Editing Mitosis (section)

== Discovery ==
Numerous descriptions of [[cell division]] were made during 18th and 19th centuries, with various degrees of accuracy.<ref name="Ross"/> In 1835, the German botanist [[Hugo von Mohl]], described cell division in the [[green algae]] ''[[Cladophora|Cladophora glomerata]]'', stating that multiplication of cells occurs through cell division.<ref>{{cite thesis | vauthors = von Mohl H | date = 1835 | title = Ueber die Vermehrung der Pflanzenzellen durch Theilung| work = Inaugural-Dissertation | publisher = Tübingen | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vHRSAAAAcAAJ }}</ref><ref>{{NDB|17|690|691|Mohl, Hugo von|Karl Mägdefrau|118830538}}</ref><ref>"Notes and memoranda: The late professor von Mohl". ''Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science'', v. XV, New Series, p. 178–181, 1875. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Yg5LAAAAYAAJ link].</ref> In 1838, [[Matthias Jakob Schleiden]] affirmed that "formation of new cells ''in their interior'' was a general rule for cell multiplication in plants", a view later rejected in favour of Mohl's model, due to contributions of [[Robert Remak]] and others.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weyers |first1=Wolfgang |title=Screening for malignant melanoma—a critical assessment in historical perspective |journal=Dermatology Practical & Conceptual |date=30 April 2018 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=89–103 |doi=10.5826/dpc.0802a06 |pmid=29785325 |pmc=5955075 }}</ref>

In animal cells, cell division with mitosis was discovered in frog, rabbit, and cat [[cornea]] cells in 1873 and described for the first time by the Polish [[histologist]] [[Wacław Mayzel]] in 1875.<ref>{{cite journal| first = Janusz | last = Komender | name-list-style = vanc |year= 2008|title= Kilka słów o doktorze Wacławie Mayzlu i jego odkryciu|language= pl|trans-title= On Waclaw Mayzel and his observation of mitotic division|journal= Postępy Biologii Komórki|volume= 35|issue= 3|pages= 405–407|url= http://ptbk.mol.uj.edu.pl/download/historie_z_przeszlosci/Waclaw%20Mayzel.pdf|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121027145052/http://ptbk.mol.uj.edu.pl/download/historie_z_przeszlosci/Waclaw%20Mayzel.pdf|archive-date= 2012-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Dzieje nauki polskiej|last= Iłowiecki|first=Maciej | name-list-style = vanc | year=1981|publisher=Wydawnictwo Interpress|location= Warszawa|page= 187|isbn=978-83-223-1876-8}}</ref>

Bütschli, Schneider and Fol might have also claimed the discovery of the process presently known as "mitosis".<ref name="Ross">Ross, Anna E. "Human Anatomy & Physiology I: A Chronology of the Description of Mitosis". ''Christian Brothers University''. Retrieved 02 May 2018. [http://facstaff.cbu.edu/~aross/AP-I/Mitosis-Chronology.html#chronology link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512000047/http://facstaff.cbu.edu/~aross/AP-I/Mitosis-Chronology.html#chronology |date=2016-05-12 }}.</ref> In 1873, the German zoologist [[Otto Bütschli]] published data from observations on [[nematode]]s. A few years later, he discovered and described mitosis based on those observations.<ref>Bütschli, O. (1873). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der freilebenden Nematoden. ''Nova Acta der Kaiserlich Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher'' 36, 1–144. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45422#page/443/mode/1up link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811015718/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45422#page/443/mode/1up |date=2018-08-11 }}.</ref><ref>Bütschli, O. (1876). Studien über die ersten Entwicklungsvorgänge der Eizelle, die Zelleilung und die Conjugation der Infusorien. ''Abh.d. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt a. M.'' 10, 213–452. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/187692#page/277/mode/1up link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809112726/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/187692#page/277/mode/1up |date=2018-08-09 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fokin SI | year = 2013 | title = Otto Bütschli (1848–1920) Where we will genuflect? | url = http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num8_1/fokin_protistology_8-1.pdf | journal = Protistology | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–35 | access-date = 2014-08-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140808063603/http://protistology.ifmo.ru/num8_1/fokin_protistology_8-1.pdf | archive-date = 2014-08-08 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The term "mitosis", coined by [[Walther Flemming]] in 1882,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Sharp LW |year=1921 |url=https://archive.org/stream/introductiontocy032473mbp#page/n155/mode/2upAn |title=Introduction To Cytology |page=143 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw Hill Book Company Inc.}}</ref> is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word μίτος (''mitos'', "warp thread").<ref name="mitosis">{{cite encyclopedia|title=mitosis|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mitosis&allowed_in_frame=0|dictionary=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]|access-date=2019-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928005443/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mitosis&allowed_in_frame=0|archive-date=2017-09-28|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Liddell">{{LSJ|mi/tos|μίτος|ref}}</ref> There are some alternative names for the process,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Battaglia E | date = 2009 | title = Caryoneme alternative to chromosome and a new caryological nomenclature. | journal = Caryologia | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = 1–80 | url = http://www.caryologia.unifi.it/past_volumes/62_4supplement/62-4_supplement.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032405/http://www.caryologia.unifi.it/past_volumes/62_4supplement/62-4_supplement.pdf | archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> e.g., "karyokinesis" (nuclear division), a term introduced by Schleicher in 1878,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schleicher W | date = 1878 | title = Die Knorpelzelltheilung | journal = Arch. Mirkroskop. Anat. | volume = 16 | pages = 248–300 | doi = 10.1007/BF02956384 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49519#page/258/mode/1up | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180811030026/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49519#page/258/mode/1up | archive-date=2018-08-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Toepfer G | title = Karyokinesis | work = BioConcepts | access-date = 2 May 2018 | url = http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1770&listed=y | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180503180225/http://www.biological-concepts.com/views/search.php?term=1770&listed=y | archive-date=2018-05-03 }}</ref> or "equational division", proposed by [[August Weismann]] in 1887.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Battaglia E | date = 1987 | title = Embryological questions: 12. Have the ''Polygonum'' and ''Allium'' types been rightly established? | journal = Ann Bot | location = Rome | volume = 45 | pages = 81–117 | quote = p. 85: Already in 1887, Weismann gave the names ''Aequationstheilung'' to the usual cell division, and ''Reduktionstheilungen'' to the two divisions involved in the halving process of the number of ''Kernsegmente'' }}</ref> However, the term "mitosis" is also used in a broad sense by some authors to refer to karyokinesis and cytokinesis together.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Mauseth JD | date = 1991 | title = Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology | publisher = Saunders College Publishing | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 9780030302220 | quote = p. 102: Cell division is cytokinesis, and nuclear division is karyokinesis. The words "mitosis" and "meiosis" technically refer only to karyokinesis but are frequently used to describe cytokinesis as well. | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=npUoAQAAMAAJ }}</ref> Presently, "equational division" is more commonly used to refer to [[meiosis II]], the part of meiosis most like mitosis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cooper|first=Geoffrey M.|date=2000|title=Meiosis and Fertilization|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9901/|journal=The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd Edition|language=en}}</ref>