for speed so as to avoid embarrassing debate in Dominion parliaments, suggested that the governments of the Dominions of the British Commonwealth—then Australia, New Zealand, the [[Irish Free State]], the [[Union of South Africa]], and Canada—regard whoever was monarch of the UK to automatically be monarch of their respective Dominion. As with the other Dominion governments, the Canadian Cabinet, headed by Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], refused to accept the idea and stressed that the laws of succession were part of Canadian law and, as the Statute of Westminster 1931 disallowed the UK from legislating for Canada, including in relation to succession,<ref>{{Harvnb|MacLeod|2015|p=37}}</ref> altering them required Canada's request and consent to the British legislation (''[[His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936|His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act, 1936]]'') becoming part of Canadian law.<ref name=Twomeyvid>{{Cite AV media |people=[[Anne Twomey (academic)|Anne Twomey]] |title=Professor Anne Twomey – Succession to the Crown: foiled by Canada? |medium=Digital video |publisher=University College London |location=London |date=18 September 2014 |url=http://vimeo.com/108335929 |access-date=1 August 2022 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108124158/https://vimeo.com/108335929 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sir [[Maurice Gwyer]], [[Office of the Parliamentary Counsel (United Kingdom)|first parliamentary counsel]] in the UK, reflected this position, stating the ''Act of Settlement'' was a part of the law in each Dominion.<ref name=Twomeyvid/> Thus, Order-in-Council P.C. 3144<ref>{{Citation |url=https://jameswjbowden.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/pc-1936-3144.pdf |author=Edward VIII |title=Order-in-Council regarding Canadian Request and Consent for Enactment of United Kingdom Legislation altering Succession (1936) |publisher=James Bowden |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135103/https://jameswjbowden.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/pc-1936-3144.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> was issued, expressing the Cabinet's request and consent for ''His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act, 1936'', to become part of the laws of Canada and the ''[[Succession to the Throne Act, 1937]]'', gave parliamentary ratification to that action, together bringing the ''Act of Settlement'' and ''[[Royal Marriages Act 1772|Royal Marriages Act, 1772]]'', into Canadian law.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://crht.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/CRHT-Background-Paper-on-Canadas-Law-of-Succession.pdf |last=Toffoli |first=Gary |title=Is There a Canadian Law of Succession and Is There a Canadian Process of Amendment? |date=9 February 2013 |pages=3–4 |publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127005340/http://crht.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/CRHT-Background-Paper-on-Canadas-Law-of-Succession.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Robert |last=Macgregor Dawson |author-link=Robert MacGregor Dawson |title=The Government of Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/governmentofcana0000macg |url-access=registration |edition=5th |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |date=1970 |page=[https://archive.org/details/governmentofcana0000macg/page/63 63] |isbn=978-0-8020-2046-8}}</ref> The latter was deemed by the Cabinet in 1947 to be part of Canadian law.{{#tag:ref|Gary Toffoli of the Canadian Royal Heritage Trust stated that the approval given by the Queen in her Canadian Council in 1981 to the marriage of [[Charles, Prince of Wales]], and [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Lady Diana Spencer]]<ref name=Boyce81/> separately to the same approval given by the Queen in her British Council illustrated the existence of the ''Royal Marriages Act'' in Canadian law.<ref>{{Cite AV media |people=Various |title=In Committee from the Senate: Legal and Constitutional Affairs - March 20, 2013 |medium=Digital video |publisher=CPAC |location=Ottawa |date=20 March 2013 |url=http://www.cpac.ca/en/digital-archives/?search=succession%20throne&orderby=relevance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413142423/http://www.cpac.ca/en/digital-archives/?search=succession%20throne&orderby=relevance |archive-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> In 1947, the King in his Canadian Council gave the same consent to the marriage of Princess Elizabeth to Philip Mountbatten, again separate from the approval he gave in his British Council.<ref name=Boyce81/>|group=n |name=Marriages}}<ref name=Boyce81>{{Harvnb|Boyce|2008|p=81}}</ref> The [[Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development|Department of External Affairs]] included all succession-related laws in its list of acts within Canadian law.

