Editing Member of parliament (section)

== Westminster system ==
{{Main|Westminster system}}
The Westminster system is a [[Democracy|democratic]] [[parliamentary system]] of [[government]] modelled after the [[politics of the United Kingdom]]. This term comes from the [[Palace of Westminster]], the seat of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].

=== Australia ===
At the Commonwealth level, a "member of parliament" is a member of the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of Australia|Commonwealth (federal) parliament]]. Members may use the postnominal "MP" after their names. "MHR" ("Member of the House of Representatives") was not used, which was affirmed by cabinet in 1901 and reaffirmed in 1951 and 1965.<ref>{{cite web |title=House of Representative Practice: Members' titles |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter5/Member%27s_titles |publisher=Parliament of Australia - House of Representatives |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327125024/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7/HTML/Chapter5/Member%27s_titles |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the prohibition of "MHR" does not appear to have been strictly enforced, as it was used most recently by [[Tony Abbott]] when he was in the parliament (1994–2019).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abbott |first1=Tony |title=The Coalition's deregulation agenda |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2F2019036%22 |access-date=27 March 2023 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |date=2 November 2012 |format=Media Release |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527090322/https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2F2019036%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=tonyabbott.com.au>{{cite web|url= http://www.tonyabbott.com.au/Pages/Media/AboutTony.aspx|title= Biography: Tony Abbott MHR|publisher= Tonyabbott.com.au|access-date= 5 June 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080720044406/http://www.tonyabbott.com.au/Pages/Media/AboutTony.aspx|archive-date= 20 July 2008}}</ref> A member of the upper house of the Commonwealth Parliament, the [[Australian Senate|Senate]], is known as a "Senator".<ref>{{cite web |title=Odgers' Australian Senate Practice Chapter 6 Senators - Designation of senators |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Odgers_Australian_Senate_Practice/Chapter_06#h04 |publisher=Parliament of Australia - Senate |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327125029/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Odgers_Australian_Senate_Practice/Chapter_06#h04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== States and territories ====
In the [[States and territories of Australia|Australian states and territories]], "MP" is commonly used. In [[bicameral]] legislatures, members of the lower house ([[legislative assembly]] or [[house of assembly]]) also use the post-nominals "MLA" or "MHA" and members of the upper house ([[legislative council]]) use "MLC".

MLCs are informally referred to as upper house MPs.

=== Bahamas ===
The [[Parliament of the Bahamas]] is the bicameral national parliament of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. The parliament is formally made up of the monarch (represented by the governor-general), an appointed Senate, and an elected House of Assembly. It currently sits at Nassau, the national capital.

The structure, functions, and procedures of the parliament are based on the Westminster system.

=== Bangladesh ===
{{Main|Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Jatiya Sangsad}}
In [[Bangladesh]], a member of parliament is an individual who serves in the [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Jatiya Sangsad]] or House of the Nation. Members of the Jatiya Sangsad are elected at a [[Elections in Bangladesh|general election]], usually held once every five years unless Parliament is dissolved sooner by the [[President of Bangladesh|president]] on the advice of the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|prime minister]]. Under the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]], an individual is required to be a citizen of Bangladesh and must have attained the age of 25 years in order to qualify for election to Parliament.

The Parliament consists of 300 directly elected members from general seats elected by use of [[First-past-the-post voting|first past the post]] who represent single-constituencies, while 50 seats are reserved exclusively for women and are allocated on a [[Proportional representation|proportional basis]]. After an election, the [[Bangladesh Election Commission|Election Commission]] allocates reserved seats to parties based on the number of general seats they won. A party then presents a list of candidates, each requiring a presenter and a seconder. If the number of candidates presented and seats allocated is equal, then there is no election and the reserved seats are filled in accordance with the candidate lists prepared by parties. In the event there are more candidates than seat allocations, the 300 MPs elected from general seats vote through use of the [[single transferable vote]] system to determine the reserved seats. In reality, there has never been an election for reserved seats as parties have never nominated more candidates than they have been allocated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/womens_reserved_seat_systems_in_bangladesh_february_2020.pdf|title=Women's Reserved Seat Systems in Bangladesh|access-date=2021-07-21|publisher=[[International Foundation for Electoral Systems]]|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616233844/https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/womens_reserved_seat_systems_in_bangladesh_february_2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In order to form a [[Government of Bangladesh|Government]], a [[political party]] or [[Electoral alliance|alliance]] usually requires a [[Majority government|simple majority]] in Parliament. Since Bangladesh's independence, the prime minister has concurrently held the position of [[Leader of the House (Bangladesh)|Leader of the House]].

