Editing Michael Tippett (section)

==Life==

===Family background===
The Tippett family originated in [[Cornwall]]. Michael Tippett's grandfather, George Tippett, left the county in 1854 to make his fortune in London through property speculation and other business schemes. A flamboyant character, he had a strong tenor voice that was a popular feature at Christian revivalist meetings. In later life his business enterprises faltered, leading to debts, prosecution for fraud, and a term of imprisonment. His son Henry, born in 1858, was Michael's father. A lawyer by training, he was successful in business and was independently wealthy by the time of his marriage in April 1903.<ref>Kemp, pp. 1–3</ref> Unusually for his background and upbringing, Henry Tippett was a progressive liberal and a religious sceptic.<ref>Bowen, p. 15</ref>

Henry Tippett's bride was [[Isabel Kemp]], from a large [[Upper middle class|upper-middle-class]] family based in [[Kent]]. Among her mother's cousins was [[Charlotte Despard]], a well-known campaigner for women's rights, [[Suffragette|suffragism]], and [[Irish Home Rule movement|Irish home rule]]. Despard was a powerful influence on the young Isabel, who was herself briefly imprisoned after participating in an illegal suffragette protest in [[Trafalgar Square]]. Though neither she nor Henry was musical, she had inherited an artistic talent from her mother, who had exhibited at the [[Royal Academy]]. After their marriage the couple settled outside London in [[Eastcote]], where two sons were born—the second, Michael, on 2 January 1905.<ref>Kemp, pp.&nbsp;4–5</ref>

===Childhood and schooling===
[[File:Stamford School - illuminated at night.jpg|thumb|left|Stamford School, which Tippett attended between 1920 and 1923]]
Shortly after Michael's birth, the family moved to [[Wetherden]] in Suffolk. Michael's education began in 1909 with a nursery governess and various private tutors who followed a curriculum that included piano lessons—his first formal contact with music.<ref>Kemp, pp. 6–8</ref> There was a piano in the house, on which he "took to improvising crazily ... which I called 'composing', though I had only the vaguest notion of what that meant".<ref>Tippett (1991), p. 5</ref> In September 1914 Michael became a boarder at Brookfield Preparatory School in [[Swanage]], Dorset. He spent four years there, at one point earning notoriety by writing an essay that challenged the existence of God.<ref>Tippett (1991) p. 7</ref><ref name=odnb>Lewis (2004)</ref> In 1918 he won a scholarship to [[Fettes College]], a boarding school in Edinburgh, where he studied the piano, sang in the choir, and began to learn to play the pipe organ. The school was not a happy place; sadistic bullying of the younger pupils was commonplace.<ref name= Bowen16>Bowen, p. 16</ref><ref name= K9>Kemp, pp. 9–10</ref> When Michael revealed to his parents in March 1920 that he had formed a homosexual relationship with another boy, they removed him to [[Stamford School]] in Lincolnshire, where a decade previously [[Malcolm Sargent]] had been a pupil.<ref name= Tippett8>Tippett (1991), pp. 8–9</ref><ref name= odnb2>{{cite ODNB|last= Armstrong|first= Thomas|title= Sargent, Sir (Harold) Malcolm Watts|url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35949?docPos=1|date=6 January 2011|doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/35949|display-authors=etal}} {{subscription}}</ref>

Around this time Henry Tippett decided to live in France, and the house in Wetherden was sold. The 15-year-old Michael and his brother Peter remained at school in England, travelling to France for their holidays.<ref>Kemp, pp. 6–7</ref> Michael found Stamford much more congenial than Fettes, and developed both academically and musically. He found an inspiring piano teacher in Frances Tinkler, who introduced him to the music of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert, and Chopin.<ref name= K9/> Sargent had maintained his connection with the school, and was present when Tippett and another boy played Bach's ''C minor Concerto for Two Harpsichords'' on pianos with a local string orchestra. Tippett sang in the chorus when Sargent directed a local performance of [[Robert Planquette]]'s operetta {{Lang|fr|[[Les Cloches de Corneville]]}}.<ref>Kemp, p. 11</ref> Despite his parents' wish that he follow an orthodox path by proceeding to [[Cambridge University]], Tippett had firmly decided on a career as a composer, a prospect that alarmed them and was discouraged by his headmaster and by Sargent.<ref name= Kemp12>Kemp, p. 12</ref>

By mid-1922 Tippett had developed a rebellious streak. His overt atheism particularly troubled the school, and he was required to leave. He remained in Stamford in private lodgings, while continuing lessons with Tinkler and with the organist of [[St Mary's Church, Stamford|St Mary's Church]].<ref name= Kemp12/> He also began studying [[Charles Villiers Stanford]]'s book ''Musical Composition'', which, he later wrote, "became the basis of all my compositional efforts for decades to come".<ref>Tippett (1991), p. 11</ref> In 1923 Henry Tippett was persuaded that some form of musical career, perhaps as a concert pianist, was possible, and agreed to support his son in a course of study at the [[Royal College of Music]] (RCM). After an interview with the college principal, [[Hugh Allen (conductor)|Sir Hugh Allen]], Tippett was accepted despite his lack of formal entry qualifications.<ref name= odnb/><ref name= Kemp12/><ref>Bowen, p. 17</ref>