The [[Supreme Court of Canada]] declared unanimously in the 1981 ''[[Patriation Reference]]'' that the ''Bill of Rights, 1689'', is "undoubtedly in force as part of the law of Canada".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://senparlvu.parl.gc.ca/Guide.aspx?viewmode=4&categoryid=-1&eventid=8763&Language=E |last=Senate of Canada |title=LCJC Meeting No. 74 |date=20 March 2013 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=24 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614215631/http://senparlvu.parl.gc.ca/Guide.aspx?viewmode=4&categoryid=-1&eventid=8763&Language=E |archive-date=14 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Supreme Court of Canada |title=Re: Resolution to amend the Constitution, [1981] 1 SCR 753 |date=28 September 1981 |page=785 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> Furthermore, in ''[[O'Donohue v. Canada]]'' (2003) the [[Ontario Superior Court of Justice]] found that the ''Act of Settlement, 1701'', is "part of the laws of Canada" and the rules of succession are "by necessity incorporated into the Constitution of Canada".<ref>{{Cite court |litigants=O'Donohue v. Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada and Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Ontario |opinion=41404 |pinpoint=paragraphs 3 and 24 |court=Ontario Superior Court of Justice |date=26 June 2003 |url=http://canlii.ca/en/on/onsc/doc/2003/2003canlii41404/2003canlii41404.html |reporter=CanLII |vol=2003}}</ref> Another ruling of the Ontario Superior Court, in 2014, echoed the 2003 case, stating that the ''Act of Settlement'' "is an imperial statute which ultimately became part of the law of Canada."<ref name=Court>{{Cite court |litigants=Bryan Teskey v. Attorney General of Canada |opinion=Hackland R.S.J. |court=Ontario Superior Court of Justice |date=9 August 2013 |url=http://canlii.ca/en/on/onsc/doc/2013/2013onsc5046/2013onsc5046.pdf}}</ref> Upon dismissing appeal of that case, the Court of Appeal of Ontario stated "[t]he rules of succession are a part of the fabric of the constitution of Canada and incorporated into it".<ref>{{Cite court |litigants=Teskey v. Canada (Attorney General) |vol=C57588 |opinion=Blair, R.A.; Pepall, S.E.; Hourigan, C.W. |pinpoint=S.6 |court=Court of Appeal for Ontario |date=28 August 2014 |url=http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onca/doc/2014/2014onca612/2014onca612.html |archive-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150407012150/http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onca/doc/2014/2014onca612/2014onca612.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In a meeting of the Special Joint Committee on the Constitution during the process of [[Patriation|patriating]] the Canadian constitution in 1981, [[John Munro (Canadian politician)|John Munro]] asked then-Minister of Justice [[Jean Chrétien]] about the "selective omissions" of the ''Succession to the Throne Act, 1937'', the ''[[Demise of the Crown Act 1901|Demise of the Crown Act, 1901]]'', the ''Seals Act'', the ''Governor General's Act'', and the ''Royal Style and Titles Act, 1953'', from the schedule to the ''[[Constitution Act, 1982]]''. In response, Chrétien asserted that the schedule to the ''Constitution Act, 1982'', was not exhaustive, outlining that section 52(2) of the ''Constitution Act, 1982'', says "[t]he Constitution of Canada includes [...] the acts and orders referred to the schedule" and "[w]hen you use the word 'includes' [...] it means that if ever there is another thing related to the Canadian constitution as part of it, should have been there, or might have been there, it is covered. So we do not have to renumerate [sic] the ones that you are mentioning."<ref name=committee>{{Citation |author=((Parliament of Canada; 32nd Parliament (1st Session))) |title=Minutes of the Proceedings and Evidence of the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and of the House of Commons on the Constitution of Canada |date=5 February 1981 |volume=54 |edition=106 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> In the same meeting, Deputy Attorney General [[Barry Strayer]] stated: "Clause 52(2) is not an exhaustive definition of the Constitution of Canada so that while we have certain things listed in the schedule which are clearly part of the constitution, that does not mean that there are not other things which are part of the constitution [...] [The schedule] is not an exhaustive list."<ref name=committee/>
{{Annotated image 4
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| image-left=-110
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| caption     =The [[Thrones of Canada#1878 thrones|throne of Canada]] (left) and throne for the royal consort (right)—both commissioned in 1878—behind the speaker's chair in the [[Centre Block#Senate chamber|Senate]]
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}}
{{Annotated image 4
| image       =Temporary Canadian Senate Chamber.jpg
