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Mission Santa Clara de Asís
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== History == [[File:Mission Santa Clara de Asís (1849; oil on canvas).jpg|thumb|left|240px|Painting of Mission Santa Clara, 1849.]] The outpost was originally established as ''La Misión Santa Clara de Thamien'' (or ''Mission Santa Clara de Thamien'', a reference to the Tamien people) at the Native American village of ''So-co-is-u-ka'' (meaning "[[Umbellularia|Laurelwood]]", located on the [[Guadalupe River (California)|Guadalupe River]]) on January 12, 1777. There the Franciscan brothers erected a cross and shelter for worship to bring Christianity to the [[Ohlone]] people. Floods, fires, and earthquakes damaged many of the early structures and forced relocation to higher ground. [[Memorial Cross Park|The second site]] is known as Mission Santa Clara de Asís. A subsequent site of the mission dating from 1784 to 1819 is located several hundred yards west of the De La Cruz overpass of the [[Caltrain]] track; moreover, several Native American burial sites have been discovered near this subsequent site.{{sfn|Giglio|1988|p=3.11-1}} The current site, home to the first college in [[Alta California]], dates back to 1825.{{sfn|Ruscin|1999|p=196}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ The Six Churches of Santa Clara de Asís<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Skowronek |first1=Russel K. |last2=Wizorek |first2=Julie C. |title=Archaeology at Santa Clara de Asís: The Slow Rediscovery of a Moveable Mission |journal=Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly |date=Summer 1997 |volume=33 |issue=3 |page=55 |url=https://www.pcas.org/Vol33N3.html |access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref> |- ! Construction Number !! Dates of Use !! Date of Abandonment !! Cause !! Materials !! Cemetery |- | 1|| 1777–1779 || 1779 || flooding || wood || yes |- | 2|| 1779–1784 || 1784 || abandoned || wood || yes |- | 3|| 1784–1818 || 1818–1825 || earthquake, water || adobe || yes |- | 4|| 1818–1825 || 1867 || demolition || adobe || no |- | 5|| 1825–1926 || 1926 || fire || adobe || yes (in use from 1825–1851) |- | 6<br>(same site as 5)|| 1928–present || || || masonry || no |} Initially, there was tension between the people of the mission and those in the nearby [[Pueblo of San José|Pueblo de San Josè]] over disputed ownership rights of land and water. The tension was relieved when a road, [[The Alameda (San Jose)|the Alameda]], was built by two hundred Native Americans to link the communities together.<ref>Shannon E. Clark, ''The Alameda: The Beautiful Way'', San Jose: Alameda Business Association, 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-4243-1868-1}}, p. 2.</ref> On Sundays, people from San Jose would come to the mission for services, until the building of [[Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph (San Jose)|St. Joseph's Church]] in 1803. In that year, the mission of Santa Clara reported a Native American population of 1,271. In the same tabular report, its resident priest estimated that 10,000 cattle, 9,500 sheep, 730 horses, 35 mules, and 55 swine were on mission lands, while about 3,000 fanegas of grain (some {{convert|220|lb}} each of wheat, barley or corn) had been harvested.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} [[File:Santa Clara de Asis circa 1910 William Amos Haines.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mission Santa Clara de Asís, {{circa|1910}}]] [[File:Santa Clara de Asis circa 1897 Adam Clark Vroman.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A view toward the altar of the exquisitely ornate Mission Santa Clara de Asís chapel, {{circa|1897}}]] After the [[Mexican secularization act of 1833]] most of the mission's land and livestock was sold off by Mexico. The mission land was subdivided, and the land sold to whoever could afford it which often meant it was sold to government officials and with half of the mission land going to Native Americans.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/california/losgatos/bp--blog-indian-warrior-yozcolo-set-roots-in-los-gatos|title=Indian Warrior Yozcolo Set Roots in Los Gatos|last=Stanley|first=Tim|date=February 2, 2012|website=Los Gatos, CA Patch|language=en|access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> Most of the buildings continued to be used as a parish church, unlike the other missions in California.<ref name='PughSCU'/> By 1836, the mission Native Americans were "freed" by the Mexican government.<ref name=":0" /> The local land near the mission had drastically changed in the 60 years of mission operation under the Spanish and many of the native plants needed for Native American survival were gone, requiring a change from the former lifestyle for many Native Americans.<ref name=":0" /> Many Native Americans fled to the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] of California, others stayed locally and worked for the new [[Ranchos of California|ranchos]].<ref name=":0" /> There were a few small and short-lived Native American villages established around the Bay Area by 1839; many of these villages could not support themselves, so they began raiding the nearby ranchos.<ref name=":0" /> In 1850, California became a state. With that change, priests of the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] order took over the Mission Santa Clara de Asís in 1851 from the Franciscans. Father [[John Nobili]], S.J., was put in charge of the mission. He began a college on the mission site in 1851, which grew into [[Santa Clara University]];<ref name="Fodor's2010">{{cite book|author=Fodor's|title=Fodor's Northern California 2011: With Napa, Sonoma, Yosemite, San Francisco & Lake Tahoe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORayPYO-TvcC&pg=PA95|access-date=December 25, 2011|date=December 21, 2010|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4000-0503-1|page=48}}</ref> it is the only mission to become part of a university, and it is also the oldest university in California. Throughout the history of the mission, the bells have rung faithfully every evening, a promise made to King [[Charles III of Spain]] when he sent the original bells to the mission in 1777. He asked that the bells be rung each evening at 8:30 in memory of those who had died, although the actual bells have since been replaced by a recording.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://santaclaraunearthed.squarespace.com/new-blog/2015/6/13/mission-church-bell-tower |title=Mission Church Bell Tower |website=Mission Santa Clara Unearthed |language=en-US |access-date=January 9, 2019 |publisher=Santa Clara University}}</ref> The bell tower has three bells; one was donated by King Carlos IV but subsequently destroyed in a fire. King Alphonso XIII donated a replacement bell, which is on display in the de Saisset Museum (in the mission). In 1861, a new wooden façade with two bell towers was attached over the old [[adobe]] front of the building. The interior was widened in 1885 to increase the seating capacity by removing the original adobe nave walls.<ref name='PughSCU'>{{cite web | url = http://www.scu.edu/missionchurch/history/ | title= History of Mission Santa Clara de Asis | last=Pugh | first=Teresa | publisher=[[Santa Clara University]] |year=2006 | access-date=June 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627043512/http://www.scu.edu/missionchurch/history/|archive-date=June 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=The California Missions: History, Art and Preservation | first1=Edna | last1=Kimbro | first2=Julia G. | last2=Costello | first3=Tevvy | last3=Ball | isbn=978-0-89236-983-6 | date=October 20, 2009 | publisher=Getty Conservation Institute}}</ref> A fire in 1925 destroyed the structure, including the surrounding wall. The church's parochial functions were transferred to the [[Saint Clare Parish]] west of the campus. A rebuilt and restored Mission Santa Clara was consecrated in 1929, when it assumed its primary modern function as chapel and centerpiece of the university campus. It is open to visitors daily; the mission museum is located in the university's [[De Saisset Museum]]. The original mission cemetery, still in use, is located on nearby Lincoln Street.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lichtenstein|first=Bea|title=Cemeteries of Santa Clara|year=2005|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|location=Mount Pleasant, South Carolina|isbn=9780738530130|chapter=Images of America Series}}</ref><ref>[https://www.scu.edu/media/offices/human-resources/documents/benefits/Mission-Cemetery-PDF.pdf Santa Clara Mission Cemetery]. Santa Clara University</ref>
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