Editing Medieval university (section)

== Antecedents ==
{{Main|Byzantine university|Carolingian schools|Studium generale}}
{{Further|Classical education|List of oldest universities in continuous operation}}
[[Image:Map of Medieval Universities.jpg|thumb|400px|A map of [[Medieval Europe|medieval universities in Europe]]]]

The [[university]] is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the [[Christianity in the Middle Ages|Medieval Christian]] setting in [[Medieval Europe|Europe]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rüegg |first=Walter |year=1992 |chapter=Foreword: The University as a European Institution |title=A History of the University in Europe |volume=1: Universities in the Middle Ages |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-36105-2 |pages=XIX–XX}}</ref><ref>{{harnvb|Verger|1999}}</ref> For hundreds of years prior to the establishment of universities, European higher education took place in [[Christianity|Christian]] [[cathedral school]]s and [[monastic school]]s (''scholae monasticae''), where [[Christian monasticism|monks and nuns]] taught classes.{{Clarify|date=February 2023|reason=Did monks and nuns teach at cathedral schools, or generally only at monastic schools?}} Evidence of these immediate forerunners of the university at many places dates back to the 6th century AD.<ref name=Riche>{{cite book |last=Riché |first=Pierre |year=1978 |title=Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century |location=[[Columbia, South Carolina]] |publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]] |isbn=0-87249-376-8 |pages=126–127, 282–298}}</ref>

With the increasing growth and urbanization of European society during the 12th and 13th centuries, a demand grew for [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|professional clergy within the Catholic Church]]. Following the [[Gregorian Reform]]'s emphasis on [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]] and the study of the [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacraments]], the [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|Catholic bishops]] formed cathedral schools to train their clergy in canon law, and also in the more secular aspects of religious administration, including logic and disputation for use in [[Sermon|preaching]] and [[Theology|theological discussion]], and accounting to control the Church's finances more effectively. [[Pope Gregory VII]] was critical in promoting and regulating the concept of modern university, as his 1079 [[Papal decree]] ordered the regulated establishment of cathedral schools that transformed themselves into the first European universities.<ref>{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Oestreich |date=1913 |chapter=Pope St. Gregory VII |editor-last=Herbermann |editor-first=Charles |title=Catholic Encyclopedia |location=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2023}} Learning became essential to advancing in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and teachers also gained prestige. Demand quickly outstripped the capacity of cathedral schools, each of which was essentially run by one [[schoolmaster]]. In addition, tensions rose between the students of cathedral schools and [[Burgher (title)|burghers]] in smaller towns. As a result, cathedral schools migrated to large cities, like [[Bologna]], [[Rome]], and [[Paris]].

S. F. Alatas has noted some parallels between [[madrasah]]s and early European [[college]]s and has inferred that the first universities in Europe were influenced by the madrasahs in [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Spain]] and the [[Emirate of Sicily]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alatas |first=S. F. |date=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |journal=[[Current Sociology]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] on behalf of the [[International Sociological Association]] |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 [123–4] |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923024727/https://zenodo.org/record/29439/files/6.1From_Jamiah_to_University.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-23}}</ref> George Makdisi, [[Toby Huff]] and Norman Daniel, however, have questioned this, citing the lack of evidence for an actual transmission from the Islamic world to [[Christian Europe]] and highlighting the differences in the structure, methodologies, procedures, curricula and legal status of the "Islamic college" (''madrasa'') versus the European university.<ref>{{cite journal |first=George |last=Makdisi |title=Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages |journal=Studia Islamica |volume=32 |issue=32 |date=1970 |pages=255–264 [p. 264] |quote=Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere. |doi=10.2307/1595223 |jstor=1595223}}</ref><ref>The scholarship on these differences is summarized in {{cite book |first=Toby |last=Huff |title=Rise of Early Modern Science |edition=2nd |pages=149–159; pp. 179–189}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Norman |last=Daniel |date=1984 |title=Review of ''The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West'' by George Makdisi |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=104 |issue=3 |page=587 |doi=10.2307/601679 |jstor=601679}}</ref>