Editing Mitsubishi A6M Zero (section)

==Design and development==
The [[Mitsubishi A5M]] fighter was just entering service in early 1937, when the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] started looking for its eventual replacement. On 5 October 1937, it issued "Planning Requirements for the Prototype 12-shi Carrier-based Fighter", sending them to [[Nakajima Aircraft Company|Nakajima]] and Mitsubishi. Both firms started preliminary design work while awaiting more definitive requirements a few months later.<ref>{{Cite book|title=F4F Wildcat vs A6M Zero-Sen: Pacific Theater 1942|last=Young|first=Edward M.|publisher=Osprey|year=2013|isbn=978-1-78096-322-8|location=Oxford, Great Britain|pages=18}}</ref>

Based on the experiences of the A5M in China, the IJN sent out updated requirements in October, calling for a speed of {{convert|270|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}} at {{convert|4000|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a climb to {{convert|3000|m|abbr=on}} in 9.5 minutes. With [[drop tank]]s, the IJN wanted an endurance of two hours at normal power, or six to eight hours at economical cruising speed. Armament was to consist of two [[20 mm cannon]]s, two 7.7&nbsp;mm (.303&nbsp;in) [[machine gun]]s and two {{convert|60|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [[bomb]]s. A complete radio set was to be mounted in all aircraft, along with a [[radio direction finder]] for long-range navigation.<ref name="Franc70p363-4">Francillon 1970, pp. 363–364.</ref> The maneuverability was to be at least equal to that of the A5M, while the wingspan had to be less than {{cvt|12|m|abbr=on}} to allow for use on aircraft carriers.

Nakajima's team considered the new requirements unachievable and pulled out of the competition in January. Mitsubishi's chief designer, [[Jiro Horikoshi]], thought that the requirements could be met, but only if the aircraft were made as light as possible. Every possible weight-saving measure was incorporated into the design. Most of the aircraft was built of a new top-secret aluminium alloy developed by [[Sumitomo Metal Industries]] in 1936. Called "[[7075 aluminium alloy|extra super duralumin]]", it was lighter, stronger and more ductile than other alloys used at the time but was prone to corrosive attack, which made it brittle.<ref>Yoshio, Baba.[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jilm1951/39/5/39_5_378/_article/cited-by "Extra super duralumin and successive aluminum alloys for aircraft."] ''Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals (Sumitomo Light Metal Ind. Ltd., Japan),'' Volume 39, Issue 5, pp. 378–395. Retrieved: 22 November 2015.</ref> This detrimental effect was countered with a [[zinc chromate]] anti-corrosion coating applied after fabrication. No armour protection was provided for the pilot, engine or other critical points of the aircraft, and [[self-sealing fuel tank]]s, which were becoming common among other combatants, were not used. This made the Zero lighter, more maneuverable, and one of the longest-ranged single-engine fighters of World War II, which made it capable of searching out an enemy hundreds of kilometres away, bringing it to battle, then returning to its base or aircraft carrier. However, that tradeoff in weight and construction also made it prone to catching fire and exploding when struck by enemy fire.<ref>Tillman 1979, pp. 5, 6, 96.</ref>

With its low-wing [[cantilever]] [[monoplane]] layout, retractable wide-set [[conventional landing gear]], and enclosed cockpit, the Zero was one of the most modern carrier-based aircraft in the world at the time of its introduction. It had a fairly high-lift, low-speed wing with very low [[wing loading]]. Combined with its light weight, this resulted in a very low [[stall (flight)|stalling speed]] of well below {{convert|60|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on}}. This was the main reason for its phenomenal maneuverability, allowing it to out-turn any Allied fighter of the time. Early models were fitted with [[servo tab]]s on the [[aileron]]s after pilots complained that control forces became too heavy at speeds above {{convert|300|km/h}}. They were discontinued on later models after it was found that the lightened control forces were allowing pilots to overstress the wings during vigorous maneuvers.<ref>Yoshimura 1996, p. 108.</ref>

===Name===
{{see also|World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft}}
The A6M is usually known as the "Zero" from its Japanese Navy [[Type (designation)#Japan|aircraft type designation]], Type 0 carrier fighter (''Rei shiki Kanjō sentōki'', {{nihongo2|零式艦上戦闘機}}), taken from the last digit of the [[Japanese calendar#Years|Imperial year]] 2600 (1940) when it entered service. In Japan, it was unofficially referred to as both ''Rei-sen'' and ''Zero-sen''; Japanese pilots most commonly called it ''Zero-sen,'' where ''sen'' is the first syllable of ''sentōki,'' Japanese for "fighter plane".{{#tag:ref|Note: In Japanese service carrier fighter units were referred to as ''Kanjō sentōkitai''. The Japanese "Zero" was one of the main aircraft(s)used in The attack on Pearl Harbor.|group=Note}}<ref>Parshall and Tully 2007, p. 79.</ref> In the official designation "A6M", the "A" signified a carrier-based fighter, "6" meant that it was the sixth such model built for the Imperial Navy, and "M" indicated Mitsubishi as the manufacturer.

The official Allied code name was "Zeke", in keeping with the practice of giving male names to Japanese fighters, female names to [[bombers]], bird names to [[Military glider|gliders]], and tree names to [[Trainer aircraft|trainers]]. "Zeke" was part of the first batch of "hillbilly" code names assigned by Captain Frank T. McCoy of Nashville, Tennessee (assigned to the Allied [[Technical Air Intelligence Unit]] at [[Eagle Farm Airport]] in Australia), who wanted quick, distinctive, easy-to-remember names. The [[World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft|Allied code for Japanese aircraft]] was introduced in 1942, and McCoy chose "Zeke" for the "Zero". Later, two variants of the fighter received their own code names. The [[Nakajima A6M2-N]] [[floatplane]] version of the Zero was called "Rufe", and the A6M3-32 variant was initially called "Hap". General [[Henry H. Arnold|"Hap" Arnold]], commander of the [[United States Army Air Forces]], objected to that name, however, so it was changed to "Hamp".