===Royal College of Music===
[[File:Royal College of Music - April 2007.jpg|thumb|The [[Royal College of Music]], where Tippett studied between 1923 and 1928]]
Tippett began at the RCM in the summer term of 1923, when he was 18 years old. At the time, his biographer [[Meirion Bowen]] records, "his aspirations were Olympian, though his knowledge rudimentary".<ref name= Bowen18>Bowen, p. 18</ref> Life in London widened his musical awareness, especially [[the Proms]] at the [[Queen's Hall]], opera at [[Covent Garden]] (where he saw [[Dame Nellie Melba]]'s farewell performance in ''[[La bohème]]'') and the [[Ballets Russes|Diaghilev Ballet]]. He heard [[Feodor Chaliapin|Chaliapin]] sing, and attended concerts conducted by, among others, [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]] and [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]]—the last-named "a tiny man who stood bolt upright and conducted with what to me looked like a pencil".<ref>Tippett (1991), pp. 17–18</ref> Tippett overcame his initial ignorance of early music by attending [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]] masses at [[Westminster Cathedral]], following the music with the help of a borrowed score.<ref name= Bowen18/>

At the RCM, Tippett's first composition tutor was [[Charles Wood (composer)|Charles Wood]], who used the models of Bach, [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] and Beethoven to instil a solid understanding of musical forms and syntax. When Wood died in 1926, Tippett chose to study with [[Charles Herbert Kitson|C.H. Kitson]], whose pedantic approach and lack of sympathy with Tippett's compositional aims strained the relationship between teacher and pupil.<ref>Kemp, pp. 14–15</ref>{{#tag:ref|Tippett could have studied with [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], but decided against this because he thought that study under so distinguished a teacher would lead him to imitation rather than towards finding his own voice.<ref name=Bowen18/>|group= n}} Tippett studied conducting with Sargent and [[Adrian Boult]], finding the latter a particularly empathetic mentor—he let Tippett stand with him on the rostrum during rehearsals and follow the music from the conductor's score.<ref name= Bowen18/> By this means Tippett became familiar with the music of composers then new to him, such as [[Frederick Delius|Delius]] and [[Claude Debussy|Debussy]],<ref>Tippett (1991), pp. 14–15</ref> and learned much about the sounds of orchestral instruments.<ref name= Kemp16>Kemp, pp. 16–17</ref>

In 1924 Tippett became the conductor of an amateur choir in the Surrey village of [[Oxted]]. Although he saw this initially as a means of advancing his knowledge of English [[madrigals]], his association with the choir lasted many years. Under his direction it combined with a local theatrical group, the Oxted and Limpsfield Players, to give performances of [[Ralph Vaughan Williams|Vaughan Williams]]'s opera ''The Shepherds of the Delectable Mountains'' and of Tippett's own adaptation of an 18th-century ballad opera, ''[[The Village Opera]]''.<ref name= Gloag49>Cole, pp. 49–50</ref> He passed his [[Bachelor of Music]] (BMus) exams, at his second attempt, in December 1928. Rather than continuing to study for a doctorate, Tippett decided to leave the academic environment.<ref name= Kemp16/> The RCM years had brought him intense and lasting friendships with members of both sexes, in particular with [[Francesca Allinson]] and David Ayerst.<ref name= Kemp16/>

===Early career===

====False start====
On leaving the RCM, Tippett settled in Oxted to continue his work with the choir and theatrical group and to compose. To support himself he taught French at Hazelwood, a small preparatory school in [[Limpsfield]], which provided him with a salary of £80 a year and a cottage. Also teaching at the school was [[Christopher Fry]], the future poet and playwright who later collaborated with Tippett on several of the composer's early works.<ref name= Kemp18>Kemp, pp. 18–22</ref><ref>Tippett (1991), p. 22</ref>

In February 1930 Tippett provided the incidental music for a performance by his theatrical group of [[James Elroy Flecker]]'s ''Don Juan'', and in October he directed them in his own adaptation of Stanford's opera ''The Travelling Companion''. His compositional output was such that on 5 April 1930 he gave a concert in Oxted consisting entirely of his own works—a Concerto in D for flutes, oboe, horns and strings; settings for tenor of poems by Charlotte Mew; ''Psalm in C'' for chorus and orchestra, with a text by Christopher Fry; piano variations on the song "Jockey to the Fair"; and a string quartet.<ref name= Bowen19>Bowen, pp. 19–20</ref> Professional soloists and orchestral players were engaged, and the concert was conducted by [[David Moule-Evans]], a friend from the RCM. Despite encouraging comments from ''The Times'' and the ''Daily Telegraph'', Tippett was deeply dissatisfied with the works, and decided that he needed further tuition. He withdrew the music, and in September 1930 re-enrolled at the RCM for a special course of study in [[counterpoint]] with [[R. O. Morris]], an expert on 16th-century music. This second RCM period, during which he learned to write [[fugue]]s in the style of Bach and received additional tuition in orchestration from [[Gordon Jacob]],<ref name= Kemp18/> was central to Tippett's eventual discovery of what he termed his "individual voice".<ref name= Gloag49/>

On 15 November 1931 Tippett conducted his Oxted choir in a performance of Handel's ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]'', using choral and orchestral forces close to Handel's original intentions. Such an approach was rare at that time, and the event attracted considerable interest.<ref name= Kemp18/>