=== Barbados ===
{{Main|Parliament of Barbados}}
The Parliament of Barbados is the legislative branch of the government of Barbados. It is a bicameral body, composed of an appointed Senate and an elected House of Assembly. The Senate (upper house), the direct successor of a pre-Independence body known as the "Legislative Council"—comprises 21 senators appointed by the president. The President appoints 12 Senators on the advice of the Prime Minister and two on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition.The remaining seven Senators are nominated by the President at their discretion (that is, the President is not bound by other political leaders' advice in these appointments) to represent various religious, social, economic, or other interests in Barbados. 

In the absence of an opposition leader in parliament (i.e. in the case of a [[landslide victory]] where one party takes all 30 seats in the House of Assembly, as occurred in [[2018 Barbadian general election|2018]] and [[2022 Barbadian general election|2022)]] the president will then appoint the remaining two senators in the opposition's stead allowing for 9 independents instead.

The House of Assembly (lower house) is made up of 30 members of Parliament, elected to five-year terms on a first-past-the-post basis in single-seat constituencies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of Parliament |url=https://www.barbadosparliament.com/main_page_content/show_content/9 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=BARBADOSPARLIAMENT.COM}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
{{Main|Member of Parliament (Canada)}}
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The [[Parliament of Canada]] consists of the [[Monarchy of Canada|monarch]], the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] and the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]]. Only members of the House of Commons are referred to as members of Parliament ({{Langx|fr|[[Deputy (legislator)|député]]}}); members of the Senate are called Senators ({{Langx|fr|link=no|sénateur}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/Education/OurCountryOurParliament/glossary-e.asp |title=ESL Home |publisher=Parl.gc.ca |access-date=30 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203063249/http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/Education/OurCountryOurParliament/glossary-e.asp |archive-date=3 February 2012 }}</ref> There are currently 105 seats in the Senate and 338 in the House of Commons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/education/gloss-inter/index.asp?Language=E#03 |title=Glossary of Parliamentary Terms for intermediate students |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420154020/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/education/gloss-inter/index.asp?Language=E#03 |archive-date=20 April 2008 |url-status=dead |publisher=Parliament of Canada}}</ref> Members of Parliament are elected, while senators are appointed by the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]] on behalf of the sovereign at the direction of the [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]]. Retirement is mandatory for senators upon reaching the age of 75 years.

Each province (and territory) has its own legislature, with each member usually known as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA). In certain provinces, legislators carry other titles: [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] (MPP) in [[Ontario]], [[Member of the National Assembly (Quebec)|Member of the National Assembly]] (MNA) in [[Quebec]] ({{Langx|fr|député}}) and [[Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly|Member of the House of Assembly]] (MHA) in [[Newfoundland and Labrador]]. The provincial upper houses were eliminated between 1876 ([[Manitoba]]) and 1968 (Quebec).

=== Gibraltar ===
{{Main|Gibraltar Parliament|Elections in Gibraltar}}
In Gibraltar, members of parliament serve in the [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Gibraltar Parliament]]. There are 17 seats in the Parliament, to which candidates are elected by [[Plurality-at-large voting|block voting]]. Each candidate represents the whole of Gibraltar as their constituency.

=== India ===
{{See also|Member of Parliament (India)}}
A member of Parliament is a member of either of the two houses of the [[Indian Parliament]]: [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house) and [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house). Lok Sabha has 543 seats, all of whom are directly elected by the citizens of [[India]] from each parliamentary constituency of states and union territories via [[first-past-the-post voting]]. Rajya Sabha can have 245 members, of which 238 members are indirectly elected. Of these 238 members, 229 belong to the state legislatures and 9 belongs to the union territories of [[Delhi]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and are elected by using the [[single transferable vote]] method of [[proportional representation]]. The remaining 12 members are nominated by the [[President of India|president]] for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Each state has a fixed number of representatives allocated in each chamber, in order of their respective populations. The state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] has the greatest number of representatives in both houses. The person which secures the support of more than half the seats in the Lok Sabha forms the [[Government of India|Government]]. To form the government, parties may form a coalition.

