Editing Milwaukee (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Milwaukee}}

===Name===
The etymological origin of the name ''Milwaukee'' is disputed.<ref name="MilMagMilwaukeeMean"><!--supports the disputed origin-->{{Cite magazine|first=Matthew|last=Prigge|date=January 29, 2018|title=What Does 'Milwaukee' Mean, Anyway?|url=https://www.milwaukeemag.com/what-does-milwaukee-mean/|access-date=October 5, 2023|website=Milwaukee Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref><ref><!--supports the disputed origin-->{{Cite web|date=August 8, 2017|title=Milwaukee County [origin of place name]|url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS10647|access-date=October 5, 2023|website=Wisconsin Historical Society|language=en}}</ref> Wisconsin academic Virgil J. Vogel has said, "the name [...] Milwaukee is not difficult to explain, yet there are a number of conflicting claims made concerning it.<ref name="Vogel134">{{Cite book|last=Vogel|first=Virgil J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrYfektNvoQC&pg=PA34|title=Indian Names on Wisconsin's Map|date=1991|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|page=34|isbn=978-0-299-12984-2|language=en}}</ref>

One theory says it comes from the [[Ojibwe language|Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwe]] word {{lang|oj|mino-akking}}, meaning "good land",<ref name="MilMagMilwaukeeMean"/><ref name="WUWM origin">{{Cite news|date=October 14, 2016|title=Mino-akking, Mahn-a-waukke: What's The Origin Of The Word 'Milwaukee'?|url=https://www.wuwm.com/regional/2016-10-14/mino-akking-mahn-a-waukke-whats-the-origin-of-the-word-milwaukee|access-date=October 5, 2023|website=WUWM 89.7 FM - Milwaukee's NPR|language=en}}</ref> or words in closely related languages that mean the same.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bright|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA284|title=Native American Placenames of the United States|date=2004|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|page=284|isbn=978-0-8061-3598-4|language=en}}</ref> These included Menominee and Potawatomi.<ref name="Vogel134"/> This theory was popularized by a line by [[Alice Cooper]] in the 1992 comedy film ''[[Wayne's World (film)|Wayne's World]]''.<ref name="MilMagMilwaukeeMean"/> Another theory is that it stems from the [[Fox language|Meskwaki]] language, whose term for "gathering place" is ''mahn-a-waukee''.<ref name="MilMagMilwaukeeMean"/><ref name="WUWM origin"/> The city of Milwaukee itself claims that the name is derived from {{lang|pot|mahn-ah-wauk}}, a Potawatomi word for "council grounds".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Milwaukee History|url=https://city.milwaukee.gov/cityclerk/MilwaukeeHistory|access-date=January 24, 2024|website=City of Milwaukee}}</ref>

The name of the future city was spelled in many ways prior to 1844.<ref name="Legler">{{Cite book|first=Henry|last=Legler|author-link=Henry Eduard Legler|title=Origin and Meaning of Wisconsin Place-names: With Special Reference to Indian Nomenclature|publisher=Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters|date=1903|page=24|url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AZ2O57KPOUDGBE8I}}</ref> People living west of the [[Milwaukee River]] preferred the modern-day spelling, while those east of the river often called it ''Milwaukie''.<ref name="MilMagMilwaukeeMean"/> Other spellings included ''Melleokii'' (1679), ''Millioki'' (1679), ''Meleki'' (1684), ''Milwarik'' (1699), ''Milwacky'' (1761), ''Milwakie'' (1779), ''Millewackie'' (1817), ''Milwahkie'' (1820), and ''Milwalky'' (1821). The ''[[Milwaukee Sentinel]]'' used ''Milwaukie'' in its headline until it switched to ''Milwaukee'' on November 30, 1844.<ref name="Legler"/>

===Indigenous cultures===
Indigenous cultures lived along the waterways for thousands of years. The first recorded inhabitants of the Milwaukee area were various [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes: the [[Menominee]], [[Meskwaki]], [[Mascouten]], [[Sauk people|Sauk]], [[Potawatomi]], and [[Ojibwe]] (all Algic/Algonquian peoples), and the [[Ho-Chunk]] (Winnebago, a Siouan people). Many of these people had lived around [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]]<ref>{{cite book|last=White|first=Richard|title=The Middle Ground|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|page=146|isbn=9781139495684|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHLfiOZVzmMC&pg=PA146}}</ref> before migrating to the Milwaukee area at about the time of European contact.