====Friendships, politics and music====
In mid-1932 Tippett moved to a cottage in neighbouring Limpsfield, provided by friends as a haven in which he could concentrate on composition.<ref>Tippett (1991), p. 23</ref>{{#tag:ref|In 1938, with financial help from his father, Tippett bought this cottage and some adjoining land, and built a new bungalow on the site, which remained his home until 1951.<ref>Kemp, pp. 17–18</ref>|group= n}} His friendships with Ayerst and Allinson had opened up new cultural and political vistas. Through Ayerst he met [[W. H. Auden]], who in due course introduced him to [[T. S. Eliot]]. Although no deep friendship developed with either poet, Tippett came to consider Eliot his "spiritual father".<ref name="Kemp, p. 33">Kemp, p. 33</ref><ref name= Bowen21>Bowen, pp. 21–22</ref> Ayerst also introduced him to a young artist, [[Wilfred Franks]]. By this time Tippett was coming to terms with his homosexuality, while not always at ease with it. Franks provided him with what he called "the deepest, most shattering experience of falling in love".<ref>Tippett (1991), pp. 57–58</ref> This intense relationship ran alongside a political awakening. Tippett's natural sympathies had always been leftish, and became more consciously so from his inclusion in Allinson's circle of left-wing activists. As a result, he gave up his teaching position at Hazelwood to become the conductor of the South London Orchestra, a project financed by the [[London County Council]] and made up of unemployed musicians.<ref name= Kemp30>Kemp, pp. 30–32</ref> Its first public concert was held on 5 March 1933 at [[Morley College]], later to become Tippett's professional base.<ref name= Kemp25>Kemp, pp. 25–28</ref>
{{Quote box|width=18em|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=left|quote="So God He made us outlaws<br />To beat the devil's man<br />To rob the rich, to help the poor<br />By Robin's ten-year plan."|salign = left |source=Robin Hood, interpreted by Tippett as a hero of the 1930s class war<ref name= T42>Tippett (1991), p. 42</ref> }}
In the summers of 1932 and 1934 Tippett took charge of musical activities at miners' work camps near [[Boosbeck]] in the north of England. Known as the [[Cleveland Work Camps]], they were run by a munificent local landowner, Major Pennyman, to give unemployed miners a sense of purpose and independence. In 1932 Tippett arranged the staging of a shortened version of John Gay's ''[[The Beggar's Opera]]'', with locals playing the main parts, and the following year he provided the music for a new folk opera, ''[[Robin Hood (Tippett opera)|Robin Hood]]'', with words by Ayerst, himself and [[Ruth Pennyman]]. Both works proved hugely popular with their audiences,<ref name= Kemp25/><ref name= T42/> and although most of the music has disappeared, Tippett revived some of ''Robin Hood'' for use in his ''Birthday Suite for Prince Charles'' of 1948.<ref>Cole, p. 60</ref><ref>Kemp, pp. 296–298</ref> In October 1934 Tippett and the South London Orchestra performed at a centenary celebration of the [[Tolpuddle Martyrs]], as part of a grand Pageant of Labour at [[the Crystal Palace]].<ref name="Kemp, p. 33"/><ref name= grove>{{cite web|title= Tippett, Sir Michael (Kemp)|last= Clarke|first= David|url= http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/28005|website= Grove Music Online|access-date= 26 August 2013}} {{subscription}}</ref>

Tippett was not formally a member of any political party or group until 1935, when he joined the [[Communist Party of Great Britain|British Communist Party]] at the urging of his cousin, Phyllis Kemp. This membership was brief; the influence of [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]]'s ''History of the Russian Revolution'' had led him to embrace [[Trotskyism]], while the party maintained a strict [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] line. Tippett resigned after a few months when he saw no chance of converting his local party to his Trotskyist views.<ref name= Kemp30/><ref name= grove/> According to his obituarist J.J. Plant, Tippett then joined the [[Militant Group|Bolshevik-Leninist Group]] within the Labour Party, where he continued to advocate Trotskyism until at least 1938.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Plant|first= J.J.|title= Michael Tippett (1905–1998)|journal=Revolutionary History|year=1998|volume=7|issue=1|url= https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol7/no1/plant.html|access-date= 16 June 2016}}</ref> Although Tippett's radical instincts always remained strong, he was aware that excessive political activism would distract him from his overriding objective of becoming recognised as a composer.<ref name= odnb/> A significant step towards professional recognition came in December 1935, when the Brosa Quartet performed his String Quartet No. 1 at the Mercury Theatre in [[Notting Hill]], London. This work, which he dedicated to Franks,<ref name= Rees>Rees, p. xxiv</ref><ref name= Kemp498>Kemp, pp. 498–499</ref> is the first in the recognised canon of Tippett's music.<ref name= odnb/> Throughout much of the 1930s Wilf Franks continued to be an important influence on Tippett both creatively and politically. Franks had a passion for the poetry of both [[William Blake]] and [[Wilfred Owen]]; Tippett claimed that Franks knew Owen's poetry 'almost word for word and draws it out for me, its meanings, its divine pity and so on...'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schuttenhelm |first1=Thomas |title=Selected Letters of Michael Tippett |date=2005 |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-571-22600-9 |page=233}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gilgan |first1=Danyel |title=Michael Tippett: love in the age of extremes |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/music/2020/07/michael-tippett-love-in-the-age-of-extremes.html |publisher=The British Library |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>