The term of a member of the Rajya Sabha is six years, while Lok Sabha members are elected for a term of five years, unless the house is dissolved sooner. [[Rajya Sabha]] is a permanent house that is not subject to dissolution, and one third of the members retire every two years. Vacancies in both houses, whether because of death or resignation of a member, must be filled by using a [[by-election|bypoll]] within six months of the vacancy; the newly elected member then only serves the remainder of the term of the seat to which they are elected. The number of seats in both houses is regulated by the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] and [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|parliamentary statutes]].

=== Ireland ===
{{Main|Teachta Dála}}
Since the formation of the [[Irish Free State]] in 1922 and subsequently in the [[Republic of Ireland]], the legislature of Ireland is known as the [[Oireachtas]], and consists of the president; the upper house, [[Seanad Éireann]] (or Senate); and lower house, [[Dáil Éireann]] (Assembly, or House of Representatives). They are functionally similar to other bicameral parliaments, with the lower house being significantly more influential and having more power over the creation of legislation. Elections to Dáil Éireann are held at least every five years using the single transferable vote; while elections to Seanad Éireann are restricted to members of both houses, elected members of local authorities, and alumni of [[National University of Ireland]] colleges. Eleven senators are nominated directly by the [[Taoiseach]].

A Member of Dáil Éireann is known as a [[Teachta Dála]] (TD) or "Deputy to the Dáil", and addressed as "Teachta" (Deputy), while a Member of the Seanad is known and addressed as Seanadóir (Senator). These titles are used much more commonly in English than the official Irish.

A ''member of Parliament'' was the term used to refer to a member of the pre-1801 [[Irish House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of Ireland]]. Irish members elected to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] were also called ''members of Parliament'' from 1801 to 1922. [[Northern Ireland]] continues to elect MPs to the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

=== Jamaica ===

{{Main|Parliament of Jamaica}}

The Parliament of Jamaica is the legislative branch of the government of Jamaica. It is a bicameral body, composed of an appointed Senate and an elected House of Representatives. The Senate (upper house), the direct successor of a pre-Independence body known as the "Legislative Council"—comprises 21 senators appointed by the governor-general: thirteen on the advice of the prime minister and eight on the advice of the leader of the opposition.

The House of Representatives, the lower house, is made up of 63 (previously 60) members of Parliament, elected to five-year terms on a first-past-the-post basis in single-seat constituencies.

=== Kenya ===

The [[National Assembly of Kenya]] has a total of 349 seats; 205 members are elected from the [[List of constituencies of Kenya|constituencies]], 47 women are elected from the [[Counties of Kenya|counties]] and 12 members are nominated representatives. Kenya also has 47 elected senators from 47 counties; who sit in the Senate parliament. The senators oversee the counties, which are run by governors- also democratically elected. There are also members of county assembly. They are elected from each ward, and seat in county assemblies to oversee and make laws for their respective counties.

=== Malaysia ===

{{Main|Parliament of Malaysia}}

The [[Parliament of Malaysia]] consists of the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King) and two houses, the ''[[Dewan Rakyat]]'' (the [[House of Representatives]]) and ''[[Dewan Negara]]'' (the [[Senate]]).

The term "members of Parliament" only refers to members of the ''Dewan Rakyat''. In [[Malay language|Malay]], a member of Parliament is called ''Ahli Parlimen'', or less formally ''wakil rakyat'' (people's representative).<ref>{{cite news|last=Then |first=Stephen |title=Here comes a real wakil rakyat |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/10/11/sarawak/12153917 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413161544/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/10/11/sarawak/12153917 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2013 |access-date=2 March 2013 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=11 October 2012 }}</ref>

Members of Parliament are elected from population-based single-seat constituencies using [[first-past-the-post voting]]. The [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|prime minister]] must be a member of Parliament.

Members of Parliament are styled ''Yang Berhormat'' ("Honourable") with the initials ''Y.B.'' appended [[Pre-nominal letters|prenominally]]. A prince who is a member of Parliament is styled ''Yang Berhormat Mulia''. The prime minister, deputy prime minister and [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tuns]] who are members of Parliament are styled ''Yang Amat Berhormat'' ("Most Honourable"), abbreviated Y.A.B.

