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==History== The former Spanish settlement at the Kumeyaay ''Nipawai'' lies within that area occupied during the late Paleoindian period and continuing into the present day by the Native society commonly known as the ''[[Diegueño]]'';<ref>Kroeber 1925, p. 883: Kroeber estimated that the native population in the immediate vicinity of San Diego was approximately 3,000 in 1770 (exclusive of those in [[Baja California (region)|Baja California]]).</ref> the name denotes those people who were ministered by the padres at Mission San Diego de Alcalá.<ref>As with other Spanish names given to the Indigenous tribes they encountered Arthas, the appellation ''Diegueño'' does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group.</ref> Relatively, much is known about the native inhabitants in recent centuries, thanks in part to the efforts of [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]], who explored the coast in the service of Spain. He documented his in the coastal villages he encountered along the Southern California coast in October 1542.<ref>Yenne, p. 8</ref> Cabrillo was the first European to set foot in what is now the state of California and the first to encounter [[San Diego Bay]]. On the evening of September 28, 1542, the ships ''San Salvador'' and ''Victoria'' sailed into the harbor, whereupon Cabrillo christened it "''San Miguel''".<ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 3: September 28 was the eve of the "Feast of the [[Michael (archangel)|Archangel Saint Michael]]."</ref> During that expedition a landing party went ashore and briefly interacted with a small group of natives. Some sixty years later another Spanish explorer, [[Sebastián Vizcaíno]], made landfall some ten miles from the present Mission site. Under Vizcaíno's command the ''San Diego'', ''Santo Tomás'', and [[frigate]] ''Tres Reyes'' dropped anchor on November 10, 1602, and the port was renamed "''San Diego de Alcalá''".<ref>Engelhardt 1920, pp. 6–9: November 10 was the eve of "[[St. Martin's Day]]".</ref><ref>Davidson, p. 2: "''Sebastian Vizcaino, entering November 11–12, 1602, first applied the name San Diego de Alcalá to this port''."</ref> It would be another 167 years before the Spanish returned to San Diego. Ever since the voyages of [[Christopher Columbus]], the [[Spain|Kingdom of Spain]] sought to establish missions to convert the [[Paganism|pagans]] in ''Nueva España'' ("[[New Spain]]") to [[Roman Catholic]]ism to save souls and to facilitate [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|colonization]] of these lands. However, it was not until 1741—the time of the [[Vitus Bering]] expedition, when the territorial ambitions of [[Imperial Russia|Tsarist Russia]] towards North America became known—that [[Philip V of Spain|King Philip V]] felt such installations were necessary for Upper California.<ref>Morrison, p. 214</ref> In 1769, ''Visitador General'' [[José de Gálvez]] sent the expedition of [[Junípero Serra]] and [[Gaspar de Portolà]] to found missions and [[presidio]]s at San Diego and [[Monterey, California|Monterey]] (see [[Timeline of the Portolà expedition]]), thereby securing Spain's claim to the [[Pacific coast]] harbors recommended by Cabrillo and Vizcaino.<ref>Yenne, p. 10</ref> Two groups traveled from Lower California on foot, while a pair of [[packet ship]]s (bearing supplies) traveled up the coast from the [[Baja California peninsula]].<ref name="engelhardt9">Engelhardt 1920, p. 9</ref><ref name="yenne10">Yenne, p. 10: In January 1769 the ''San Carlos'' departed [[La Paz|Baya de San Barnabé]], followed a month later by the ''San Antonio'', which sailed out of [[Cabo San Lucas]]. A third vessel, the ''San José'', left [[New Spain]] later that spring but was lost at sea.</ref> The original mission church was destroyed by fire in 1775 during an uprising by local indigenous people.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/ca/ca3.htm#:~:text=The%20mission%20was%20founded%20in,an%20Indian%20uprising%20in%201775.&text=After%20the%20Mexican%20government%20secularized,occupied%20by%20the%20U.S.%20Cavalry.