===Towards maturity===

====Personal crisis====
Before the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Tippett released two further works: the Piano Sonata No. 1, first performed by [[Phyllis Sellick]] at the Queen Mary Hall, London, on 11 November 1938, and the [[Concerto for Double String Orchestra (Tippett)|Concerto for Double String Orchestra]], which was not performed until 1940.<ref name= Kemp498/> In a climate of increasing political and military tension, Tippett's compositional efforts were overwhelmed by an emotional crisis. When his relationship with Franks ended acrimoniously in August 1938 he was thrown into doubt and confusion about both his homosexuality and his worth as an artist. He was saved from despair when, at Ayerst's suggestion, he undertook a course of [[Carl Jung|Jungian]] analysis with the psychotherapist [[John Layard]]. Through an extended course of therapy, Layard gave Tippett the means to analyse and interpret his dreams. Tippett's biographer [[Ian Kemp]] describes this experience as "the major turning point in [his] life", both emotionally and artistically. His particular discovery from dream analysis was "the Jungian '[[Shadow (psychology)|shadow]]' and 'light' in the single, individual psyche ... the need for the individual to accept his divided nature and profit from its conflicting demands".<ref name= Kemp36>Kemp, pp. 36–37</ref> This brought him to terms with his homosexuality, and he was able to pursue his creativity without being distracted by personal relationships.<ref name= odnb/> While still unsure of his sexuality, Tippett had considered marriage with Francesca Allinson, who had expressed the wish that they should have children together.<ref name= Kemp36/><ref name= Robinson96/> After his psychotherapy he enjoyed several committed—and sometimes overlapping—same-sex relationships. Among the most enduring, and most tempestuous, was that with the artist Karl Hawker, whom he first met in 1941.<ref name= Robinson96/><ref>Tippett (1991), pp. 231–232</ref>

====''A Child of Our Time''====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1988-078-07, Herschel Feibel Grynszpan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Herschel Grynszpan]]]]
{{main|A Child of Our Time}}
While his therapy proceeded, Tippett was searching for a theme for a major work—an opera or an [[oratorio]]—that could reflect both the contemporary turmoil in the world and his own recent catharsis. Having briefly considered the theme of the Dublin [[Easter Rising]] of 1916, he based his work on a more immediate event: the murder in Paris of a German diplomat by a 17-year-old Jewish refugee, [[Herschel Grynszpan]].<ref>Whittall (1982), p. 71</ref> This murder triggered ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Crystal Night), a coordinated attack on Jews and their property throughout Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938.<ref name= Kemp36/> Tippett hoped that Eliot would provide a libretto for the oratorio, and the poet showed interest. But when Tippett presented him with a more detailed scenario, Eliot advised him to write his own text, suggesting that the poetic quality of the words might otherwise dominate the music.<ref>Tippett (1991), pp. 50–51</ref> Tippett called the oratorio ''[[A Child of Our Time]]'', taking the title from ''Ein Kind unserer Zeit'', a contemporary protest novel by the Austro-Hungarian writer [[Ödön von Horváth]].<ref>Steinberg, pp. 284–285</ref> Within a three-part structure based on Handel's ''Messiah'', Tippett took the novel step of using North American [[spirituals]] in place of the traditional [[chorales]] that punctuate oratorio texts. According to Kenneth Gloag's commentary, the spirituals provide "moments of focus and repose ... giving shape to both the musical and literary dimensions of the work".<ref>Gloag, ''A Child of Our Time'', pp. 27–30</ref> Tippett began composing the oratorio in September 1939, on the conclusion of his dream therapy and immediately after the outbreak of war.<ref name= odnb/>

====Morley, war, imprisonment====
With the South London Orchestra temporarily disbanded because of the war, Tippett returned to teaching at Hazelwood. In October 1940 he accepted the post of Director of Music at [[Morley College]], just after its buildings were almost completely destroyed by a bomb.<ref>Tippett (1991), p. 113</ref> Tippett's challenge was to rebuild the musical life of the college, using temporary premises and whatever resources he could muster. He revived the [[Morley College Choir]] and orchestra, and arranged innovative concert programmes that typically mixed early music ([[Orlando Gibbons]], [[Claudio Monteverdi|Monteverdi]], [[John Dowland|Dowland]]), with contemporary works by Stravinsky, [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]] and [[Béla Bartók|Bartók]].<ref>Kemp, pp. 40, 45–46</ref>

[[File:Purcell engraving.png|thumb|upright|left|[[Henry Purcell]]: Tippett continued the Morley College tradition of promoting Purcell's music]]
He continued the college's established association with the music of [[Henry Purcell|Purcell]];<ref>Mark, pp. 37–38</ref> a performance in November 1941 of Purcell's ''[[Hail! Bright Cecilia|Ode to St Cecilia]]'', with improvised instruments and rearrangements of voice parts, attracted considerable attention.<ref name= Kemp44>Kemp, pp. 44–45</ref> The music staff at Morley was augmented by the recruitment of refugee musicians from Europe, including [[Walter Bergmann (musician)|Walter Bergmann]], [[Mátyás Seiber]], and [[Walter Goehr]], who took charge of the college orchestra.<ref name= odnb/><ref name= Bowen24>Bowen, pp. 24–25</ref>

''A Child of Our Time'' was finished in 1941 and put aside with no immediate prospects of performance. Tippett's ''Fantasia on a Theme of Handel'' for piano and orchestra was performed at the [[Wigmore Hall]] in March 1942, with Sellick again the soloist, and the same venue saw the première of the composer's String Quartet No. 2 a year later.<ref name= Kemp498/> The first recording of Tippett's music, the Piano Sonata No. 1 played by Sellick, was issued in August 1941. The recording was well received by critics; [[Wilfrid Mellers]] predicted a leading role for Tippett in the future of English music.<ref>Kemp, p. 51</ref> In 1942, [[Schott Music]] began to publish Tippett's works, establishing an association that continued until the end of the composer's life.<ref name= Bowen24/>