In the second half of the 18th century, the Native Americans living near Milwaukee played a role in all the major European wars on the American continent. During the [[French and Indian War]], a group of "Ojibwas and Pottawattamies from the far [Lake] Michigan" (i.e., the area from Milwaukee to Green Bay) joined the French-Canadian [[Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu]] at the [[Battle of the Monongahela]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Fowler|first=William|title=Empires at War|year=2005|publisher=Walker & Company|location=New York|page=68|isbn=9780802719355|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XqukoiTFL_oC&pg=PA68}}</ref> In the [[American Revolutionary War]], the Native Americans around Milwaukee were some of the few groups to ally with the rebel Continentals.<ref>{{cite book|last=White|first=Richard|title=The Middle Ground|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|page=400|isbn=9781139495684|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHLfiOZVzmMC&pg=PA400}}</ref>

After the [[American Revolutionary War]], the Native Americans fought the United States in the [[Northwest Indian War]] as part of the [[Council of Three Fires]]. During the [[War of 1812]], they held a council in Milwaukee in June 1812, which resulted in their decision to attack [[Chicago]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Keating|first=Ann|title=Rising Up from Indian Country|year=2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|page=137}}</ref> in retaliation against American expansion. This resulted in the [[Battle of Fort Dearborn]] on August 15, 1812, the only known armed conflict in Chicago. This battle convinced the American government to [[Indian Removal|remove]] these groups of Native Americans from their indigenous land.{{dubious|date=March 2023}} After being attacked in the [[Black Hawk War]] in 1832, the Native Americans in Milwaukee signed the [[1833 Treaty of Chicago]] with the United States. In exchange for ceding their lands in the area, they were to receive monetary payments and lands west of the Mississippi in [[Indian Territory]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Potawatomi Treaties and Treaty Rights {{!}} Milwaukee Public Museum|url=https://www.mpm.edu/content/wirp/ICW-107|access-date=March 2, 2021|website=www.mpm.edu}}</ref>

===European settlement===
[[File:Solomon Juneau.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of [[Solomon Juneau]], who helped establish the city of Milwaukee]]
Europeans arrived in the Milwaukee area before the 1833 Treaty of Chicago. French missionaries and traders first passed through the area in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Alexis Laframboise, coming from Michilimackinac (now in Michigan), settled a trading post in 1785 and is considered the first resident of European descent in the Milwaukee region.<ref name="St-Pierre, T 1895">St-Pierre, T. ''Histoire des Canadiens du Michigan et du comté d'essex, Ontario''. ''Cahiers du septentrion'', vol. 17. Sillery, Québec: Septentrion. 2000; 1895.</ref>

One story on the origin of Milwaukee's name says,
{{blockquote|[O]ne day during the thirties of the last century [1800s] a newspaper calmly changed the name to Milwaukee, and Milwaukee it has remained until this day.<ref name="WGBruce">{{cite book|last=Bruce|first=William George|year=1936|title=A Short History of Milwaukee|location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin|publisher=The Bruce Publishing Company|pages=15–16|lccn=36010193}}</ref>}}
The spelling "Milwaukie" lives on in [[Milwaukie]], [[Oregon]], named after the Wisconsin city in 1847, before the current spelling was universally accepted.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 3, 2016|title=From Milwaukee, Wis. to Milwaukie, Ore.|url=https://onmilwaukee.com/articles/milwaukieore|access-date=March 2, 2021|website=OnMilwaukee}}</ref>

