Editing Mimeograph (section)

==Origins==
Use of [[stencil]]s is an ancient art, but{{snd}}through chemistry, papers, and presses{{snd}}techniques advanced rapidly in the late nineteenth century:

===Papyrograph ===
A description of the Papyrograph method of duplication was published by David Owen:<ref>{{cite book| first=David| last=Owen  |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbFobeCexgsC&pg=PA42 |title=Copies in Seconds|page=42 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |via=Google book preview |isbn=0-7432-5117-2}}</ref> 

<blockquote>A major beneficiary of the invention of synthetic dyes was a document reproduction technique known as stencil duplicating. Its earliest form was invented in 1874 by Eugenio de Zuccato, a young Italian studying law in London, who called his device the Papyrograph.  Zuccato's system involved writing on a sheet of varnished paper with caustic ink, which ate through the varnish and paper fibers, leaving holes where the writing had been. This sheet – which had now become a stencil – was placed on a blank sheet of paper, and ink rolled over it so that the ink oozed through the holes, creating a duplicate on the second sheet.</blockquote>

The process was commercialized<ref>1878: [https://books.google.com/books?id=tuLgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA390 Library Journal 3:390] Advertisement via Google Books</ref><ref>[http://www.officemuseum.com/copy_machines.htm Antique Copying Machines] from Office Museum</ref> and Zuccato applied for a patent in 1895 having stencils prepared by typewriting.<ref>Eugenic de Zuccato (1895) [https://patents.google.com/patent/US548116 Patent US548116]  Improvement for stencils from typewriting</ref>

===Electric pen===
{{Main|Electric pen}}

[[Thomas Edison]] received US patent 180,857 for Autographic Printing on August 8, 1876.<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=180857 |gdate=1876-08-08 |fdate=1876-03-13 |inventor1-last=Edison |inventor1-first=Thomas A. |title=Improvement in autographic printing |url=https://edison.rutgers.edu/images/patents/00180857.PDF}} <!--{{Cite web |url=http://edison.rutgers.edu/patents/00180857.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=2005-06-12 |archive-date=2018-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205025553/http://edison.rutgers.edu/patents/00180857.PDF |url-status=dead }}--></ref>  The patent covered the electric pen, used for making the stencil, and the flatbed duplicating press. In 1880, Edison obtained a further patent, US 224,665: "Method of Preparing Autographic Stencils for Printing," which covered the making of stencils using a file plate, a grooved metal plate on which the stencil was placed which perforated the stencil when written on with a blunt metal stylus.<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=224665 |gdate=1880-02-17 |fdate=1870-03-17 |inventor1-last=Edison |inventor1-first=Thomas A. |title=Method of Preparing Autographic Stencils for Printing |url=https://edison.rutgers.edu/images/patents/00224665.PDF}} <!--{{Cite web |url=http://edison.rutgers.edu/patents/00224665.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=2005-06-12 |archive-date=2016-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923001029/http://edison.rutgers.edu/patents/00224665.PDF |url-status=dead }}--></ref>

The word ''mimeograph'' was first used by [[Albert Blake Dick]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Dick (A.B.) Co |title=Circular Edison Mimeograph |orig-date=1887-03-10 |website=Thomas A. Edison Papers at Rutgers University |url=https://edisondigital.rutgers.edu/document/CA035A |access-date=2023-04-10}} <!--{{Cite web |url=http://edison.rutgers.edu/NamesSearch/SingleDoc.php3?DocId=CA035A |title=Archived copy |access-date=2005-06-12 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055344/http://edison.rutgers.edu/NamesSearch/SingleDoc.php3?DocId=CA035A |url-status=dead }}--></ref> when he licensed Edison's patents in 1887.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dick (A.B.) Co |title=Agreement, Thomas Alva Edison, Dick (A.B.) Co |orig-date=1889 |website=Thomas A. Edison Papers at Rutgers University |url=https://edisondigital.rutgers.edu/document/LB024149 |access-date=2023-04-10}} <!--{{Cite web |url=http://edison.rutgers.edu/NamesSearch/SingleDoc.php3?DocId=LB024149 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2005-06-12 |archive-date=2016-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728042043/http://edison.rutgers.edu/NamesSearch/SingleDoc.php3?DocId=LB024149 |url-status=dead }}--></ref>

Dick received [[Trademark]] Registration no. 0356815 for the term ''mimeograph'' in the US Patent Office. It is currently{{As of?|date=September 2022}} listed as a dead entry, but shows the [[A.B. Dick Company]] of [[Chicago]] as the owner of the name.

Over time, the term became generic and is now an example of a [[genericized trademark]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/68/M0306800.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908113755/http://www.bartleby.com/61/68/M0306800.html|title=mimeograph. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.|archive-date=8 September 2008}}</ref> (''Roneograph'', also ''Roneo machine'', was another trademark used for mimeograph machines, the name being a contraction of ''Rotary Neostyle''.)

===Cyclostyle===
{{Main|Cyclostyle (copier)}}
[[File:Stencil machine with its last paper in, Hendrik Conscience Heritage Library, Antwerp, Belgium, 2016-07-26.jpg|thumb|A Rotary Cyclostyle No. 6 duplicating press.]] 
In 1891, [[David Gestetner]] patented his Automatic Cyclostyle.  This was one of the first rotary machines that retained the flatbed, which passed back and forth under inked rollers.  This invention provided for more automated, faster reproductions since the pages were produced and moved by rollers instead of pressing one single sheet at a time.

By 1900, two primary types of mimeographs had come into use: a single-drum machine and a dual-drum machine.  The single-drum machine used a single drum for ink transfer to the stencil, and the dual-drum machine used two drums and silk-screens to transfer the ink to the stencils. The single drum (example Roneo) machine could be easily used for multi-color work by changing the drum – each of which contained ink of a different color. This was spot color for mastheads. Colors could not be mixed.

The mimeograph became popular because it was much cheaper than traditional print – there was neither [[typesetting]] nor skilled labor involved. One individual with a [[typewriter]] and the necessary equipment became their own printing factory, allowing for greater circulation of printed material.

<gallery widths="230" heights="170">
File:1889 Edison Mimeograph.jpg|Advertisement from 1889 for the Edison Mimeograph
File:Edison's* mimeograph box.jpg|A wooden Edison's mimeograph size 12"
File:Mimeograph, 1918.png|1918 illustration of a mimeograph machine
File:Mimeograph - The National Duplicator.JPG|Jackson & O'Sullivan's "The National" Duplicator. Produced in Brisbane, Queensland during World War II.
File:Resistance mimeograph machines.JPG|Mimeograph machines used by the [[Belgian resistance]] during World War II to produce underground newspapers and pamphlets
</gallery>