Editing Mille Bornes (section)

==History==
[[File:Route nationale 7, borne géante N7, Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire (2).jpg|thumb|left|An oversize kilometer marker ({{lang|fr|borne}}) alongside [[Route nationale 7|''RN'' 7]] in [[Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire]] ([[Nièvre|Nièvre, France]])]]
The game was created in 1954 by {{ill|Edmond Dujardin|fr}} as ''1000 Bornes.''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DiB3z2fBpAC&q=mille+borne+card+game&pg=PT38 |title=Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society |page=xxxviii |first=Rodney P. |last=Carlisle |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4129-6670-2}}</ref> It is almost identical to the earlier American automotive card game ''[[Touring (card game)|Touring]]'', designed by William Janson Roche in 1906. One additional feature is the ''{{lang|fr|coup-fourré}}'' ("counter-thrust"), whereby bonus points are earned by holding back a safety card (such as the puncture-proof tire) until an opponent plays the corresponding hazard card (in this case, the flat tire).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spotlightongames.com/list/takethat.html |title=History of "take that!" style dedicated-deck card games |first=Rick |last=Heli |work=A Spotlight on Games |date=17 May 2011 |accessdate=2017-05-08}}</ref> The game's name is derived from the approximate length of the [[Route nationale 7|''RN'' 7]] (a national route) connecting [[Paris]] with the Italian border.<!--<ref name=Pike-Bordeaux/>-->

Dujardin moved to [[Arcachon]] southwest of [[Bordeaux]] on the Atlantic coast of [[France]] in 1947, where he and his family began producing the game in the basement of his house at No. 63, Boulevard de la Plage.<!--<ref name=Pike-Bordeaux>{{cite web |url=https://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2012/11/1000-bornes-from-edmond-dujardins.html |title='1000 Bornes': from Edmond Dujardin's basement to international success |author=Pike, Tim |date=November 24, 2012 |website=Invisible Bordeaux |access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>--> The box for the original 1954 edition carries the [[strapline]] {{lang|fr|la Canasta de la Route}} ("Canasta of the Road"), highlighting its similarity to [[Canasta]].<ref name=deRyck>{{cite web |url=http://christian.deryck.free.fr/Histoire/MilleBornes/ |title=Le jeu des mille bornes |trans-title=The game of Mille Bornes |author=De Ryck, Christian |website=Quelques cartes à jouer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918034246/http://christian.deryck.free.fr/Histoire/MilleBornes/ |access-date=18 April 2021 |archive-date=2020-09-18}}</ref> The cards are illustrated and hand-lettered by {{ill|Joseph Le Callennec|fr}}, a graphic designer from France.<ref name=deRyck/> Due to demand, production was moved to a former fish cannery in Arcachon.<!--<ref name=Pike-Bordeaux/>--> A revised version was released in 1960, with updated artwork from Le Callennec; in addition a "special edition" was released with more abstract artwork from Pierre Praquin.<ref name=deRyck/><ref name=Hughes99>{{cite web |url=http://www.codex99.com/design/28.html |title=Mille Bornes |author=Hughes, Jim |date=October 22, 2012 |website=Codex 99 |access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> With canasta having fallen out of favor, the regular 1960 edition advertised its connection to [[Contract bridge|bridge]]: the rulebook included an introduction written by [[Pierre Albarran]], and the game was billed as a favorite of world champions [[Pierre Jaïs]] and [[Roger Trézel]].<ref name=deRyck/> Dujardin began international distribution in the same year with bilingual cards.<ref name=Hughes99/>

[[Parker Brothers]], who held the license to distribute ''Touring'' in the United States, acquired a license for Mille Bornes in 1962 and began publishing its version in America with updated cover art; the game used the same bilingual cards from the 1960 Dujardin regular edition.<ref name=Hughes99/> Mille Bornes was very popular in the United States, at one point outselling [[Monopoly (game)|''Monopoly'']].<ref name=winning-moves/>{{rp|2}} Parker Brothers updated the box/cover art again in 1971, and introduced a more comprehensive revision in 1982 with significantly simplified artwork for the cards.<ref name=Hughes99/> In the mid-1970s, the Dujardin company moved its headquarters slightly south to [[La Teste-de-Buch]] before being acquired by {{ill|Regain-Galore|fr}} in 1981. The headquarters in La Teste were moved to [[Cestas]], 10 miles from Bordeaux, in 2009 shortly after the company was acquired by {{ill|TF1 Games|fr}} in 2007. Dujardin, who has produced the game continuously since 1954, currently do so in [[Saint-Pantaléon-de-Larche]], which is north of [[Toulouse]].<!--<ref name=Pike-Bordeaux/>-->

There have been 26 known publishers of the game in all markets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mille Bornes |url=https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/590/mille-bornes/credits |website=Board Game Geek |publisher=BoardGameGeek, LLC |accessdate=17 December 2019}}</ref> Some Mille Bornes decks are printed in both [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]]. The [[Spanish language|Spanish]] version ''Mil Hitos,'' distributed by [[Naipes Heraclio Fournier|Heraclio Fournier]], was very popular in [[Spain]] during the 1970s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} In the [[Netherlands]] there is a variant of this game, [[w:nl:Stap op|Stap op]], which deals with cycling instead of driving. The hazards and distances are different, but the mechanics of the game are exactly the same.

The current U.S. version, published by [[Asmodee]], a French manufacturer of games, has removed all French language from the printed cards. The rules still include the "Coup Fourré"; however there is no explanation given for the "counter thrust" translation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mille Bournes Rules |url=https://images-cdn.asmodee.us/filer_public/31/fc/31fc285a-2300-4d90-a55f-4c0415453e14/mib01_rules.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://images-cdn.asmodee.us/filer_public/31/fc/31fc285a-2300-4d90-a55f-4c0415453e14/mib01_rules.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |website=Asmodee USA |publisher=Asmodee |accessdate=17 December 2019}}</ref>