Editing Mission Santa Barbara (section)

==History==
===Construction and development===
The early missionaries built three different chapels during the first few years, each larger than the previous one.  In 1787, the first chapel built was a [[palisade]]d log structure with a grass roof and an earthen floor that measured {{convert|39|ft|m|abbr=on}} x {{convert|14|ft|m|abbr=on}}. In 1789, the second chapel was constructed out of [[adobe]] with [[roof tiles]] and measured {{convert|83|ft|m|abbr=on}} x {{convert|17|ft|m|abbr=on}}.  In 1793–94, it was replaced again with another adobe tiled-roof structure that measured {{convert|125|ft|m|abbr=on}} x {{convert|26|ft|m|abbr=on}}. However, the third chapel was destroyed by the [[1812 Ventura earthquake|1812 Santa Barbara earthquake]] on December 21.<ref name=nrhpinv>{{Cite web|last=Snell|first=Charles W.|title=Santa Barbara Mission|work=National Register of Historic Places – Inventory Nomination Form|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|year=1967|url={{NHLS url|id=66000237}}|format=pdf|access-date=May 22, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significant Earthquakes and Faults Chronological Earthquake Index: The December 21, 1812 Earthquake|url=https://scedc.caltech.edu/significant/wrightwood1812.html#sbar|access-date=November 16, 2020|website=Southern California Earthquake Data Center}}</ref>

By 1815, construction of the fourth Mission structure had begun and was mostly completed by 1820. Most probably under the direction of master stonemason José Antonio Ramiez (as estimated by historians), the work was performed by a labor force of [[Chumash people|Canalino]] people.  The towers were severely damaged in the [[1925 Santa Barbara earthquake|June 29, 1925, earthquake]], but the walls were held intact by the [[buttresses]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scedc.caltech.edu/significant/santabarbara1925.html|title=Significant Earthquakes and Faults Chronological Earthquake Index: Santa Barbara Earthquake|access-date=November 16, 2020|website=Southern California Earthquake Data Center}}</ref> Restoration was undertaken the following year.  By project completion in 1927, the church had been accurately rebuilt to retain its original design using the original materials to reproduce the walls, columns, and arches.  Some years later it was discovered that the concrete foundation of the church had begun to disintegrate while it was settling into the ground, thereby causing the towers to crack.  Between 1950 and 1953, the facade and towers were demolished and rebuilt to duplicate their original form.<ref name=nrhpinv /><ref name=photos>{{Cite web|title=Santa Barbara Mission|work=Photographs|publisher=National Park Service|url={{NHLS url|id=66000237|photos=y}}|format=pdf|access-date=May 20, 2012}}</ref> The appearance of the interior of the church has not been altered significantly since 1820.<ref>{{Cite web |title=California Missions |url=https://factcards.califa.org/mis/santabarbara.html |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=factcards.califa.org}}</ref>

[[File:Mission Santa Barbara by Carleton Watkins, 1876.jpg|thumb|left|The Mission in 1876, photograph by [[Carleton Watkins]]]]

Remains of the Mission's original infrastructure constructed primarily by the indentured [[Chumash people]] under [[Spanish missions in California#Franciscans and native conscription|Franciscan rule]] are located on the eastern abutting property known as [[Mission Park, Santa Barbara|Mission Historical Park]], which was sold to the City in 1928.<ref name="SBMissionPark">{{cite web|url=http://www.santabarbaraca.gov/gov/depts/parksrec/parks/features/views/missionhistorical.asp|title=Mission Historical Park|access-date=September 4, 2017|publisher=City of Santa Barbara, California: Parks Division|date=February 1, 2016}}</ref> These ruins include [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]] vats, a [[pottery]] [[kiln]], and a guard house as well as an extensive water distribution system that incorporated [[Aqueduct (bridge)|aqueducts]], a [[filter (water)|filtration system]], two [[reservoir (water)|reservoirs]], and a hydro-powered [[gristmill]]. The larger reservoir, which was built in 1806 by the expedient of damming of [[Mission Canyon, California|Mission Canyon]] situated to the north within the existing [[Santa Barbara Botanic Garden]], continued to serve as a functioning component of the city's water system until 1993.<ref>City of Santa Barbara General Plan – [http://www.santabarbaraca.gov/civicax/filebank/blobdload.aspx?BlobID=16916 Appendix C: History of the City], December 2011, page 97.</ref> Also intact near the entrance to the Mission is the original fountain and ''lavadero''.