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| caption     =The [[Thrones of Canada#2017 thrones|sovereign's throne]] (left) and royal consort's throne (right) behind the speaker's chair—all made in 2017—in the [[Senate of Canada Building#Temporary Senate of Canada building|temporary Senate chamber]]
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Leslie Zines claimed in the 1991 publication, ''Constitutional Change in the Commonwealth'', that, though the succession to Canada's throne was outlined by common law and the ''Act of Settlement, 1701'', these were not part of the Canadian constitution, which "does not contain rules for succession to the throne."<ref>{{Citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWzgzAd6wtAC |last=Zines |first=Leslie |title=Constitutional Change in the Commonwealth |page=29 |date=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-5214-0039-8}}</ref> Richard Toporoski, writing three years later for the [[Monarchist League of Canada]], stated, "there is no existing provision in our law, other than the ''Act of Settlement, 1701'', that provides that the king or queen of Canada shall be the same person as the king or queen of the United Kingdom. If the British law were to be changed and we did not change our law [...] the person provided for in the new law would become king or queen in at least some realms of the Commonwealth; Canada would continue on with the person who would have become monarch under the previous law."<ref name=Toporoski1998>{{Cite journal |last=Toporoski |first=Richard |title=The Invisible Crown |journal=Monarchy Canada |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |location=Toronto |date=1998 |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisib2.htm |access-date=15 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224145943/http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisib2.htm |archive-date=24 February 2008}}</ref>

Canada, with the other Commonwealth realms, committed to the 2011 [[Perth Agreement]], which proposed changes to the rules governing succession to remove male preference and removal of disqualification arising from marriage to a Roman Catholic. As a result, the Canadian Parliament passed the ''[[Succession to the Throne Act, 2013]]'', which gave the country's assent to the ''[[Succession to the Crown Act 2013|Succession to the Crown Bill]]'', at that time proceeding in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In dismissing a challenge to the law on the basis that a change to the succession in Canada would require unanimous consent of all provinces under section 41(a) of the ''Constitution Act, 1982'', Quebec Superior Court Justice Claude Bouchard ruled that Canada "did not have to change its laws nor its constitution for the British royal succession rules to be amended and effective" and [[Constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]] committed Canada to having a line of succession symmetrical to those of other Commonwealth realms.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Deux profs de l'Université Laval déboutés dans la cause du "bébé royal" |url=http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/justice-et-faits-divers/201602/16/01-4951299-deux-profs-de-luniversite-laval-deboutes-dans-la-cause-du-bebe-royal.php |access-date=16 February 2016 |newspaper=Le Soleil |date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217095139/http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/justice-et-faits-divers/201602/16/01-4951299-deux-profs-de-luniversite-laval-deboutes-dans-la-cause-du-bebe-royal.php |archive-date=17 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=quebecappeal>{{Cite news |title=La cause du "bébé royal" en appel |url=http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/societe/201603/14/01-4960730-la-cause-du-bebe-royal-en-appel.php |last=Sèguin |first=Rhèal |date=15 March 2016 |newspaper=Le Soleil |access-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316042540/http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/societe/201603/14/01-4960730-la-cause-du-bebe-royal-en-appel.php |archive-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ruling was upheld by the [[Quebec Court of Appeal]].<ref>{{Cite news| last1=Marin| first1=Stephanie |title=Quebec Court of Appeal hearing case about who can inherit Canada's Crown |url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/quebec-court-of-appeal-hearing-case-about-who-can-inherit-canada-s-crown-1.3809400 |access-date=26 April 2018 |publisher=CTV News |agency=Canadian Press |date=19 February 2018 |archive-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427183851/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/quebec-court-of-appeal-hearing-case-about-who-can-inherit-canada-s-crown-1.3809400 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Supreme Court of Canada declined to hear an appeal in April 2020.