Milwaukee has three "[[Father of the Nation|founding fathers]]": [[Solomon Juneau]], [[Byron Kilbourn]], and [[George H. Walker]]. Solomon Juneau was the first of the three to come to the area, in 1818. He founded a town called Juneau's Side, or Juneautown, that began attracting more settlers. In competition with Juneau, Byron Kilbourn established Kilbourntown west of the [[Milwaukee River]]. He ensured the roads running toward the river did not join with those on the east side. This accounts for the large number of angled bridges that still exist in Milwaukee today.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://emke.uwm.edu/entry/bridges/|title=Bridges {{!}} Encyclopedia of Milwaukee|website=emke.uwm.edu|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref> Further, Kilbourn distributed maps of the area which only showed Kilbourntown, implying Juneautown did not exist or the river's east side was uninhabited and thus undesirable. The third prominent developer was George H. Walker. He claimed land to the south of the Milwaukee River, along with Juneautown, where he built a log house in 1834. This area grew and became known as Walker's Point.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Walker's Point|url=https://emke.uwm.edu/entry/walkers-point/|access-date=March 2, 2021|website=Encyclopedia of Milwaukee}}</ref>

The first large wave of settlement to the areas that would later become Milwaukee County and the City of Milwaukee began in 1835, following removal of the tribes in the Council of Three Fires. Early that year it became known that Juneau and Kilbourn intended to lay out competing town-sites. By the year's end both had purchased their lands from the government and made their first sales. There were perhaps 100 new settlers in this year, mostly from New England and other Eastern states. On September 17, 1835, the first election was held in Milwaukee; the number of votes cast was 39.<ref>{{Source-attribution|sentence=yes|{{Cite book|title=Memoirs of Milwaukee County from the Earliest Historical Times ..., Vol. I|last=Watrous|first=Jerome A.|publisher=Western Historical Association|year=1909|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD4VAAAAYAAJ&q=editions:Jqsw4p18KfAC|location=Madison, Wisconsin|pages=265–267}}}}</ref>

By 1840, the three towns had grown, along with their rivalries. There were intense battles between the towns, mainly Juneautown and Kilbourntown, which culminated with the [[Milwaukee Bridge War]] of 1845. Following the Bridge War, on January 31, 1846, the towns were combined to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee, and elected Solomon Juneau as Milwaukee's first mayor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://192.159.83.40/SOS/pdf/THEOSOS_025/images/00014104.pdf|title=City of Milwaukee Incorporated, page 164, 1846; page 314, 1851|access-date=April 8, 2007|author=City of Milwaukee|publisher=Office of the Secretary of State of Wisconsin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605144656/http://192.159.83.40/SOS/pdf/THEOSOS_025/images/00014104.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=June 5, 2007}}</ref>

===Growth and immigration===
[[File:Milwaukee birdseye map by Bailey (1872). loc call no g4124m-pm010450.jpg|thumb|Illustrated map of Milwaukee in 1872]]

Milwaukee began to grow as a city as high numbers of immigrants, mainly [[Germans|German]], made their way to Wisconsin during the 1840s and 1850s. Scholars classify [[German immigration to the United States]] in three major waves, and Wisconsin received a significant number of immigrants from all three. The first wave from 1845 to 1855 consisted mainly of people from [[Southwestern Germany]], the second wave from 1865 to 1873 concerned primarily [[Northwestern Germany]], while the third wave from 1880 to 1893 came from [[Northeastern Germany]].<ref name="Bungert, Heike 2006">Bungert, Heike, Cora Lee Kluge and Robert C. Ostergren. ''Wisconsin German Land and Life''. Madison: [[Max Kade Institute]] for German-American Studies, 2006.</ref> By 1900, 34 percent of Milwaukee's population was of German background.<ref name="Bungert, Heike 2006" /> The largest number of German immigrants to Milwaukee came from [[Prussia]], followed by [[Bavaria]], [[Saxony]], [[Hanover]], and [[Hesse-Darmstadt]]. Milwaukee gained its reputation as the most German of American cities not just from the large number of German immigrants it received, but also for the sense of community that the immigrants established.<ref name="Conzen, Kathleen Neils 1860">Conzen, Kathleen Neils. ''Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860''. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: [[Harvard University Press]], 1976.</ref>