===Relations with the Chumash tribe===
Mission Santa Barbara was part of a broader plan by the Kingdom of Spain to protect its claim on Alta California against rival colonial powers (Russia and Great Britain).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=León-Portilla |first=Miguel |year=1985 |title=California in the Dreams of Gálvez and the Achievements of Serra |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1007349 |journal=The Americas |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=428–434 |doi=10.2307/1007349 |jstor=1007349 |s2cid=147317096 |issn=0003-1615}}</ref> The mission was expected to turn the local indigenous people into upstanding Spanish citizens through conversion to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] and by making them productive members of the Spanish colonial economy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=California Indians – California Missions Foundation |url=https://californiamissionsfoundation.org/california-indians/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=californiamissionsfoundation.org}}</ref>

The main economic activity of the missions in the region that was occupied by the local Chumash tribe was animal husbandry and related products (hides and tallow). The average size of the Santa Barbara Mission's herd was a little over 14,000 animals over the 1806–1810 period.<ref name=":2" /> Large numbers of Chumash workers were required to care for this herd and to serve the other needs of the Mission. At the same time, the herds disrupted the sophisticated Chumash system of hunting and gathering, placing the tribes in an increasingly precarious position and aggravating the existing demographic stress caused by epidemics of European diseases against which the Chumash had no immunity.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author1=Deana Dartt-Newton|author2=Jon M. Friands|title=Little Choice for the Chumash: Colonialism, Cattle and Coercion in Mission Period California|periodical=American Indian Quarterly|date=Summer–Autumn 2006|volume=30 |issue=3/4 |pages=416–430 |jstor=4139021|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4139021}}</ref> Thus, the Chumash often had little choice but to join the mission. A modern source describes the lives of indigenous people in the mission system as being 'controlled by the padres'; it also notes that baptised indigenous peoples 'were not allowed to leave without permission'.<ref name=":0" />

In 1818, two [[Argentina|Argentine]] ships under the command of the French [[privateer]], [[Hippolyte de Bouchard|Hipólito Bouchard]] approached the coast and threatened the young town of Santa Barbara. The padres, led by Fray Antonio Ripoll armed and trained 180 of the neophytes to mobilize for the anticipated attack. They were organized into an infantry unit comprising one-hundred archers that were reinforced by an additional fifty brandishing machetes, and a cavalry unit of thirty lancers.  Father Ripoll named the unit ''"Compañía de Urbanos Realistas de Santa Bárbara".''<ref name="Sandos_1985">{{cite journal|last1=Sandos|first1=James A.|year=1985|title=LEVANTAMIENTO!: The 1824 Chumash Uprising Reconsidered|url=http://mail.militarymuseum.org/Chumash1824.pdf|journal=Southern California Quarterly|volume=67|issue=2|pages=109–133|doi=10.2307/41171145|publisher=Historical Society of Southern California|jstor=41171145 |access-date=October 19, 2021}}</ref> With their help, the [[Santa Barbara Presidio|Presidio]] soldiers confronted Bouchard, who sailed out of the harbor without attacking.<ref>There is a great contrast between the legacy of Bouchard in Argentina versus his reputation in the United States. In Buenos Aires, Bouchard is honored as a brave patriot, while in California he is most often remembered as a pirate, and not a privateer. See [[Hippolyte de Bouchard]].</ref>

===Decline of the Chumash population and the Chumash revolt===
In 1803, 1,792 Chumash lived as [[Baptism|neophytes]] within 234 adobe huts that surrounded the mission, which was the highest number living onsite during a single year.<ref name="nrhpinv" /><ref name="IMSB_1960">{{cite book |last=Geiger |first=Maynard J. |url=https://archive.org/details/MissionSantaBarbara17821965ByMaynardGeiger_201501 |title=The Indians of Mission Santa Barbara in Paganism and Christianity |publisher=The Franciscan Fathers |year=1960 |location=''Old Mission'', Santa Barbara, California |author-link=Maynard Geiger}}</ref> By 1820, the Mission's Chumash population declined to 1,132 and then dropped to 962 three years later.