The question of Tippett's liability for war service remained unresolved until mid-1943. In November 1940 he had formalised his pacifism by joining the [[Peace Pledge Union]] and applying for registration as a [[conscientious objector]]. His case was heard by a tribunal in February 1942, when he was assigned to non-combatant duties. Tippett rejected such work as an unacceptable compromise with his principles and in June 1943, after several further hearings and statements on his behalf from distinguished musical figures, he was sentenced to three months' imprisonment in [[HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs]]. He served two months, and although thereafter he was technically liable to further charges for failing to comply with the terms set by his tribunal, the authorities left him alone.<ref>Kemp, pp. 41–43</ref>

===Recognition and controversy===
On his release, Tippett returned to his duties at Morley, where he boosted the college's Purcell tradition by persuading the [[countertenor]] [[Alfred Deller]] to sing several Purcell odes at a concert on 21 October 1944—the first modern use of a countertenor in Purcell's music.<ref name="Kemp44"/> Tippett formed a fruitful musical friendship with [[Benjamin Britten]] and [[Peter Pears]], for whom he wrote the cantata ''Boyhood's End'' for tenor and piano. Encouraged by Britten, Tippett made arrangements for the first performance of ''A Child of Our Time'', at London's [[Adelphi Theatre]] on 19 March 1944. Goehr conducted the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]], and Morley's choral forces were augmented by the London Regional Civil Defence Choir.<ref name=K52>Kemp, pp. 52–55</ref> Pears sang the tenor solo part, and other soloists were borrowed from [[Sadler's Wells Opera]].<ref>Gloag, ''A Child of Our Time'', p. 89</ref> The work was well received by critics and the public, and eventually became one of the most frequently performed large-scale choral works of the post-Second World War period, in Britain and overseas.<ref>Steinberg, p. 287</ref><ref>Bowen, p. 35</ref> Tippett's immediate reward was a commission from the BBC for a [[motet]], ''The Weeping Babe'',<ref>Rees, p. xxvi</ref> which became his first broadcast work when it was aired on 24 December 1944.<ref name= Kemp500>Kemp, pp. 500–501</ref> He also began to give regular radio talks on music.<ref name= Bowen26>Bowen, p. 26</ref>

In 1946 Tippett organised at Morley the first British performance of Monteverdi's ''[[Vespro della Beata Vergine|Vespers]]'', adding his own organ ''Preludio'' for the occasion.<ref>Cole, p. 59</ref><ref>Kemp, p. 181</ref> Tippett's compositions in the immediate postwar years included his [[Symphony No. 1 (Tippett)|First Symphony]], performed under Sargent in November 1945, and the String Quartet No. 3, premiered in October 1946 by the [[Zorian Quartet]].<ref name= Kemp500/> His main creative energies were increasingly devoted to his first major opera, ''[[The Midsummer Marriage]]''.<ref name= Bowen26/> During the six years from 1946 he composed almost no other music, apart from the ''Birthday Suite for Prince Charles'' (1948).<ref name= Whittall141>Whittall (1982), p. 141</ref>
{{Quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote= I saw a stage picture&nbsp;... of a wooded hilltop with a temple, where a warm and soft young man was being rebuffed by a cold and hard young woman&nbsp;... to such a degree that the collective, magical archetypes take charge—Jung's ''anima'' and ''animus''.|salign = left |source= Tippett, outlining the origins of ''The Midsummer Marriage''.<ref>Tippett (1959), pp. 54–55</ref> }}

The musical and philosophical ideas behind the opera had begun in Tippett's mind several years earlier.<ref>Gloag, "Tippett's Operatic World", p. 231</ref> The story, which he wrote himself, charts the fortunes of two contrasting couples in a manner which has brought comparison with Mozart's ''[[The Magic Flute]]''.<ref name= Dickinson>{{cite journal|last= Dickinson|first=Alan Edgar Frederic|title= Round about ''The Midsummer Marriage''|journal=[[Music & Letters]]|volume= 37|issue= 1|date= January 1956|pages=50–60|jstor= 729998|doi= 10.1093/ml/37.1.50}} {{subscription}}</ref> The strain of composition, combined with his continuing responsibilities at Morley and his BBC work, affected Tippett's health and slowed progress.<ref name= Bowen27>Bowen, p. 27</ref> Following the death in 1949 of Morley's principal, [[Eva Hubback]], Tippett's personal commitment to the college waned. His now-regular BBC fees had made him less dependent on his Morley salary, and he resigned his college post in 1951. His farewell took the form of three concerts he conducted at the new [[Royal Festival Hall]], in which the programmes included ''A Child of Our Time'', the British première of Carl Orff's ''[[Carmina Burana (Orff)|Carmina Burana]]'', and [[Thomas Tallis]]'s rarely performed 40-part motet ''[[Spem in alium]]''.<ref name= Kemp47>Kemp, pp. 47–48</ref><ref>Tippett (1991), pp. 158–159</ref>

