Editing Milton Bradley Company (section)

==History==
===Foundation===
[[file:Milton bradley portrait.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Milton Bradley, founder]]
[[Milton Bradley]] found success making board games. In 1860, Milton Bradley moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, and set up the state's first color lithography shop. Its graphic design of [[Abraham Lincoln]] sold well, until Lincoln grew his beard and rendered the likeness out-of-date.

Struggling to find a new way to use his lithography machine, Bradley visited his friend George Tapley.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Milton-Bradley-Company-Company-History.html |title=Milton Bradley Company |access-date=April 1, 2011 |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215005246/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Milton-Bradley-Company-Company-History.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tapley challenged him to a game, most likely an old English game. Bradley conceived the idea of making a purely American game.<ref name=Information>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/milton-bradley-company |title=Milton Bradley Company Information |website=[[Answers.com]] |access-date=April 1, 2011 |archive-date=October 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002103053/https://www.answers.com/redirectSearch?query=milton-bradley-company |url-status=live }}</ref> He created ''The Checkered Game of Life'', which had players move along a track from Infancy to Happy Old Age,<ref name=Checkered>{{cite web |url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/exploring/19thcentury/checkeredgame/index.php |title=Exploring U.S. History |author=Petrik, Paula |access-date=April 1, 2011 |archive-date=March 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314162116/http://chnm.gmu.edu/exploring/19thcentury/checkeredgame/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref> in which the point was to avoid Ruin and reach Happy Old Age. Squares were labeled with moral positions from honor and bravery to disgrace and ruin. Players used a spinner instead of dice because of the negative association with gambling.<ref name=Checkered/>

By spring of 1861, over 45,000 copies of ''The Checkered Game of Life'' had been sold. Bradley became convinced board games were his company's future.<ref name=Information/>

When the [[American Civil War]] broke out in early 1861, Milton Bradley temporarily gave up making board games and tried to make new weaponry. However, upon seeing bored soldiers stationed in Springfield, Bradley began producing small games which the soldiers could play during their down time. These are regarded as the first travel games in the country.<ref name=Games>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebiggamehunter.com/_mgxroot/page_10768.html |title=Game History |last=Whitehall |first=Bruce |year=2002 |access-date=April 1, 2011 |archive-date=October 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002103046/https://www.thebiggamehunter.com/_mgxroot/page_10768.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These games included chess, checkers, backgammon, dominoes, and "The Checkered Game of Life". They were sold for one dollar a piece to soldiers and charitable organizations, which bought them in bulk to distribute.

===Kindergarten movement===
The Milton Bradley Company took a new direction in 1869 after Milton Bradley went to hear a lecture about the [[kindergarten]] movement by early education pioneer, [[Elizabeth Peabody]]. Peabody promoted the philosophy of the German scholar [[Friedrich Fröbel|Friedrich Froebel]]. Froebel believed and advocated that children learn and develop through creative activities. Bradley would spend much of the rest of his life promoting the kindergarten movement both personally and through the Milton Bradley Company.<ref name="Company Name">{{cite web |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Milton-Bradley-Company-Company-History.html |title=Milton Bradley Company |work=FundingUniverse.com |access-date=April 3, 2011 |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215005246/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Milton-Bradley-Company-Company-History.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Bradley's kindergarten material and school aids. (1896) (14589848129).jpg|thumb|150px|Bradley's kindergarten material and school aids, 1896]]
In the late 1860s, Bradley became involved in the kindergarten movement. Deeply invested in the cause, his company began manufacturing educational items such as colored papers and paints. The company was hurt by Bradley's generosity as he gave these materials away free of charge. Due to the [[Long Depression]] of the late 1870s, his investors told him either his kindergarten work must go or they would go. Bradley chose to keep his kindergarten work. His friend George Tapley bought the interest of the lost investors and took over as president of the Milton Bradley Company.<ref name="Company Name"/>

Springfield's first kindergarten students were Milton Bradley's two daughters, and the first teachers in Springfield were Milton, his wife, and his father.<ref name=Kindergarten>{{cite web |url=http://www.froebelweb.org/web2029.html |title=Milton Bradley Froebel's Kindergarten Gifts |access-date=April 3, 2011 |archive-date=October 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002103052/http://www.froebelweb.org/web2029.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Milton Bradley's company's involvement with kindergartens began with the production of "gifts", the term used by Froebel for the geometric wooden play things that he felt were necessary to properly structure children's creative development. Bradley spent months devising the exact shades in which to produce these materials; his final choice of six pigments of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet would remain the standard colors for children's art supplies through the 20th century.<ref name="Company Name"/>

By the 1870s, the company was producing dozens of games and capitalizing on fads. Milton Bradley became the first manufacturer in America to make [[croquet]] sets. The sets included wickets, mallets, balls, stakes, and an authoritative set of rules to play by that Bradley himself had created from oral tradition and his own sense of fair play.<ref name=Information/> In 1880, the company began making [[jigsaw puzzles]].