Most German immigrants came to Wisconsin in search of inexpensive farmland.<ref name="Conzen, Kathleen Neils 1860" /> However, immigration began to change in character and size in the late 1840s and early 1850s, due to the [[Revolutions of 1848|1848 revolutionary movements in Europe]].<ref>Conzen, Kathleen Neils. {{" '}}The German Athens' Milwaukee and the Accommodation of Its Immigrants 1836–1860." PhD diss., vol. 1, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1972.</ref> After 1848, hopes for a united Germany had failed, and revolutionary and radical Germans, known as the "[[Forty-Eighters]]", immigrated to the U.S. to avoid imprisonment and persecution by German authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Dippel|first1=Christian|last2=Heblich|first2=Stephan|date=May 24, 2020|title=Leadership and Social Movements: The Forty-Eighters in the Civil War|url=https://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty_pages/christian.dippel/48ers_paper.pdf|access-date=March 2, 2021|website=UCLA Anderson|page=7|archive-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112150246/https://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty_pages/christian.dippel/48ers_paper.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

One of the most famous "liberal revolutionaries" of 1848 was [[Carl Schurz]]. He later explained in 1854 why he came to Milwaukee,
<blockquote>"It is true, similar things [cultural events and societies] were done in other cities where the Forty-eighters {{sic}} had congregated. But so far as I know, nowhere did their influence so quickly impress itself upon the whole social atmosphere as in 'German Athens of America' as Milwaukee was called at the time."<ref>"[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=Ny:True,Ro:0,N:4294963828-4294963788&dsNavOnly=Ntk:All%7cMilwaukee+and+Watertown+as+Seen+by+Schurz+in+1854%7c3%7c,Ny:True,Ro:0&dsRecordDetails=R:BA4176&dsDimensionSearch=D:Milwaukee+and+Watertown+as+Seen+by+Schurz+in+1854,Dxm:All,Dxp:3&dsCompoundDimensionSearch=D:Milwaukee+and+Watertown+as+Seen+by+Schurz+in+1854,Dxm:All,Dxp:3 Milwaukee and Watertown as Seen by Schurz in 1854]". ''The Milwaukee Journal'', October 21, 1941. Accessed February 5, 2013.</ref></blockquote> 

[[File:Lake Front Depot 1898 LOC ds.00203.jpg|thumb|left|Milwaukee's [[Lake Front Depot]] in 1898]]