In 1951 Tippett moved from Limpsfield to a large, dilapidated house, Tidebrook Manor in [[Wadhurst]], Sussex.<ref name= Kemp47/> As ''The Midsummer Marriage'' neared completion he wrote a song cycle for tenor and piano, ''The Heart's Assurance''. This work, a long-delayed tribute to Francesca Allinson (who had committed suicide in 1945), was performed by Britten and Pears at the Wigmore Hall on 7 May 1951.<ref name= Robinson96>Robinson, pp. 96–98</ref><ref name= Kemp500/> ''The Midsummer Marriage'' was finished in 1952, after which Tippett arranged some of the music as a concert suite, the ''Ritual Dances'', performed in [[Basel]], Switzerland, in April 1953.<ref name= Bowen27/> The opera itself was staged at [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]] on 27 January 1955. The lavish production, with costumes and stage designs by [[Barbara Hepworth]] and choreography by [[John Cranko]], perplexed the opera-going public and divided critical opinion.<ref name= Gloag230>Gloag, "Tippett's Operatic World", pp. 230–231</ref> According to Bowen, most "were simply unprepared for a work that departed so far from the methods of Puccini and Verdi".<ref name= K52/><ref name= Bowen28>Bowen, p. 28</ref> Tippett's libretto was variously described as "one of the worst in the 350-year history of opera"<ref name= Gloag230/> and "a complex network of verbal symbolism", and the music as "intoxicating beauty" with "passages of superbly conceived orchestral writing".<ref>{{cite news|last=Heyworth|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Heyworth|title=''The Midsummer Marriage''|newspaper=[[The Observer]]|location=London|date= 30 January 1955|page=11}}</ref> A year after the première, the critic A.E.F. Dickinson concluded that "in spite of notable gaps in continuity and distracting infelicities of language, [there is] strong evidence that the composer has found the right music for his ends".<ref name= Dickinson/>

Much of the music Tippett composed following the opera's completion reflected its lyrical style.<ref name= odnb/> Among these was the ''[[Fantasia Concertante on a Theme of Corelli]]'' (1953) for string orchestra, written to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the composer [[Arcangelo Corelli]]'s birth. The ''Fantasia'' eventually became one of Tippett's most popular works, though ''[[The Times]]''{{'}}s critic lamented the "excessive complexity of the contrapuntal writing ... there was so much going on that the perplexed ear knew not where to turn or fasten itself".<ref>''The Times'', 4 September 1953, quoted in Kemp, p. 52</ref> Such comments helped foster a view that Tippett was a "difficult" composer, or even that his music was amateurish and poorly prepared.<ref name= odnb/> These perceptions were strengthened by controversies around several of his works in the late 1950s. The [[Piano Concerto (Tippett)|Piano Concerto]] (1955) was declared unplayable by its scheduled soloist, [[Julius Katchen]], who had to be replaced before the première by [[Louis Kentner]]. The [[Dennis Brain|Dennis Brain Wind Ensemble]], for whom Tippett had written the ''Sonata for Four Horns'' (1955), complained that the work was in too high a key and required it to be [[Transposition (music)|transposed]] down.<ref>Bowen, p. 30</ref> When the [[Symphony No. 2 (Tippett)|Second Symphony]] was premièred by the [[BBC Symphony Orchestra]] under Boult, in a live broadcast from the Royal Festival Hall on 5 February 1958, the work broke down after a few minutes and had to be restarted by the apologetic conductor: "Entirely my mistake, ladies and gentlemen".<ref name=K52/>{{#tag:ref|Tippett put most of the blame on the orchestra's leader, [[Paul Beard (violinist)|Paul Beard]], "who was always very difficult about my music". Beard had reorganised the string parts, despite Tippett's warning that this would lead to trouble. According to Tippett, Beard also "slowed down his violin solo in the scherzo, and the string-playing in general became more and more ragged".<ref>Tippett (1991), pp. 207–209</ref>|group= n}} The BBC's Controller of Music defended the orchestra in ''The Times'', writing that it "is equal to all reasonable demands", a wording that implied the fault was the composer's.<ref>Letter from R.J.F. Howgill to ''The Times'', quoted in Kemp, p. 54</ref>

===International acclaim===

====''King Priam'' and after====
[[File:Corshamhigh.jpg|thumb|left|Corsham High Street (photographed in 2008), where Tippett lived during the 1960s]]
In 1960 Tippett moved to a house in the [[Wiltshire]] village of [[Corsham]], where he lived with his long-term partner Karl Hawker.<ref>Tippett (1991), pp. 230–231</ref> By then Tippett had begun work on his second major opera, ''[[King Priam]]''. He chose for his theme the tragedy of [[Priam]], mythological king of the [[Troy|Trojans]], as recorded in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', and again he prepared his own libretto.<ref>Gloag, "Tippett's Operatic World", p. 240</ref> As with ''The Midsummer Marriage'', Tippett's preoccupation with the opera meant that his compositional output was limited for several years to a few minor works, including a ''Magnificat'' and ''Nunc Dimittis'' written in 1961 for the 450th anniversary of the foundation of [[St John's College, Cambridge]].<ref>Kemp, pp. 373–374</ref> ''King Priam'' was premièred in [[Coventry]] by the [[The Royal Opera|Covent Garden Opera]] on 29 May 1962 as part of a festival celebrating the consecration of the new [[Coventry Cathedral]]. The production was by [[Sam Wanamaker]] and the lighting by [[Sean Kenny (theatre designer)|Sean Kenny]]. [[John Pritchard (conductor)|John Pritchard]] was the conductor.<ref name=Kemp502>Kemp, pp. 502–503</ref> The music for the new work displayed a marked stylistic departure from what Tippett had written hitherto, heralding what a later commentator, Iain Stannard, calls a "great divide" between the works before and after ''King Priam''.<ref>Stannard, p. 121</ref> Some commentators questioned the wisdom of so radical a departure from his established voice,<ref>Kemp, p. 322</ref> but the opera was a considerable success with critics and the public. Lewis later called it "one of the most powerful operatic experiences in the modern theatre".<ref>Sadie and Macy (eds), pp. 329–332</ref> This reception, combined with the fresh acclaim for ''The Midsummer Marriage'' following a well-received BBC broadcast in 1963, did much to rescue Tippett's reputation and establish him as a leading figure among British composers.<ref>Bowen, p. 31</ref>