<ref name=scc>{{Cite news| last1=Lagassé| first1=Philippe |title=Lagassé: Who cares about the monarchy? Certainly not the Supreme Court of Canada |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/lagasse-who-cares-about-the-monarchy-certainly-not-the-supreme-court-of-canada/wcm/3e444e9f-837e-4b24-9435-e4cf5e8502b9 |access-date=28 April 2020 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816081101/https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/lagasse-who-cares-about-the-monarchy-certainly-not-the-supreme-court-of-canada/wcm/3e444e9f-837e-4b24-9435-e4cf5e8502b9 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Constitutional scholar Philippe Lagassé argues that, in light of the ''Succession to the Throne Act, 2013'', and court rulings upholding that law, section 41(a) of the ''Constitution Act, 1982'', which requires a constitutional amendment passed with the unanimous consent of the provinces, applies only to the "office of the Queen", but not who holds that office, and that therefore "ending the principle of symmetry with the United Kingdom can be done with the general amending procedure, or even by Parliament alone under section 44 of the ''Constitution Act, 1982''."<ref name=scc/><ref name=lagasse>{{Cite journal| last1=Lagassé| first1=Philippe |title=Monarchy's rights, privileges, and symbols in Canada can be changed |journal=Policy Options |date=21 January 2010 |url=https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/January-2020/monarchys-rights-privileges-and-symbols-in-canada-can-be-changed  |access-date=28 April 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815054631/https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/january-2020/monarchys-rights-privileges-and-symbols-in-canada-can-be-changed  |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Ted McWhinney]], another constitutional scholar, argued that a then-future government of Canada could begin a process of phasing out the monarchy after the [[death of Elizabeth II]] "quietly and without fanfare by simply failing legally to proclaim any successor to the Queen in relation to Canada". This would, he claimed, be a way of bypassing the need for a constitutional amendment that would require unanimous consent by the federal Parliament and all the provincial legislatures.<ref>Yaffe, Barbara; "Ditching royals is easy, expert says 
When Queen ends her reign, Canada can just fail to proclaim Charles as the king"; ''The Vancouver Sun''; 17 February 2005</ref> However, Ian Holloway, Dean of Law at the [[University of Western Ontario]], criticized McWhinney's proposal for its ignorance of provincial input and opined that its implementation "would be contrary to the plain purpose of those who framed our system of government."<ref>{{Citation |last=Holloway |first=Ian |date=2005 |editor-last=Ed. Staff |editor-link=Monarchist League of Canada |title=Liberal Stalking Horse for Stealth Ending of Monarchy? |periodical=Canadian Monarchist News |volume=Spring 2005 |issue=23 |page=2 |location=Toronto |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf |access-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226172807/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2005/Spring_2005_CMN.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref>

Certain aspects of the succession rules have been challenged in the courts. For example, under the provisions of the ''Bill of Rights, 1689'', and the ''Act of Settlement, 1701'', Catholics are barred from succeeding to the throne; this prohibition has been upheld twice by Canadian courts, once in [[O'Donohue v Canada|2003]] and again in 2014.{{Refn|<ref name=ctvteskey>{{Cite news |title=Royal succession law not subject to ''Charter'' challenge: court |url=http://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/royal-succession-law-not-subject-to-charter-challenge-court-1.1977651 |date=26 August 2014 |publisher=CTV News |access-date=29 August 2014 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102185257/https://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/royal-succession-law-not-subject-to-charter-challenge-court-1.1977651 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/09/04/markham_law_graduate_fighting_catholic_ban_on_royal_succession.html |last=Gallant |first=Jacques |title=Markham law graduate fighting Catholic ban on royal succession |date=4 September 2013 |newspaper=Toronto Star |access-date=4 September 2013 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814081808/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/09/04/markham_law_graduate_fighting_catholic_ban_on_royal_succession.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/king+uOttawa+grad+challenging+succession+rules/8829959/story.html |last=Yogaretnam |first=Shaamini |title=The boy who won't be king: uOttawa law grad challenging succession rules |date=24 August 2013 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |access-date=4 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827112731/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/news/king+uOttawa+grad+challenging+succession+rules/8829959/story.html |archive-date=27 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite court |litigants=Teskey v. Canada (Attorney General) |opinion=Blair, Pepall, and Hourigan |court=Court of Appeal for Ontario |date=26 August 2014 |url=http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onca/doc/2014/2014onca612/2014onca612.html |archive-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150407012150/http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onca/doc/2014/2014onca612/2014onca612.