Editing Michel de l'Hôpital (section)

==Early life and family==
===Family===
Michel de l'Hôpital was born in 1506 in the town of [[Aigueperse, Puy-de-Dôme|Aigueperse]], the son of the duchess of  Lorraine's physician.{{sfn|Carroll|2011|p=83}}{{sfn|Chevallier|1985|p=83}} His father also provided medical assistance to the [[Charles III, Duke of Bourbon|Constable de Bourbon]], whose treason in 1525 forced L'Hôpital and his family into an Italian exile.{{sfn|Salmon|1975|p=151}} While in Italy, L'Hôpital received his doctorate in law.{{sfn|Durot|2012|p=260}} The family travelled with Bourbon to Spain and Italy in his travels before the Constable's death in 1527. After this the family moved to the court of Lorraine, where his father finished out his life in service to [[Renée of Bourbon|the duchess of Lorraine]]. Michel having studied law in Italy now studied also in France to further his education.{{sfn|Jouanna|1998|p=1039}}

===Daughter===
During the [[Massacre of Saint Bartholomew]], L'Hôpital's only daughter Magdelaine was caught up in the capital. Due to both her Protestantism and her father's religious policy in the proceeding decade she was at great risk of being killed. The [[Henry I, Duke of Guise|Duke of Guise]] took her under his protection.{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=91}} She would marry Robert de Hurault, a robe noble.{{sfn|Jouanna|1998|p=1041}} In 1555 [[Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine|the Cardinal of Lorraine]] became godfather to his recently born grandson.{{sfn|Durot|2012|p=261}}

===Views===
L'Hôpital was one of several leading French figures who was interested in the philosophy of stoicism.{{sfn|Roelker|1996|p=108}} To this end and beyond, L'Hôpital was a great advocate of learning Greek.{{sfn|Roelker|1996|p=97}} L'Hôpital opined that there was no provincial or town governor in France who had not in their tenure committed enough graft with the king's money to be executable if the king willed it.{{sfn|Harding|1978|p=167}} He was frustrated by how infrequently the estates had met in the last century, viewing them as a valuable mechanism of receiving feedback on government policies. He was overall autocratic in disposition, arguing that the purpose of the estates was to  provide their complaints and receive redress from the king, while the ''Parlement's'' were a vehicle through which the king delivered his justice.{{sfn|Salmon|1975|p=152}}

===Contemporary Opinion===
L'Hôpital's detractors characterised his religious policy as proof that he was a crypto-Protestant.{{sfn|Roelker|1968|p=165}} [[Montaigne]] referred to both him and François Olivier as being "men extraordinarily sufficient, and endowed with no vulgar virtue [...] great Chancellor of France".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oliver|first=Jennifer H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpCqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|title=Shipwreck in French Renaissance Writing: The Direful Spectacle|date=2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-256754-3|location=Oxford|pages=137|language=en}}</ref>