Schurz was referring to the various clubs and societies Germans developed in Milwaukee. The American [[Turners]] established its own [[Normal College]] for teachers of physical education and the [[University School of Milwaukee|German-English Academy]].<ref>Rippley, LaVern J. and Eberhard Reichmann, trans. "The German Americans, An Ethnic Experience." [http://maxkade.iupui.edu/ Max Kade German-American Center] and [[Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis]]. (accessed February 5, 2013).</ref> Milwaukee's German element is still strongly present; the city celebrates its German culture by annually hosting a German Fest in July<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 5, 2021|title=Milwaukee's German Fest canceled over COVID-19 concerns|url=https://www.tmj4.com/news/local-news/milwaukees-german-fest-canceled-over-covid-19-concerns|access-date=March 2, 2021|website=TMJ4|language=en}}</ref> and an [[Oktoberfest]] in October. Milwaukee boasts a number of German restaurants, as well as a traditional German beer hall. A German language [[immersion school]] is offered for children in grades [[K-5 (education)|K–5]].<ref name=immersionschool>{{cite web|title=Milwaukee German Immersion School|url=http://www5.milwaukee.k12.wi.us/school/mgis/|website=5.milwaukee.k12.wi.us|access-date=April 24, 2015|archive-date=April 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425215726/http://www5.milwaukee.k12.wi.us/school/mgis/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Although the German presence in Milwaukee after the Civil War remained strong and their largest wave of immigrants had yet to land, other groups also made their way to the city. Foremost among these were [[Polish people|Polish]] immigrants. Because Milwaukee offered the Polish immigrants an abundance of low-paying entry-level jobs, it became home to [[List of the United States cities with large Polish-American populations|one of the largest Polish-American communities]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction {{!}} Milwaukee Polonia|url=https://uwm.edu/mkepolonia/introduction/|access-date=March 2, 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> For many residents, [[Neighborhoods of Milwaukee#South Side|Milwaukee's South Side]] is synonymous with the Polish community.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poles|url=https://emke.uwm.edu/entry/poles/|access-date=March 2, 2021|website=Encyclopedia of Milwaukee|language=en-US}}</ref> Milwaukee County's Polish population of 30,000 in 1890 rose to 100,000 by 1915.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nation of Polonia {{!}} Polish/Russian {{!}} Immigration and Relocation in U.S. History {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/polish-russian/the-nation-of-polonia/|access-date=March 2, 2021|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[St. Stanislaus Catholic Church (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)|St. Stanislaus Catholic Church]] and the surrounding [[Neighborhoods of Milwaukee|neighborhood]] was the center of [[Polish people|Polish]] life in Milwaukee. As the Polish community surrounding St. Stanislaus continued to grow, Mitchell Street became known as the "Polish Grand Avenue". As Mitchell Street grew more dense, the Polish population started moving south to the [[Lincoln Village, City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Lincoln Village neighborhood]], home to the [[Basilica of St. Josaphat]] and [[Lincoln Village, City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin#Kosciuszko Park|Kosciuszko Park]]. Other Polish communities started on [[The East Side (Milwaukee)|the East Side of Milwaukee]]. [[Neighborhoods of Milwaukee#Jones Island|Jones Island]] was a major [[commercial fishing]] center settled mostly by [[Kashubians]] and other Poles from around the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Beutner|first=Jeff|title=Yesterday's Milwaukee: Jones Island Fishing Village, 1898|url=https://urbanmilwaukee.com/2016/04/13/yesterdays-milwaukee-jones-island-fishing-village-1898/|access-date=March 2, 2021|website=Urban Milwaukee|language=en}}</ref> Milwaukee has the fifth-largest Polish population in the U.S. at 45,467, ranking behind [[New York City]] (211,203), [[Chicago]] (165,784), [[Los Angeles]] (60,316) and [[Philadelphia]] (52,648).<ref name="factfinder2.census.gov">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_3YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213036/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_3YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder – Results|author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref> The city holds [[Polish Fest]], an annual celebration of [[Polish culture]] and [[Polish food|cuisine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/entertainment/events/2018/06/13/polish-fest-100th-anniversary-poland/673094002/|title=Polish Fest celebrates the 100th anniversary of the rebirth of a nation|work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|access-date=October 3, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Pabst Building Milwaukee from LOC ID Service-pnp-det-4a00000-4a08000-4a08000-4a08079v.jpg|thumb|Wisconsin Street and the [[Pabst Building]] in the early 20th century]]

In addition to the Germans and Poles, Milwaukee received a large influx of other [[Europe]]an immigrants from [[Lithuania]], [[Italy]], [[Ireland]], [[France]], [[Russia]], [[Bohemia]], and [[Sweden]], who included [[American Jews|Jews]], [[Lutherans]], and [[Catholics]]. [[Italian Americans]] total 16,992 in the city, but in Milwaukee County, they number at 38,286.<ref name="factfinder2.census.gov" /> The largest Italian-American festival in the area, ''Festa Italiana'', is held in the city, while ''Irishfest'' is the largest Irish-American festival in southeast Wisconsin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gbhs/resources/unitedstates/Milwaukee.html|title=Aus dem Egerland, nach Milwaukee|last=Muehlhans-Karides|first=Susan|access-date=April 25, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423173335/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gbhs/resources/unitedstates/Milwaukee.html|archive-date=April 23, 2010}}</ref> By 1910, Milwaukee shared the distinction with [[New York City]] of having the largest percentage of foreign-born residents in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uwm.edu/lib-collections/mkenh/|title=Milwaukee Neighborhoods: Photos and Maps, 1885–1992|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]]|access-date=December 5, 2017|archive-date=February 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205060424/https://uwm.edu/lib-collections/mkenh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1910, European descendants ("Whites") represented 99.7% of the city's total population of 373,857.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|access-date=December 24, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref> Milwaukee has a strong [[Greek Orthodox]] Community, many of whom attend the [[Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church]] on Milwaukee's northwest side, designed by Wisconsin-born architect [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]. Milwaukee has a sizable [[Croats|Croatian]] population, with Croatian churches and their own historic and successful soccer club [[Croatian Eagles|The Croatian Eagles]] at the 30-acre Croatian Park in Franklin, Wisconsin.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Milwaukee also has a large [[Serbs|Serbian]] population, who have developed Serbian restaurants, a [[St. Sava Orthodox School|Serbian K–8 School]], and Serbian churches, along with an American Serb Hall. The American Serb Hall in Milwaukee is known for its Friday fish fries and popular events. Many U.S. presidents have visited Milwaukee's Serb Hall in the past. The Bosnian population is growing in Milwaukee as well due to late-20th-century immigration after the war in [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

