Editing Mixed-member proportional representation (section)

== Other names ==
The seat linkage compensatory [[Mixed electoral system|mixed system]] often referred to as MMP originates in [[Germany]]. (It was later adopted with modifications under the name of MMP in New Zealand.) In Germany, it was differentiated from a [[Vote linkage mixed system|different compensatory mixed system]] by always being known as ''personalized proportional representation (PPR)'' ({{langx|de|personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrecht}}). 

Since the variants used in Germany almost always produce very proportional results, the proportionality is emphasized over the mixed nature of the electoral system, and it is essentially considered a [[Localized list|localized]] or personalized form of PR, used instead of conventional [[Open-list system|open-list systems]]. Germany's new modified federal election system does not allow overhang seats at all (such seats are re-allocated to other parties), therefore not all local districts are guaranteed to elect the plurality winner. In German, this localized list system now shares the name of PPR with the mixed systems still used in the federal states of Germany that are referred to as MMP in English. In English, due to this change, the system is no longer considered to be MMP in the sense of a mixed member system combining [[Proportional representation|proportional]] and district-level [[first-past-the-post voting]], but it is seen as a personalized/localized version of PR. As it retains the individual candidate vote in a clearly distinct fashion from [[Open list|open-list]] systems, it may still be considered mixed-member proportional in the sense of a proportional system having two kinds of elected members: some (may be) elected by personal (candidate) votes, some elected by (closed list) party votes. 

Previously, the federal elections used a flexible number of additional compensatory seats, also known as [[leveling seat]]s, which essentially guaranteed mixed-member proportional representation even with extremely disproportional constituency results, but dramatically increased the size of the Bundestag. This meant that it was potentially the most proportional MMP system used after the one in [[New Zealand]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}, where only top ups are seats given to other parties to compensate for a party taking overhang seats, which resulted in minor flexibility of the parliament size.

In the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Quebec]], where an MMP model was studied in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fairvote.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Quebec-Chief-Electoral-Officers-Report-English.pdf|access-date=24 October 2017|date=December 2007|title=Characteristics of a compensatory mixed member voting system: Report of the Chief Electoral Officer|publisher=Le Directeur général des élections du Québec|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115170755/http://www.fairvote.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Quebec-Chief-Electoral-Officers-Report-English.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2018}}</ref> it is called the ''compensatory mixed-member'' voting system ({{Lang|fr|système mixte avec compensation}} or SMAC). In the [[United Kingdom]] the sometimes [[Semi-proportional representation|less proportional]] implementation of MMP used in Scotland and the London Assembly is referred to as the [[additional member system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electoral Reform and Voting Systems|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/electoral-reform-and-voting-systems|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408184539/http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/electoral-reform-and-voting-systems|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Additional-member system: Politics">{{cite web|title=Additional-member system: Politics|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/additional-member-system|access-date=24 March 2016|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> In South Africa, MMP is generally referred to as a "mixed-system". The Scandinavian countries have a long history of using both multi-member districts (members elected through party-list PR) and nationally-based compensatory top-up seats using the same method as MMP, however because the local MPs are also elected using PR, these systems are not usually considered MMP as they are not [[Mixed electoral system|mixed systems]]. 

Some mixed electoral systems are so different that there is no consensus on their classification as mixed-member proportional (MMP), mixed majoritarian or something between the two. These cases include partially or conditionally compensatory systems such as those of Hungary, Mexico and South Korea, which are typically said to be supermixed systems or partially compensatory systems, but sometimes inaccurately referred to as MMP even though they are highly disproportional.