=== Malta ===

The [[Parliament of Malta]] consists of the president of Malta and the House of Representatives of 69 members (article 51 of the Constitution), referred to as "members of Parliament" (article 52(1) of the Constitution). When appointed from outside the House, the speaker is also considered a member of the Parliament. The Constitution lists the qualifications and disqualifications from serving as a member of Parliament.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/legislation/english/leg/vol_1/chapt0.pdf |title=Court Services |publisher=Docs.justice.gov.mt |access-date=30 March 2012 |archive-date=21 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521065605/http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/legislation/english/leg/vol_1/chapt0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Privileges of members of Parliament and their Code of Ethics are laid out in the House of Representatives (Privileges and Powers) Ordinance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/legislation/english/leg/vol_3/chapt113.pdf |title=Court Services |publisher=Docs.justice.gov.mt |access-date=30 March 2012 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806114343/http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/legislation/english/leg/vol_3/chapt113.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Nauru ===

The [[Parliament of Nauru]] consists of 18 seats. Members of Parliament are entitled to use the prefix ''The Honourable''.

=== New Zealand ===
{{Main|New Zealand Parliament|New Zealand elections|List of New Zealand politicians}}

The New Zealand Parliament is made up of the [[Monarchy in New Zealand|monarch]] and the [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[New Zealand House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. A ''member of Parliament'' is a member of the House of Representatives, which has a minimum of 120 members, elected at a general election for a three-year term. There are 72 [[New Zealand electorates|electorate]] MPs, of which seven are elected only by [[Māori people|Māori]] who have chosen to be registered on a separate Māori electoral roll. The remaining members are elected by [[proportional representation]] from published [[party list]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Members of Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/mps-and-electorates/members-of-parliament/ |website=www.parliament.nz |publisher=New Zealand Parliament |access-date=10 July 2020 |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922164019/https://www.parliament.nz/en/mps-and-electorates/members-of-parliament/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 1907, members of the House of Representatives have been referred to as 'Member of Parliament', abbreviated MP. From the 1860s until 1907 they were designated as 'Member of the House of Representatives', abbreviated 'MHR'. Between the first general election, in [[1853 New Zealand general election|1853]], and the 1860s, the designation was "Member of the General Assembly", abbreviated MGA.<ref name="Scholefield 1950">{{cite book |last= Scholefield |first= Guy |title= New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 |author-link=Guy Scholefield |edition=3rd |orig-year= First ed. published 1913 |year= 1950 |publisher=Govt. Printer |location= Wellington |page=91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO82AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Member+of+the+General+Assembly%22+%22MGA%22+%22New+Zealand%22}}</ref> Before 1951, New Zealand had an upper house, the [[New Zealand Legislative Council|Legislative Council]], whose members were appointed.

=== Pakistan ===
{{See also|Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Member of Parliament, Senate of Pakistan|Parliament of Pakistan}}

A member of Parliament is a member of either of the two houses of the Pakistani Parliament: the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] and [[Senate of Pakistan]]. The National Assembly of Pakistan has a total of 342 members, of whom 272 are directly elected, and 70 seats are reserved for women and minorities. A member of the National Assembly of Pakistan (MNA) has a tenure of five years. On the other hand, there are 104 members of the Senate of Pakistan, in which all four [[Administrative units of Pakistan|provinces]] are represented by 23 senators regardless of population, while the [[Islamabad Capital Territory]] is represented by four senators. A member of the Senate of Pakistan (a senator) has a tenure of six years.

=== Singapore ===
{{main|Lists of members of parliament in Singapore}}

''Member of Parliament'' refers to elected members of the [[Parliament of Singapore]], the appointed [[Non-constituency Member of Parliament]] from the opposition, as well as the [[Nominated Member of Parliament|Nominated Members of Parliament]], who may be appointed from members of the public who have no connection to any political party in Singapore.

=== Sri Lanka ===
{{main|Member of Parliament (Sri Lanka)}}
{{See also|15th Parliament of Sri Lanka|National List Member of Parliament}}
In [[Sri Lanka]], a ''Member of Parliament'' refers to a member of the [[Parliament of Sri Lanka]] (since 1978), the [[National State Assembly]] (1972–78) and the [[House of Representatives of Ceylon]] (1947–72), the lower house of the [[Parliament of Ceylon]]. Members are elected in a [[general elections]] or appointed from the [[National List Member of Parliament|national lists]] allocated to [[List of political parties in Sri Lanka|parties]] (and [[Independent politician|independent]] groups) in proportion to their share of the national vote at a general election. A candidate to become an MP must be a Sri Lankan citizen and can be a holder of dual-citizenship in any other country, be at least 18 years of age, and not be a public official or officeholder.