During this time, a small community of [[African American]]s migrated from the [[Southern United States|South]] in the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]]. They settled near each other, forming a community that came to be known as [[Neighborhoods of Milwaukee#Bronzeville|Bronzeville]]. As industry boomed, more migrants came, and African-American influence grew in Milwaukee.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geenen|first=Paul H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwc40zNjW9MC&q=Milwaukee+bronzeville&pg=PA6|title=Milwaukee's Bronzeville, 1900–1950|date=2006|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-4061-0|language=en}}</ref>

In 1892, [[Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin|Whitefish Bay]], [[South Milwaukee]], and [[Wauwatosa]] were incorporated. They were followed by [[Cudahy, Wisconsin|Cudahy]] (1895), North Milwaukee (1897) and East Milwaukee, later known as [[Shorewood, Wisconsin|Shorewood]], in 1900. In the early 20th century, [[West Allis]] (1902), and [[West Milwaukee]] (1906) were added, which completed the first generation of "inner-ring" suburbs.

===20th century to present===
[[File:Slums in milwaukee 1936.png|thumb|left|A [[slum]] area of Milwaukee from 1936]]

During the first sixty years of the 20th century, Milwaukee was the major city in which the [[Socialist Party of America]] earned the highest votes. Milwaukee elected three [[mayor]]s who ran on the ticket of the Socialist Party: [[Emil Seidel]] (1910–1912), [[Daniel Hoan]] (1916–1940), and [[Frank Zeidler]] (1948–1960). Often referred to as "[[Sewer Socialists]]", the Milwaukee Socialists were characterized by their practical approach to government and labor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Milwaukee Socialism: The Emil Seidel Era {{!}} UWM Libraries Digital Collections|url=https://uwm.edu/lib-collections/mke-socialism/|access-date=March 2, 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> On November 24, 1917, Milwaukee was the site of a [[Milwaukee Police Department bombing|terrorist explosion]] when a large black powder bomb <ref name="Balousek, Marv 1997 p. 113">Balousek, Marv, and Kirsch, J. Allen, ''50 Wisconsin Crimes of the Century'', Badger Books Inc. (1997), {{ISBN|1-878569-47-3}}, {{ISBN|978-1-878569-47-9}}, p. 113</ref> exploded at the central police station at Oneida and Broadway.<ref name="ReferenceA">''The Indianapolis Star'', "Bomb Mystery Baffles Police", November 26, 1917</ref> Nine members of the department were killed in the blast, along with a female civilian, Catherine Walker.<ref name="Balousek, Marv 1997 p. 113"/><ref name="city.milwaukee.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.city.milwaukee.gov/MemorialPage1670.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-01-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220192844/http://city.milwaukee.gov/MemorialPage1670.htm |archive-date=2009-02-20 }} "Milwaukee Police Department Officer Memorial Page"</ref>  It was suspected at the time that the bomb had been placed outside the church by anarchists, particularly the ''[[Galleanist]]'' faction led by adherents of [[Luigi Galleani]]. At the time, the bombing was the most fatal single event in national law enforcement history.<ref>Deadliest Days in Law Enforcement History, National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund (November 24, 1917) http://www.nleomf.org/facts/enforcement/deadliest.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708090204/http://www.nleomf.org/facts/enforcement/deadliest.html |date=2016-07-08 }}</ref>