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Legal scholar Christopher Cornell of the [[Dedman School of Law|SMU Dedman School of Law]] concluded "that the prohibition on the Canadian Monarch being Catholic, while discriminatory, is perfectly-if not fundamentally-constitutional" and that if the prohibition is "to be changed or removed it will have to be accomplished politically and legislatively through another multilateral agreement similar to the Perth Agreement rather than judicially through the courts."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cornell |first1=Christopher |title=Succession to the Throne and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms |journal=Law and Business Review of the Americas |date=2015 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=205 |url=https://scholar.smu.edu/lbra/vol21/iss2/6 |access-date=March 17, 2024 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318011546/https://scholar.smu.edu/lbra/vol21/iss2/6 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Regency====
{{Multiple image
| total_width=260
| image1   =Sir Thomas Lawrence - George IV, 1762 - 1830. Reigned as Regent 1811 - 1820, as King 1820 - 1830 - PG 139 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg
| image2   =Thomas Gainsborough (1727-88) - George III (1738-1820) - RCIN 401006 - Royal Collection.jpg
| footer   =[[George IV|Prince George, Prince Regent]] (left), Canada's last regent, serving as such from 1811 until the death of his father, [[George III]] (right), in 1820
}}

Canada has no laws allowing for a [[regency]], should the sovereign be a [[Minor (law)|minor]] or debilitated;<ref name=Heard/> none have been passed by the Canadian Parliament and it was made clear by successive cabinets since 1937 that the United Kingdom's [[Regency Acts|Regency Act]] had no applicability to Canada,<ref name=Heard/> as the Canadian Cabinet had not requested otherwise when the act was passed that year and again in 1943 and 1953. As the ''[[Letters Patent, 1947]]'', issued by King George VI permit the governor general of Canada to exercise almost all of the monarch's powers in respect of Canada, the viceroy is expected to continue to act as the personal representative of the monarch, and not any regent, even if the monarch is a child or incapacitated.{{Refn|<ref name=Heard/><ref>{{Citation |last=Kennedy |first=W. P. M. |title=The Regency Acts, 1937–53 |journal=University of Toronto Law Journal |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=248–254 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |date=1954 |doi=10.2307/824845 |jstor=824845 |issn=0381-1638}}</ref><ref name=CRHT2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.crht.ca/DiscoverMonarchyFiles/FactsAboutMonarchy.html| last1=Bousfield| first1=Arthur| last2=Toffoli| first2=Gary |title=Facts About Canada's Monarchy |publisher=The Canadian Royal Heritage Trust |access-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505051909/http://www.crht.ca/DiscoverMonarchyFiles/FactsAboutMonarchy.html |archive-date=5 May 2008}}</ref>}}
 
This has led to the question of whether the governor general has the ability to remove themselves and appoint their viceregal successor in the monarch's name. While Lagassé argued that appears to be the case,<ref name=lagasse/> both the ''Canadian Manual of Official Procedures'', published in 1968, and the Privy Council Office took the opposite opinion.<ref>{{Citation |author=Canadian Privy Council Office |title=Manual of Official Procedure of the Government of Canada |chapter=Note 70 |page=565 |volume=2 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |location=Ottawa |date=1968}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Privy Council Office |title=Open and Accountable Government |page=52 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |location=Ottawa |date=2015}}</ref> Lagassé and Patrick Baud claimed changes could be made to regulations to allow a governor general to appoint the next governor general;<ref>{{Citation| editor-last1=Bédard| editor-first1=Michel| editor-last2=Lagassé| editor-first2=Philippe |title=The Crown and the Parliament| last1=Lagassé| first1=Philippe| last2=Baud| first2=Patrick |chapter=The Crown and Constitutional Amendment in Canada |location=Montreal |publisher=Éditions Yvon Blais |date=2015 |pages=203, 225}}</ref> Christopher McCreery, however, criticised the theory, arguing it is impractical to suggest that a governor general would remove him or herself on ministerial advice,<ref>{{Citation| editor-last1=Smith| editor-first1=Jennifer| editor-last2=Jackson| editor-first2=D Michael |last=McCreery |first=Christopher |chapter=Myth and Misunderstanding: The Origins and Meaning of the Letters Patent Constituting the Office of the Governor General, 1947 |title=The Evolving Canadian Crown |pages=31, 52 |location=Montreal |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |date=2012}}</ref> with the consequence that, if a prolonged regency occurred, it would remove one of the checks and balances in the constitution.