| title = San Diego Mission Church (San Diego de Alcala)--Early History of the California Coast--A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary}}</ref> An estimated 800 "American Indians" pillaged the mission, burned it to the ground and massacred a blacksmith, a carpenter (mortally wounded), and Father Jayme, who became California's first Catholic Martyr.<ref name=burned /> Father Jayme is buried next to the altar in the present church.<ref name=burned /> Survivors of the night-long attack were one corporal and three [[Soldado de cuera|Leather Jacket soldiers]], one blacksmith, two children who were the son and nephew of the Presidio commandant, and Associate Pastor Father Vicente Fuster.<ref name=burned /> Father Serra then returned to the site of the original structure in 1776 to oversee the rebuilding of the mission.<ref name=burned /> However, the scarce amount of water and the difficulty of making the land until<ref name=burned /> (feasible for preparing crops to be planted by plowing and fertilizing) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/till#:~:text=Till%20is%20defined%20as%20to,the%20soil%20in%20a%20garden | title=Till Definitions | What does till mean? | Best 29 Definitions of till }}</ref> made the re-establishment of the mission a long and difficult process.<ref name=burned /> From 1778 to 1795, the mission focused on horse and mule breeding, providing other missions in Alta and Baja California an average of 16 animals per year.<ref name=burned /> After it was restored as a Catholic mission, Mission San Diego de Alcalá saw a record number of spiritual results recorded when 567 baptisms were performed, and neophytes numbered 908.<ref name=burned /> ===Rancho period (1834–1849)=== On August 9, 1834, Governor Figueroa issued his "[[Mexican secularization act of 1833|Decree of Confiscation]]".<ref name="Engelhardt114">Engelhardt 1922, p. 114</ref> The missions were offered for sale to citizens, who were unable to come up with the price, so all mission property was broken up into ''[[Ranchos of California|ranchos]]'' and given to ex-military officers who had fought in the [[Mexican War of Independence|War of Independence against Spain]]. On June 8, 1846, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was given to [[Santiago Argüello]] by Governor [[Pío Pico]] "for services rendered to the government."<ref name="leffingwell19">Leffingwell, p. 19</ref> After the [[Mexican–American War|United States invaded California]], the Mission was used by the military from 1846 to 1862.<ref>{{Cite web |title=San Diego de Alcalá – California Missions Foundation |url=https://californiamissionsfoundation.org/mission-san-diego-de-alcala/#:~:text=Mission%20San%20Diego's%20military%20past,the%20Catholic%20Church%20in%201862. |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=californiamissionsfoundation.org}}</ref> [[File:Mission San Diego de Alcalá - plaque.jpg|thumb|Plaque of Mission San Diego de Alcala]] ===California statehood (1850–1900)=== [[Abraham Lincoln|President Abraham Lincoln]] signed a proclamation on May 23, 1862, that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref name = "engelhardt348"/><ref>Robinson, pp. 31–32: Patents for each mission were issued to [[Archbishop]] [[Joseph Sadoc Alemany|J.S. Alemany]] based on his claim filed with the [[Public Land Commission]] on February 19, 1853.</ref> When Mission San Diego de Alcalá was granted back to the Church, it was in ruins. In the 1880s Father [[Anthony Ubach]] began to restore the old Mission buildings.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} ===20th century and beyond (1901 – present)=== Father Ubach died in 1907 and restoration work ceased until 1931. In 1941, the Mission once again became a [[parish]] church, in what is still an active parish serving the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego|Diocese of San Diego]]. In 1976, [[Pope Paul VI]] designated the Mission church as a [[minor basilica]].<ref name="missionsandiego.org"/> Mission San Diego de Alcalá is located within San Diego city limits, near the intersection of [[Interstate 8]] and [[Interstate 15 in California|Interstate 15]], and approximately one mile east of [[Snapdragon Stadium]].
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