The company's educational supplies turned out to be a large portion of their income at the turn of the century. The company produced supplies that any grade school teacher could use, such as toy money, multiplication sticks, and movable clock dials. Milton Bradley continued producing games, particularly parlor games played by adults. These included ''Visit to the Gypsies'', ''Word Gardening'', ''Happy Days in Old New England'', and ''Fortune Telling''. The company also created jigsaw puzzles of wrecked vehicles, which were popular among young boys.<ref name=Information/>

===Later years===
When Milton Bradley died in 1911, the company was passed to Robert Ellis, who passed it to Bradley's son-in-law Robert Ingersoll, who eventually passed it to George Tapley's son, William. In 1920, Bradley bought out McLoughlin Brothers, which went out of business after John McLoughlin's death.<ref name=Games/>

Milton Bradley began to decline in the 1920s and fell dramatically in the 1930s during the [[Great Depression]]. Fewer people were spending money on board games. The company kept losing money until 1940, when they sank too low and banks demanded payment on loans.<ref name=Information/>

Desperate to avoid bankruptcy, the board of directors persuaded James J. Shea, a Springfield businessman, to take over presidency of the company. Shea immediately moved to decrease the company's debt. He began a major renovation of the Milton Bradley plant by burning old inventory that had been accumulating since the turn of the century.

With the outbreak of [[World War II]], Milton Bradley started producing a universal joint created by Shea used on the landing gear of fighter planes. They also reproduced a revised version of their game kits for soldiers, which earned the company $2 million.<ref name=Information/> Milton Bradley did not stop creating board games, although they did cut their line from 410 titles to 150. New games were introduced during this time, such as the patriotic ''Game of the States'', ''[[Snakes & ladders|Chutes & Ladders]]'', and ''[[Candy Land|Candyland]]''.<ref name=Games/>

The advent of the television could have threatened the industry, but Shea used it to his advantage. Various companies acquired licenses to television shows for the purpose of producing all manner of promotional items including games.<ref name=Games/> In 1959, Milton Bradley released ''Concentration'', a memory game based on an [[NBC]] [[Concentration (game show)|television show of the same name]]; the game was such a success that editions were issued annually into 1982, long after the show was cancelled in 1973 (similar practices were used for box game adaptations of the game shows ''[[Password (American game show)|Password]]'' and ''[[Jeopardy!]]'').

Milton Bradley celebrated their centennial in 1960 with the re-release of ''The Checkered Game of Life'', which was modernized. It was now simply called ''[[The Game of Life]]'' and the goal was no longer to reach Happy Old Age, but to become a millionaire. ''[[Twister (game)|Twister]]'' made its debut in the 1960s as well. Thanks to [[Johnny Carson]]'s suggestive comments as [[Eva Gabor]] played the game on his [[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson|show]], ''Twister'' became a phenomenon.<ref name=Information/> In the 1960s, Milton Bradley games were licensed in Australia by John Sands Pty Ltd.

In 1967, James Shea Jr. took over as president of Milton Bradley (becoming CEO in 1968) succeeding his father. During his presidency, Milton Bradley bought [[Playskool|Playskool Mfg. Co.]] and the E.S. Lowe Company, makers of ''[[Yahtzee]]'', and ''[[Body Language (game show)|Body Language]]''.

During the 1970s and 1980s, electronic games became popular. Milton Bradley released ''[[Simon (game)|Simon]]'' in 1978, which was fairly late in the movement. By 1980, it was their best-selling item.<ref name=Information/>

In 1979, Milton Bradley also developed the first hand-held cartridge-based console, the [[Microvision]].

In 1983, seeing the potential in the new [[Vectrex]] vector-based video game console, the company purchased General Consumer Electronics (GCE). Both the Vectrex and the Microvision were designed by Jay Smith.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Milton Bradley marketed a series of games (such as ''[[HeroQuest]]'' and ''[[Battle Masters]]'') in North America that were developed in the United Kingdom by [[Games Workshop]] (GW) that drew heavily from GW's [[Warhammer Fantasy (setting)|Warhammer Fantasy]] universe, albeit without explicit reference to the Warhammer product line.

===Hasbro ownership===
In 1984, Hasbro bought out Milton Bradley, ending 124 years of family ownership.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Alex S.|date=1984-05-05|title=Rival Gets Milton Bradley|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/05/business/rival-gets-milton-bradley.html|access-date=2020-08-24|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002103040/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/05/business/rival-gets-milton-bradley.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1990s saw the release of ''[[Gator Golf]]'', ''Crack the Case'', ''[[Mall Madness]]'', and ''[[1313 Dead End Drive]]''.<ref name=Information/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mall Madness Is Coming Back In Fall 2020 — EXCLUSIVE|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/mall-madness-is-coming-back-in-fall-2020-exclusive-21798452|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Bustle|language=en|archive-date=October 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002103041/https://www.bustle.com/p/mall-madness-is-coming-back-in-fall-2020-exclusive-21798452|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1991, Hasbro acquired [[Tonka]], which included [[Parker Brothers]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Latson|first=Jennifer|date=5 November 2014|title=The Most Popular Game in History Almost Didn't Pass 'Go'|url=https://time.com/3546303/monopoly-1935/|access-date=2020-08-24|magazine=Time|archive-date=August 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820064938/https://time.com/3546303/monopoly-1935/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1998, Milton Bradley merged with Parker Brothers to form '''Hasbro Games'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hasbro picks new president |url=https://money.cnn.com/1998/12/14/companies/hasbro/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=money.cnn.com |archive-date=October 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002103043/https://money.cnn.com/1998/12/14/companies/hasbro/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After the consolidation, Milton Bradley and Parker Brothers turned into brands of Hasbro before being dropped in 2009 in favor of the parent company's name, since adjusted to '''Hasbro Gaming'''.