As with ''The Midsummer Marriage'', the compositions that followed ''King Priam'' retained the musical idiom of the opera, notably the Piano Sonata No. 2 (1962) and the Concerto for Orchestra (1963), the latter written for the [[Edinburgh International Festival|Edinburgh Festival]] and dedicated to Britten for his 50th birthday.<ref name= Kemp502/><ref>Bowen, p. 33</ref> Tippett's main work in the mid-1960s was the [[cantata]] ''The Vision of Saint Augustine'', commissioned by the BBC, which Bowen marks as a peak of Tippett's compositional career: "Not since ''The Midsummer Marriage'' had he unleashed such a torrent of musical invention".<ref name= Bowen144>Bowen, p. 144</ref> His status as a national figure was now being increasingly recognised. He had been appointed a [[Order of the British Empire|Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in 1959; in 1961 he was made an honorary [[Fellow of the Royal College of Music]] (HonFRCM), and in 1964 he received from Cambridge University the first of many [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorates]]. In 1966 he was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]].<ref name= K52/><ref name= Bowen32>Bowen, p. 32</ref>

====Wider horizons====
In 1965 Tippett made the first of several visits to the United States, to serve as composer in residence at the [[Aspen Music Festival and School|Aspen Music Festival]] in Colorado. His American experiences had a significant effect on the music he composed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with jazz and blues elements particularly evident in his third opera, ''[[The Knot Garden]]'' (1966–69), and in the Symphony No. 3 (1970–72).<ref name= odnb/><ref name= MacD>{{cite journal|last=MacDonald|first=Calum|author-link=Malcolm MacDonald (music critic)|title= Tippett's Third Symphony|journal=[[Tempo (journal)|Tempo]]|issue= 102|year= 1972|pages= 25–27|jstor= 942845|doi= 10.1017/S0040298200056680}} {{subscription}}</ref> At home in 1969, Tippett worked with the conductor [[Colin Davis]] to rescue the [[Bath International Music Festival]] from a financial crisis, and became the festival's artistic director for the next five seasons.<ref name= Reesxxix>Rees, p. xxix</ref><ref name="Bowen, p. 37">Bowen, p. 37</ref> In 1970, following the collapse of his relationship with Hawker, he left Corsham and moved to a secluded house on the [[North Wessex Downs|Marlborough Downs]].<ref name="Bowen, p. 37"/> Among the works he wrote in this period were ''In Memoriam Magistri'' (1971), a chamber piece commissioned by ''[[Tempo (journal)|Tempo]]'' magazine as a memorial to Stravinsky, who had died on 6 April 1971,<ref name= Reesxxix/> and the Piano Sonata No. 3 (1973).<ref name= Bowen122>Bowen, p. 122</ref>
[[File:Javanese Gamelan.jpg|thumb|A Javanese gamelan ensemble with two female singers]]

In February 1974 Tippett attended a "Michael Tippett Festival" arranged in his honour by [[Tufts University]], near [[Boston]], Massachusetts. He was also present at a performance of ''The Knot Garden'' at [[Northwestern University]] at [[Evanston, Illinois]]—the first Tippett opera to be performed in the US.<ref>Kemp, p. 57</ref> Two years later he was again in the country, engaged on a lecture tour that included the Doty Lectures in Fine Art at the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]].<ref name= Reesxxx/> Between these American journeys, Tippett travelled to [[Lusaka]] for the first African performance of ''A Child of Our Time'', at which the Zambian president, [[Kenneth Kaunda]], was present.<ref>Tippett (1991), p. 244</ref>

In 1976 Tippett was awarded the Gold Medal of the [[Royal Philharmonic Society]].<ref name= Bowen32/> The following few years saw journeys to Java and Bali—where he was much attracted by the sounds of [[gamelan]] ensembles—and to Australia, where he conducted a performance of his Fourth Symphony in [[Adelaide]].<ref name= Kemp58>Kemp, p. 58</ref>{{#tag:ref|Tippett had heard recordings of gamelan orchestras in his youth, and incorporated the sound briefly into the first movement of ''Piano Sonata No. 1'' of 1938.<ref name= Bowen93/>|group= n}} In 1979, with funds available from the sale of some of his original manuscripts to the [[British Library]], Tippett inaugurated the Michael Tippett Musical Foundation, which provided financial support to young musicians and music education initiatives.<ref>{{cite web|title= The Michael Tippett Musical Foundation: History|url= http://www.tippettfoundation.org.uk/html/history.htm|publisher= The Michael Tippett Musical Foundation|access-date= 8 September 2013|archive-date= 28 September 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130928070716/http://www.tippettfoundation.org.uk/html/history.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Tippett maintained his pacifist beliefs, while becoming generally less public in expressing them, and from 1959 served as president of the Peace Pledge Union. In 1977 he made a rare political statement when, opening a PPU exhibition at [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]], he attacked [[Jimmy Carter|President Carter]]'s plans to develop a [[neutron bomb]].<ref>Kemp, p. 49</ref>