<ref name=Twomey52>{{Citation |url=https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf| editor-last1=Lagassé| editor-first1=Philippe| editor-last2=MacDonald| editor-first2=Nicholas A. |title=The Crown in the 21st Century| last1=Twomey| first1=Anne |series=Royal Succession, Abdication, and Regency in the Realms |journal=Review of Constitutional Studies |volume=22 |issue=1 |date=2017 |page=52 |publisher=Centre for Constitutional Studies |location=Edmonton |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816131152/https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/22.1-Full-Issue.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The intent expressed whenever the matter of regency came up among Commonwealth realm heads of government was that the relevant parliament (other than the United Kingdom's) would pass a bill if the need for a regency arose and the pertinent governor-general would already be empowered to grant royal assent to it.<ref>{{Harvnb|Twomey|2017|p=51}}</ref> The governor general appointing their successor is not a power that has been utilized to date.<ref name=lagasse/>

===Foreign visits===
{{See also|List of state and official visits by Canada}}
{{Multiple image
| total_width=600
| align      =centre
| image1     =Unveiling of Canadas national Memorial at Vimy Ridge - His Majesty, King Edward VIII, descends from Vimy Monument to greet Canadian Pilgrims at the Unveiling ceremony.jpg
| caption1   =King [[Edward VIII]] in [[Vimy]], France, 1936
| image2     =FDR-George-VI-June-8-1939.jpg
| caption2   =King [[George VI]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], United States, 1939
| image3     =Museum of Science and Industry Chicago souvenir booklet 1960s - crop Queen Elizabeth II.jpg
| caption3   =Queen [[Elizabeth II]] in [[Chicago]], United States, 1959
| image4     =1984-01 Prince Phillip, Madame Mitterrand, Monsieur François Mitterrand, Queen Elizabeth and Mr. Trudeau.jpg
| caption4   =Queen Elizabeth II in [[Beny-sur-Mer]], France, 1984
}}

The following [[state visits|state and official visits]] to foreign countries have been made by the monarch as the sovereign of Canada (sometimes representing other realms on the same visit):

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#f8f4ff; text-align:left; color:#708090;"
! scope=col style="width:20%"| Visit to
! scope=col style="width:20%"| Date
! scope=col style="width:30%"| Monarch of Canada
! scope=col style="width:23%"| Received by
! scope=col style="width:10%"| Type
|-
|{{Flag|France}}
|26 July 1936
|King [[Edward VIII]]
|President [[Albert Lebrun]]
|Official{{Refn|<ref>{{Cite web |author=Veterans Affairs Canada |title=Canada Remembers > Memorials to Canadians' Achievements and Sacrifices > First World War Memorials in Europe > Vimy Memorial > The Battle of Vimy Ridge > The Canadian National Vimy Memorial - Fast Facts |url=http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=memorials/ww1mem/vimy/battle&CFID=14831976&CFTOKEN=67789669 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617191924/http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=memorials%2Fww1mem%2Fvimy%2Fbattle&CFID=14831976&CFTOKEN=67789669 |archive-date=17 June 2008 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |access-date=24 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Foot |first=Richard |title=Vimy memorial had a turbulent history of its own |date=4 April 2007 |newspaper=The Vancouver Sun |page=A4}}</ref><ref name=Bell139>{{Harvnb|Bell|Bousfield|Toffoli|2007|pp=139, 147}}</ref>}}
|-
|{{Flag|United States|1912}}
|7–11 June 1939
|King [[George VI]]
|President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
|State<ref>{{Cite book| last1=Bousfield| first1=Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Go5p_CN8UQC |title=Royal Spring: The Royal Tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada| first2=Gary| last2=Toffoli |publisher=Dundurn Press |date=1989 |isbn=1-5500-2065-X |location=Toronto |pages=60, 66 |ref=CITEREF_Bousfield_1989}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lanctot |first=Gustave |title=Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939 |publisher=E.P. Taylor Foundation |date=1964 |location=Toronto |author-link=Gustave Lanctot}}</ref><ref name=Tidridge49>{{Harvnb|Tidridge|2011|p=49}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|United States|1912}}
| 17 October 1957
 |rowspan=8|Queen [[Elizabeth II]]