In the 1920s, [[Chicago]] gangster activity came north to Milwaukee during the [[Prohibition era]]. [[Al Capone]], noted Chicago mobster, owned a home in the Milwaukee suburb [[Brookfield, Wisconsin|Brookfield]], where [[moonshine]] was made. The house still stands on a street named after Capone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookfieldnow.com/news/102435199.html|date=November 11, 2010|title=It's everyday life that keeps local historian fascinated: But the Hollywood- worthy moments aren't bad, either?|author=Nan Bialek}}</ref>

By 1925, around 9,000 [[Mexican Americans|Mexicans]] lived in Milwaukee, but the [[Great Depression]] forced many of them to move back south. In the 1950s, the Hispanic community was beginning to emerge. They arrived for jobs, filling positions in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. During this time there were labor shortages due to the immigration laws that had reduced immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe. Additionally, strikes contributed to the labor shortages.<ref name="test">[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-052/?action=more_essay Wisconsinhistory.org], additional text.</ref>

In the mid-20th century, African-Americans from Chicago moved to the North side of Milwaukee.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Milwaukee's [[The East Side (Milwaukee)|East Side]] has attracted a population of Russians and other Eastern Europeans who began migrating in the 1990s, after the end of the [[Cold War]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Many Hispanics of mostly Puerto Rican and Mexican heritage live on the south side of Milwaukee.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} In the 1930s the city was severely segregated via [[redlining]]. In 1960, African-American residents made up 15 percent of Milwaukee's population, yet the city was still among the most segregated of that time. As of 2019, at least three out of four black residents in Milwaukee would have to move to create racially integrated neighborhoods.<ref name="Leah Foltman & Malia Jones"/>

[[File:South Menomonee Canal - Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA - October 9, 2023 03.jpg|thumb|[[Downtown Milwaukee]] from the Menomonee River]]

Milwaukee's population peaked at 741,324 in 1960, where the Census Bureau reported the city's population as 91.1% white and 8.4% black.<ref>{{cite web|title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref> By the late 1960s, Milwaukee's population had started to decline as people moved to suburbs, aided by ease of highways and offering the advantages of less crime, new housing, and lower taxation.<ref>Glabere, Michael. "Milwaukee:A Tale of Three Cities" in, ''From Redlining to Reinvestment: Community Responses to Urban Disinvestment'' edited by Gregory D. Squires. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2011; p. 151 and ''passim''</ref> Milwaukee had a population of 594,833 by 2010, while the population of the overall metropolitan area increased. Given its large immigrant population and historic neighborhoods, Milwaukee avoided the severe declines of some of its fellow "[[Rust Belt]]" cities.

Since the 1980s, the city has begun to make strides in improving its economy, neighborhoods, and image, resulting in the revitalization of neighborhoods such as the [[Historic Third Ward]], [[Lincoln Village, City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Lincoln Village]], the [[East Side, Milwaukee|East Side]], and more recently Walker's Point and [[Bay View, Milwaukee|Bay View]], along with attracting new businesses to its downtown area. These efforts have substantially slowed the population decline and have stabilized many parts of Milwaukee. Largely through its efforts to preserve its history, Milwaukee was named one of the "Dozen Distinctive Destinations" by the [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]] in 2006.<ref name="distinctive">{{cite web|url=http://www.preservationnation.org/travel-and-sites/sites/midwest-region/milwaukee-wi-2006.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222174953/http://www.preservationnation.org/travel-and-sites/sites/midwest-region/milwaukee-wi-2006.html|archive-date=February 22, 2010|title=Dozen Distinctive Destinations – Milwaukee|publisher=[[National Trust for Historic Preservation]]|year=2006}}</ref> Historic Milwaukee walking tours provide a guided tour of Milwaukee's historic districts, including topics on Milwaukee's architectural heritage, its glass skywalk system, and the [[Milwaukee Riverwalk]].

[[File:Milwaukee 05741u.jpg|thumb|center|upright=3.55|Panorama map of Milwaukee, with a view of the [[Milwaukee City Hall|City Hall]] tower, {{circa|1898}}]]