Editing Mitochondrial disease (section)

== Types ==
{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
Mitochondrial disease can manifest in many different ways<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitochondrial Diseases |url=https://medlineplus.gov/mitochondrialdiseases.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref> whether in children<ref name=Rahman2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rahman S |title=Mitochondrial disease in children |journal=Journal of Internal Medicine |volume=287 |issue=6 |pages=609–633 |date=2020 |pmid=32176382 |doi=10.1111/joim.13054 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref> or adults.<ref name=LaMorgia2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=La Morgia C, Maresca A, Caporali L, Valentino ML, Carelli V |title=Mitochondrial diseases in adults |journal=Journal of Internal Medicine |volume=287 |issue=6 |pages=592–608 |date=2020 |pmid=32463135 |doi=10.1111/joim.13064 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref> Examples of mitochondrial diseases include:
* [[Mitochondrial myopathy]]<ref name=Rahman2020/><ref name=LaMorgia2020/>
* Maternally inherited [[diabetes mellitus and deafness]] (MIDD)<ref name=Tsang2018>{{cite book |vauthors=Tsang SH, Aycinena AR, Sharma T |title=Atlas of Inherited Retinal Diseases |chapter=Mitochondrial disorder: maternally inherited diabetes and deafness |series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |volume=1085 |pages=163–165 |date=2018 |pmid=30578504 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-95046-4_31 |isbn=978-3-319-95045-7 |chapter-url=}}</ref>
**  While [[diabetes mellitus]] and [[deafness]] can be found together for other reasons, at an early age this combination can be due to mitochondrial disease, as may occur in [[Kearns–Sayre syndrome]] and [[Pearson syndrome]]<ref name=Rahman2020/> 
* [[Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy]] (LHON)<ref name=LaMorgia2020/>
**LHON is an eye disorder characterized by progressive loss of central vision due to degeneration of the optic nerves and retina (apparently affecting between  1 in 30,000 and 1 in 50,000 people<ref name=Shamsnajafabadi2023>{{cite journal |vauthors=Shamsnajafabadi H, MacLaren RE, Cehajic-Kapetanovic J |title=Current and future landscape in genetic therapies for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy |journal=Cells |volume=12 |issue=15 |date=2023 |page=2013 |pmid=37566092 |pmc=10416882 |doi=10.3390/cells12152013 |doi-access=free }}</ref>); visual loss typically begins in young adulthood<ref name=Rahman2020/>
* [[Leigh syndrome]], subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy<ref name=Rahman2020a>{{cite book |vauthors=Rahman S |title=Mitochondrial Diseases |chapter=Leigh syndrome |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=194 |pages=43–63 |date=2023 |pmid=36813320 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-821751-1.00015-4 |isbn=9780128217511 |chapter-url=}}</ref>
** after normal development the disease usually begins late in the first year of life, although onset may occur in adulthood
** a rapid decline in function occurs and is marked by seizures, altered states of consciousness, dementia, ventilatory failure
* [[Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa|Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and ptosis]] (NARP)
** progressive symptoms as described in the acronym
** [[dementia]]
* [[Myoneurogenic gastrointestinal encephalopathy]] (MNGIE)
** gastrointestinal pseudo-obstruction
** [[neuropathy]]
* [[MERRF syndrome]]
** progressive myoclonic epilepsy
** "Ragged Red Fibers" are clumps of diseased mitochondria that accumulate in the sub[[sarcolemma]]l region of the muscle fiber and appear when muscle is stained with modified [[Gömöri trichrome stain]]
** short stature
** hearing loss
** lactic acidosis
** exercise intolerance
* [[MELAS syndrome]], mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes
* [[Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome]]

''Conditions such as [[Friedreich's ataxia]] can affect the [[mitochondria]] but are not associated with mitochondrial proteins.''