 |rowspan=2|President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| State{{Refn|<ref name=Tidridge49/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.crht.ca/DiscoverMonarchyFiles/QueenElizabethII.html |author=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust |title=Elizabeth II Queen of Canada |publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust |access-date=22 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618075325/http://www.crht.ca/DiscoverMonarchyFiles/QueenElizabethII.html |archivedate=18 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Royal Visit |magazine=Time |volume=IXX |issue=17 |location=New York |date=21 October 1957 |url=http://www.time.com:80/time/magazine/article/0,9171,937945,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513184211/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,937945,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2007 |issn=0040-781X |access-date=22 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Elizabeth II |author-link=Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom |date=1957 |contribution=Radio address to Canadians |contribution-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030309015603/http://www.royal.gov.uk/files/pdf/1957canada.pdf |editor=The Royal Household |title=Images and Broadcasts > The Queen's Speeches |location=London |publisher=Queen's Printer |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/Home.aspx |access-date=3 October 2008 |archive-date=31 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831232450/http://www.royal.gov.uk/Home.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
|{{Flag|United States|1912}}
| 26 June 1959
| Official<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/26/newsid_2988000/2988148.stm |title=1959: Queen and Eisenhower open seaway |date=26 June 1959 |publisher=BBC News |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626094712/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/26/newsid_2988000/2988148.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=league>{{Cite web |url=https://www.monarchist.ca/index.php/our-monarchy/our-royal-family/the-queen-of-canada |title=The Queen & the Duke of Edinburgh |date=8 July 2021 |publisher=The Monarchist League of Canada |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185435/https://www.monarchist.ca/index.php/our-monarchy/our-royal-family/the-queen-of-canada |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|United States|1912}}
| 6 July 1959
| Governor [[William Stratton]]
| State{{Refn|<ref name=Tidridge49/><ref name=Buckner69>{{Harvnb|Buckner|2005|p=69}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://diefenbaker.usask.ca/exhibits/online-exhibits-content/the-crown-in-canada-en.php |title=The Crown in Canada (1957) |publisher=Diefenbaker Canada Centre |access-date=21 August 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002035138/https://diefenbaker.usask.ca/exhibits/online-exhibits-content/the-crown-in-canada-en.php |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
|{{Flag|France}} 
|6 June 1984
 |rowspan=2|President [[François Mitterrand]]
|Official{{Refn|<ref name=CMNDDay>{{Cite journal |last=Fidelis |date=2004 |title=Canadian Confusion on Juno Beach |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/sites/default/files/documents/2004/8/135.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Canadian Monarchist News |location=Toronto |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |volume=Summer 2004 |issue=22 |page=2 |access-date=16 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114134201/http://www.monarchist.ca/sites/default/files/documents/2004/8/135.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Bousfield|Toffoli|2002|p=182}}</ref><ref name=dlnx>{{Citation |page=51 |title=Now You Know Royalty |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-7707-0406-0 |publisher=Dundurn Press |first=Doug |last=Lennox}}</ref>}}
|-
|{{Flag|France}} 
|1994
|Official<ref name=league/><ref name=dlnx/>
|-
|{{Flag|France}} 
|6 June 2004
|President [[Jacques Chirac]]
|Official<ref name=monarchist3>{{Cite journal |date=2007 |title=Royal Respect for Canada's Vimy Heroes, Queen of Canada Rededicates Memorial on French Soil |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Canadian Monarchist News |location=Toronto |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |volume=Summer 2007 |issue=26 |page=3 |access-date=22 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326043238/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref><ref name=league/>
|-
|{{Flag|France}} 
|9 April 2007
|Prime Minister [[Dominique de Villepin]]
|Official{{Refn|<ref name=Bell139/><ref name=monarchist3/><ref name=league/><ref name=dlnx/>}}
|-
|{{Flag|United States}}
|6 July 2010
|Governor [[David Paterson]]
|Official<ref name=Tidridge49/><ref>{{Cite web |author=Royal Household |title=The Queen's speech in Toronto, Canada, 5 July 2010 |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Speechesandarticles/2010/TheQueensspeechinTorontoCanada5July2010.aspx |url-status=dead |publisher=Queen's Printer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920005435/http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Speechesandarticles/2010/TheQueensspeechinTorontoCanada5July2010.aspx |archive-date=20 September 2010 |quote=Just as in 1957, when I last visited the UN, I shall be travelling from this Northern Realm as Queen of Canada, a country whose whole-hearted commitment to the United Nations throughout its history is without equal.}}</ref>
|}