During the [[Chumash revolt of 1824]], under the leadership of Andrés Sagimomatsee, the mission was briefly seized and looted. The soldiers posted there were disarmed (two of them were wounded with machete blows) and were sent back to [[Presidio of Santa Barbara|the Presidio]]. After an indecisive battle was fought against troops from the Presidio, most of the Indians withdrew over the [[Santa Ynez Mountains]] via [[Mission Canyon]] and eventually on to the eastern interior; while fifty others had fled during the night of the uprising to [[Santa Cruz Island]] in [[Tomol|plank canoes]] embarking from [[Mescalitan Island|Mescaltitlán]].<ref name="Sandos_1985" /><ref name="Oberg_2020">{{cite web|url=http://michaelleroyoberg.com/monuments/confronting-colonialism-and-genocide-in-father-serras-town/|title=Native America: A History: A Discussion Forum for Teaching and Writing Native American History – Confronting Colonialism and Genocide in Father Serra's Town|publisher=Michael Leroy Oberg|date=July 8, 2020}}</ref><ref name="SarriaAcct_1996">{{cite journal|last1=Beebe|first1=Rose Marie|last2=Senkewicz|first2=Robert M.|year=1996|title=The End of the 1824 Chumash Revolt in Alta California: Father Vicente Sarría's Account|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1007619|journal=The Americas: A Quarterly Review of Latin American History|volume=53|issue=2|pages=273–283|doi=10.2307/1007619|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|jstor=1007619 |s2cid=145143125 |access-date=December 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hudson_1976">{{cite journal|last1=Hudson|first1=Dee Travis|date=December 1, 1976|title=Chumash Canoes of Mission Santa Barbara: the Revolt of 1824|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6362h81j|journal=The Journal of California Anthropology|volume=3|issue=2|pages=5–15|publisher=University of California Merced|access-date=October 19, 2021}}</ref>

For a few months thereafter, the mission was mostly devoid of any Chumash presence until a pardon agreement was brokered for their return by [[Vicente Francisco de Sarría|Father Presidente Vicente Francisco de Sarría]] (sent from Monterrey) and Father Antonio Ripoll (minister of the Santa Barbara Mission). A military expedition, led by [[Pablo de la Portilla|Captain Pablo de la Portilla]], had been sent in pursuit of the Chumash "for the purpose of subjugating and restoring to their mission the neophytes of Santa Barbara who had fled to [[Tulare Lake|the tulares]]".<ref name="UCAR_1962">{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Sherburne F.|last2=Senkewicz|first2=Robert M.|date=February 1, 1962|title=Expeditions to the Interior of California Central Valley, 1820–1840|url=https://scvhistory.com/scvhistory/cookexpeditions18201840.pdf|journal=University of California Anthropological Records|volume=20|issue=5|pages=151–214|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|access-date=October 18, 2021}}</ref> After a seven-day long march from the Presidio, Captain de la Portilla and his division consisting of roughly 104 soldiers equipped with "caliber-4 cannon" arrived near [[Tulare Lake|Lake Tulares]] on June 9, 1824, and began negotiations for the surrender of the Indians (who were referred to as the rebels or fugitives); a process that took about six days.  The majority of those captured, including many women, children, and elders were marched back on a route leading across the [[Cuyama Valley]] and over the mountains southward towards the Santa Barbara Mission through [[San Roque Canyon]] on a journey (according to del Portilla's log) lasting from June 15 or 16, until their arrival on June 23 (with "straggling families" arriving over the course of subsequent days). An untallied number of elderly and infirmed were reported to have perished along the way.<ref name="UCAR_1962" /> By June 28 of that year, about 816 out of an approximate population of 1,000 had returned to the mission.<ref name="Haas_2013">{{cite book|last=Haas|first=Lisbeth|title=Saints and Citizens: Indigenous Histories of Colonial Missions and Mexican California|publisher=University of California Press|chapter=Chapter 4|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|year=2014|isbn=9780520276468}}</ref>