===Later life===
In his seventies, Tippett continued to compose and travel, although now handicapped by health problems. His eyesight was deteriorating as a result of [[macular corneal dystrophy|macular dystrophy]], and he relied increasingly on his musical amanuensis Michael Tillett,<ref>Tippett (1991), p. 116</ref> and on Meirion Bowen, who became Tippett's assistant and closest companion in the remaining years of the composer's life.<ref name= grove/><ref name= Robinson96/> The main works of the late 1970s were a new opera, ''[[The Ice Break]]'', the [[Symphony No. 4 (Tippett)|Symphony No. 4]], the String Quartet No. 4, and the Triple Concerto for violin, viola and cello. ''The Ice Break'' was a reflection of Tippett's American experiences, with a contemporary storyline incorporating race riots and drug-taking. His libretto has been criticised for its awkward attempts at American street vernacular,<ref>Kemp, p. 462</ref> and the opera has not found a place in the general repertory. Mellers finds that its fusion of "art music, rock ritual and performance art fail to gel".<ref name= Mellers195>Mellers, pp. 195–196</ref> The Triple Concerto includes a finale inspired by the gamelan music Tippett absorbed during his visit to Java.<ref>Bowen, pp. 131–132</ref>

In 1979 Tippett was made a [[Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH).<ref name= Bowen32/> The main composition that occupied him in the early 1980s was his oratorio ''The Mask of Time'', loosely based on Jacob Bronowski's 1973 TV series ''[[The Ascent of Man]]''.<ref name= odnb/> In Tippett's words, this is an attempt to deal "with those fundamental matters that bear upon man, his relationship with Time, his place in the world as we know it and in the mysterious universe at large".<ref>Tippett: Introduction, ''The Mask of Time'', quoted in {{cite web|title= Tippett, Sir Michael (Kemp)|last= Clarke|first= David|url= http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/28005?q=Michael+Tippett&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1|publisher= Grove Music Online|access-date= 26 August 2013}} {{subscription}}</ref> The oratorio was commissioned by the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] for its centenary, and was one of several of Tippett's late compositions that were premièred in America.<ref name= Kemp504>Kemp, pp. 504–505</ref> 
[[File:LacRose1.jpg|thumb|left|Le Lac Rose (Lake Retba), Senegal]]

In 1983 Tippett became president of the [[London College of Music]]<ref name= Reesxxx>Rees, p. xxx</ref> and was appointed a Member of the [[Order of Merit]] (OM).<ref name= odnb/> By the time of his 80th birthday in 1985 he was blind in his right eye, and his output had slowed.<ref name= Reesxxx/> Nevertheless, in his final active years he wrote his last opera, ''[[New Year (opera)|New Year]]''. This futuristic fable involving flying saucers, time travel, and urban violence was indifferently received on its première in [[Houston]], Texas, on 17 October 1989. [[Donal Henahan]] in ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote, "Unlike Wagner, [Tippett] does not provide music of enough quality to allow one to overlook textual absurdities and commonplaces."<ref name= Donal>{{cite news|author-link= Donal Henahan|last= Henahan|first= Donal|title= Time Traveling and Agoraphobia in Tippett Opera|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/30/arts/reviews-music-time-traveling-and-agoraphobia-in-tippett-opera.html|newspaper= The New York Times|date= 30 October 1989|access-date= 16 June 2016}}</ref> The opera was introduced to Britain in the [[Glyndebourne Festival Opera|Glyndebourne Festival]] of 1990.<ref>{{cite journal|title = First Performances: Tippett's ''New Year''|url= http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0040298200012651|journal=[[Tempo (journal)|Tempo]]|series=New Series|volume= 3|issue= 175|date= December 1990|pages=35–38|issn= 1478-2286}} {{subscription}}</ref>

Despite his deteriorating health, Tippett toured Australia in 1989–90, and also visited [[Senegal]]. His last major works, written between 1988 and 1993, were ''Byzantium'', for soprano and orchestra; the String Quartet No. 5; and ''The Rose Lake'', a "song without words for orchestra" inspired by a visit to [[Lake Retba]] in Senegal during his 1990 trip.<ref name=odnb/><ref>Schuttenhelm (2013), p. 109</ref> He intended ''The Rose Lake'' to be his farewell, but in 1996 he broke his retirement to write "Caliban's Song" as a contribution to the Purcell tercentenary.<ref name=odnb/>

===Death===
In 1997 he moved from Wiltshire to London to be closer to his friends and caregivers; in November of that year he made his last overseas trip, to [[Stockholm]] for a festival of his music.<ref name= odnb/> After suffering a stroke he was taken home, where he died on 8 January 1998, six days after his 93rd birthday.<ref name= indy>{{cite news|last1= Driver|first1= Paul|last2= Revill|first2= David|title= Obituary: Sir Michael Tippett|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-michael-tippett-1137828.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-sir-michael-tippett-1137828.html |archive-date=14 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper= The Independent|date= 10 January 1998|access-date= 16 June 2016}}</ref> He was cremated on 15 January, at [[Hanworth]] crematorium, after a secular service.<ref name= odnb/>