===Trinidad and Tobago===

{{Main|Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago|List of Trinidad and Tobago Members of Parliament}}

The Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago is the legislative branch of the government of Trinidad and Tobago. The Parliament is bicameral. It consists of the elected House of Representatives, which has 41 members elected for a five-year term in single-seat constituencies, and the Senate which has 31 members appointed by the president: 16 government senators appointed on the advice of the prime minister, 6 opposition senators appointed on the advice of the leader of the opposition and 9 independent senators appointed by the president to represent other sectors of civil society.

=== United Kingdom ===<!-- This section is linked from Republic of Ireland -->
{{anchor|United Kingdom}}
{{Main|Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)}}
{{See also|List of current United Kingdom MPs|List of United Kingdom MPs|List of Parliaments of the United Kingdom|List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election|Number of Westminster MPs|Salaries of Members of the UK Parliament|Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom|List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies}}

The United Kingdom elects members of its parliament:

* the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], with 650 members elected by the [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] system to the (lower) [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], referred to as members of Parliament, abbreviated to ''MP''

and four devolved legislatures:

* the [[Scottish Parliament]], with 129 members elected under the [[additional member system]] every five years, and each called [[Member of the Scottish Parliament]] (''MSP''; {{langx|gd|Ball Pàrlamaid na h-Alba, BPA}}; {{langx|sco|Memmer o the Scots Pairliament, MSP}})
* the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]], with 90 members each known as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (Northern Ireland)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (''MLA''; {{langx|ga|Comhalta den Tionól Reachtach, CTR}}; [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster-Scots]]: ''Laa-Makkan Forgaitherar'', LMF). (Between 1921 and 1973, Northern Ireland was governed by the bicameral [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]]. Members of its lower house, the [[House of Commons of Northern Ireland]], were known as ''Member of Parliament''.)
* the [[Senedd (Welsh Parliament)]], with 60 elected members called ''[[Member of the Senedd]]'' (''English - MS''); {{langx|cy|Aelod o'r Senedd, AS}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/languages.cfm |title=UK Parliament |access-date=15 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029230135/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080806121825/http%3A//www.parliament.uk/about/languages.cfm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref>
* the [[London Assembly]], with 25 members elected under the additional member system every four years, called ''Members of the London Assembly'' (''AM'')

MPs are elected in [[United Kingdom general elections|general elections]] and by-elections to represent [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituencies]], and may remain MPs until Parliament is dissolved. "If it has not been dissolved earlier, a Parliament dissolves at the beginning of the day that is the fifth anniversary of the day on which it first met."
([[Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022]]).

A candidate to become an MP must be a British or Irish or Commonwealth citizen, be at least 18 years of age (reduced from 21 in 2006), and not be a public official or officeholder, as set out in the schedule to the [[Electoral Administration Act 2006]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/20060022.htm |title=Electoral Administration Act 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110144847/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/20060022.htm |archive-date=10 November 2007 |url-status=dead |publisher=Office of Public Sector Information}}</ref>

Technically, MPs have no right to [[resignation from the British House of Commons|resign]] their seats (though they may refuse to seek re-election). However a [[legal fiction]] allows voluntary resignation between elections; as MPs are forbidden from holding an "[[office of profit]] under the Crown", an MP wishing to resign will apply for the [[Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds]] or the [[Steward of the Manor of Northstead|Stewardship of the Manor of Northstead]] which are nominally such paid offices and thus result in the MP vacating their seat. (Accepting a salaried ministerial office does not amount to a paid office under the Crown for these purposes.)

The [[House of Lords]] is a legislative chamber that is part of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Although they are part of the parliament, its members are referred to as [[peerage|peers]], more formally as ''Lords of Parliament'', not MPs. [[Lords Temporal]] sit for life, [[Lords Spiritual]] while they occupy their ecclesiastical positions. [[Hereditary peers]] may no longer pass on a seat in the House of Lords to their heir automatically. The 92 who remain have been elected from among their own number, following the [[House of Lords Act 1999]] and are the only elected members of the Lords.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060103134602/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/HLLReformChronology.pdf House of Lords Reform] UK Parliament</ref>

=== Zimbabwe ===

Members of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|National Assembly]], the lower house of [[Parliament of Zimbabwe|Parliament]], are styled "members of Parliament", while members of the [[Senate of Zimbabwe|Senate]], the upper house, are referred to as "senators".