From 1836 to 1839 the remaining Chumash residing at the Mission dwindled from 481 to 246.  By 1854, records stated that "only a few Indians were about the area of the mission".  Although there are purportedly no records kept by the Franciscans which offer an explanation of the [[Population of Native California|diminishing trend of the Chumash population]], all of the California missions throughout their establishment experienced a mortality rate that exceeded their birthrate.<ref name="IMSB_1960" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=JACKSON |first=ROBERT H. |year=1990 |title=The Population of the Santa Barbara Channel Missions (Alta California), 1813–1832 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27825426 |journal=Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=268–274 |jstor=27825426 |issn=0191-3557}}</ref> Modern sources attribute this decline to ill-treatment, overwork, malnutrition, [[Chumash people#Mexican era (1834–1848)|violence and disease]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="CST_2018">{{cite AV media|people=Sabine Talaugon (Director & Editor), Joe Talaugon (Chumash Narrator), Alan Salazar (Chumash/Tataviam Narrator)|publisher=Iwex Consulting, LLC|year=2018|title=The Chumash Science Through Time Project: The Chumash Revolt of 1824|url=https://chumashscience.com/2018/09/11/the-chumash-revolt-of-1824/|location=Oakland, California}}</ref>

===Post-secularization===
[[File:Santa Barbara Mission buildings and grounds layout circa 1840 from The early days of Santa Barbara, California by Walter A. Hawley (1910).jpg|thumb|Santa Barbara Mission buildings and grounds layout {{circa|1840}}]]
After the [[Mexican Congress]] passed [[Mexican secularization act of 1833|'' An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California'']] on August 17, 1833, Father Presidente [[Narciso Durán]] transferred the missions' headquarters to Santa Barbara, thereby making Mission Santa Barbara the repository of some 3,000 original documents that had been scattered through the California missions.

In 1840, Alta California and [[Baja California Territory]] were removed from the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sonora|Diocese of Sonora]] to form the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Both Californias|Diocese of Both Californias]]. Bishop [[Francisco Garcia Diego y Moreno]], OFM, established his [[cathedra]] at Mission Santa Barbara, making the chapel the [[pro-cathedral]] of the diocese until 1849. Under Bishop [[Thaddeus Amat y Brusi]], C.M., the chapel again served as a pro-cathedral, for the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California|Diocese of Monterey]] and then the Diocese of Monterey-Los Angeles, from 1853 to 1876. It is for this reason that of all the California missions, only the chapel at Mission Santa Barbara has two matching bell towers. At that time, that particular architectural feature was restricted to a [[cathedral church]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}

[[File:José_González_Rubio.png|thumb|right|upright|Padre [[José González Rubio]], who served as the longtime Chief Administrator of the mission.]]

When President [[Abraham Lincoln]] restored the missions to the Catholic Church on March 18, 1865, the Mission's leader at the time, Friar [[José González Rubio]], came into conflict with Bishop Amat over the matter of whether the Mission should be under the ownership of the Franciscan order rather than the diocese.  Bishop Amat refused to give the deed for the Mission to the Franciscans, but in 1925, Bishop [[John J. Cantwell]] finally awarded the deed to them.

As the center for the Franciscans, the Mission played an important role in education in the late 1900s and early twentieth century. From 1854 to 1885 it was chartered as an [[Apostolic school|apostolic college]] and from 1869 to 1877 it also functioned as a college for laymen,<ref name="FST">[http://www.fst.edu/aboutFST/history.html Franciscan School of Theology History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213221119/http://www.fst.edu/aboutFST/history.html|date=February 13, 2007}}</ref> Thereby making it Santa Barbara's first institution of higher education.  In 1896, this education initiative led to the creation of a [[Minor seminary|high school seminary program]] that in 1901 would become a separate institution, Saint Anthony's Seminary.<ref name="FST" /> In 1929 the college level program was relocated to [[Mission San Luis Rey de Francia]] and would become [[San Luis Rey College]] from 1950 to 1968 before relocating to Berkeley, California what is today the [[Franciscan School of Theology|Franciscan School of Theology (FST)]].

[[File:Mission Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, Calif (NYPL b12647398-66787).tiff|left|thumb|Mission Santa Barbara from the east, early 20th century]]